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Abstrak :
Demam dengue (DD) merupakan penyakit infeksi virus dengue (DENV) dengan vektor Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus. Secara global, terjadi peningkatan kasus DD sebanyak enam kali lipat dari tahun 2010 hingga 2016 namun sampai saat ini regimen terapi DD adalah terapi suportif yaitu terapi cairan dan simptomatik. Ekstrak Curcuma longa telah diteliti memiliki potensi sebagai antiviral untuk DENV. Namun, mekanisme penghambatannya masih belum diketahui sehingga penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak Curcuma longa terhadap penghambatan reseptor dan penempelan virus dengue serotipe 2 (DENV-2) secara in vitro dan ikatan curcumin dengan protein E secara in silico. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental untuk menganalisa mekanisme kerja dari ekstrak Curcuma longa sebagai antivirus terhadap DENV-2 menggunakan sel Vero sebagai sel uji dan in silico untuk mengetahui ikatan energi curcumin dengan protein E DENV. Focus assay dan MTT Assay digunakan untuk menilai penghambatan reseptor dan protein virus, serta viabilitas sel secara berturut-turut. Konsentrasi ekstrak Curcuma longa yang digunakan yaitu dua kali IC50 (17,91 μg/mL). DMSO digunakan sebagai kontrol. Persentase hambat pada reseptor sel dan protein virus masing-masing adalah 98,67 ± 1,33% dan 2,29 ± 1,19%. Persentase viabilitas sel pasca pemberian ekstrak Curcuma longa adalah 97,07 ± 0,50%. Energi ikatan pada konformasi terbaik curcumin dengan protein E bernilai -2,71 kkal/mol dengan konstanta inhibisi 10,34 mM. Ekstrak Curcuma longa memiliki efek penghambatan reseptor sel lebih baik daripada protein E virus serta memiliki ikatan yang relatif baik dengan protein E.

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Dengue fever (DF) is an disease caused by dengue virus infection (DENV). From 2010 to 2016, there has been a sixfold increase of DF cases globally. However, therapy for DF currently only consist of supportive treatments. Curcuma longa (turmeric) extract has been studied and its potential antiviral activity against dengue serotype 2 virus was found but inhibitory mechanism is still unknown. This research aims to find the inhibitory effect of turmeric extract against cell receptor and attachment protein of DENV-2 in vitro and binding energy between curcumin and dengue protein E in silico. Experimental, in vitro study was done to analyze inhibitory mechanism of turmeric extract as antivirus to DENV-2 using Vero cell as test cell. In silico calculation of binding energy between curcumin and DENV protein E was also done using a docking software. Focus assay and MTT assay were used to evaluate receptor and viral attachment protein inhibition as well as cell viability, respectively. Turmeric extract concentration used was twice of IC50 (17,91 μg/mL) . DMSO was used as control. Inhibition percentage on cell receptor and viral attachment protein yielded 98,67±1,33% and 2,29±1,19% respectively. Viability percentage of the cells after treatment with turmeric extract is 97,07 ± 0,50%. Binding energy at the best conformation between curcumin and viral protein E is -2.71 kcal/mol with inhibition constant of 10,34 mM Turmeric extract has a higher inhibition effect against cell receptor compared to viral attachment protein and has a relatively strong bond with protein E.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tujuan: Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit infeksi oleh virus dengue yang sudah menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia selama 47 tahun terakhir. Kasus DBD di Indonesia sangat membutuhkan perhatian, terlebih saat ini tata laksana yang dapat dilakukan hanyalah sebatas terapi suportif dan belum ditemukannya pengobatan khusus sehingga tiap tahunnya kematian akibat DBD masih terus meningkat. Daun kenikir sebagai bahan alami diketahui memiliki aktivitas antiviral karena mengandung flavonoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan mekanisme dan efektivitas antivirus ekstrak daun kenikir fraksi etil asetat pada reseptor sel HUH7it-1 dengan penghambatan penempelan DENV secara in vitro. Metode: Aktivitas antiviral dinyatakan melalui dua kali nilai IC50 yaitu sebesar 49.46 μg/ml pada sel HUH7it-1. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perbandingan antara 2 mekanisme penghambatan yaitu pada reseptor dan pada saat penempelan. Untuk menentukan nilai presentase penghambatan, digunakan metode Focus Assay kemudian dilakukan perbandingan antara jumlah fokus perlakuan dan kontrol DMSO kemudian dikalikan 100%. Setelah itu, viabilitas sel pada penelitian ini juga dihitung dengan menggunakan metode MTT assaykemudian dilakukan perbandingan antara optical density (OD) perlakuan dengan kontrol lalu kalikan 100%. Hasil: Nilai presentase penghambatan infektivitas virus dengue pada reseptor dengan menggunakan ekstrak daun kenikir fraksi etil asetat adalah sebesar -168,29%. Akan tetapi nilai presentase penghambatan pada penempelan virus adalah sebesar 13,23%. Presentase viabilitas sel pada mekanisme penghambatan reseptor adalah sebesar 108,37% sedangkan pada mekanisme penghambatan penempelan virus adalah sebesar 115%. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak daun kenikir fraksi etil asetat berpotensi sebagai antivirus melalui penghambatan pada saat penempelan virus meskipun bukan melalui penghambatan pada proses penempelan virus pada sel. Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dan mendalam untuk menjelaskan mekanisme penghambatan DENV serta uji in vivo ekstrak daun kenikir fraksi etil asetat.

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ABSTRACT
Objective: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an infectious disease by the dengue virus that has become a health problem in Indonesia for the past 47 years. Cases of dengue fever in Indonesia are in desperate need of attention, especially at this time the management that can be done is only limited to supportive therapy and no special treatment has been found so that every year deaths from dengue are still increasing. Kenikir leaves as natural ingredients are known to have antiviral activity due to the presence of flavonoids in them. This study aims to compare mechanism and effectiveness of antiviral kenikir leaf extract in ethyl acetate fraction on HUH7it-1 cell receptors with inhibition of DENV attachment in vitro. Methods: Antiviral activity was expressed through twice the IC50 value of 49.46 μg / ml in HUH7it-1 cells. In this study, a comparison between 2 inhibitory mechanisms was carried out at the receptor and at the time of attachment. To determine the inhibition percentage value, theFocus Assay method was used and a comparison was made between the number of focus treatments and DMSO control then multiplied by 100%. After that, cell viability in this study was also calculated using the MTT assay method and then a comparison between optical density (OD) treatment and control was then multiplied by 100%. Results: The percentage value of inhibition of infectious dengue virus on receptors by using kenikir leaf extract in ethyl acetate fraction was -168,29%. However, the percentage inhibition value of the virus attachment is 13,23%. The percentage of cell viability in the mechanism of receptor inhibition was 108,37% while in the mechanism of inhibition of viral attachment was 115%. Conclusion: Kenikir leaf extract in ethyl acetate fraction has the potential as an antiviral agent through inhibition during viral attachment although not through inhibition of the virus attachment process in cells. For this reason, further and in-depth research is needed to explain the mechanism of DENV inhibition and the in vivo test of kenikir leaf extract in ethyl acetate fraction.

Abstrak :
Recent research findings indicate that individual receptor kinases fulfill important roles in growth and development, in the recognition of pathogens and symbionts or, in a few examples, in both growth and defense. This volume will focus on the roles of receptor kinases, their signaling pathways, and the ways in which these important signaling proteins are regulated.

Abstrak :
Opening with a general introduction on chemokine function and chemokine receptor biology, the handbook goes on to cover the known implications of these signaling molecules in human diseases, such as cancer, neural disorders, and viral infection, including HIV/AIDS. The second half of the book systematically surveys current drug development efforts at targeting individual chemokine receptors, as well as other chemokine interaction partners. Contributions in the first part of the book are mainly from academia, whereas the second part contains up-to-date reports from the pharmaceutical industry.

Abstrak :
In this volume, a group of internationally recognized experts reviews AJ biology over a wide range of organization, from atoms to molecules, to protein complexes, molecular networks, cells, tissues, and overall animal development. AJs have also been an integral part of animal evolution, and play central roles in cancer development, pathogen infection and other diseases. This book addresses major questions encompassing AJ biology. How did AJs evolve? How do cadherins and catenins interact to assemble AJs and mediate adhesion? How do AJs interface with other cellular machinery to couple adhesion with the whole cell? How do AJs affect cell behaviour and multicellular development? How can abnormal AJ activity lead to disease?

Abstrak :
Cell surface molecules are critically important in regulating cell structure and function. Recent advances on the functional role of cell surface molecules, particularly glycoconjugates are presented in this book. Comprising of 22 chapters from the 2011 International symposium on biochemical roles of eukaryotic cell surface macromolecules, it covers topics on the analysis of glycome, biophysical approaches to study cell surface molecules, glycoconjugate metabolism and its dysregulation, and molecular mechanisms involved in cell-cell and cell?matrix interaction.