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Abstrak :
Kanker rongga mulut pada manusia menempati peringkat ke-6 keganasan yang sering terjadi di seluruh dunia. Diperkirakan lebih dari 90% dari semua kanker mulut adalah karsinoma sel skuamosa (KSS) yang berasal dari epitel oral. Induksi 4 NQO pada tikus sering digunakan sebagai model karsinogenesis oral. Karsinogen ini menghasilkan semua tahap karsinogenesis oral dan telah terbukti mampu menghasilkan perubahan histologis dan molekuler yang sama seperti pada manusia. Clitoria ternatea (CT) merupakan tanaman kaya antosianin dan banyak digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi efek kemopreventif Clitoria ternatea, melalui hambatan proliferasi dan induksi apoptosis terhadap KSS lidah pada tikus yang diinduksi dengan 4NQO. Ekstrak etanol CT diberikan pada berbagai tingkatan dosis, yaitu 200, 400, 800 dan 1600mg/kg berat badan. Penilaian hambatan proliferasi dan induksi apoptosis dilakukan berdasarkan ekspresi protein Ki-67, Caspase 3, dan p53 pada pewarnaan imunohistokimia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak CT secara signifikan tidak mampu menghambat proliferasi dan menginduksi apoptosis KSS lidah tikus yang diinduksi dengan 4NQO, kemungkinan disebabkan karena dosis yang belum mencukupi serta perbedaan pelarut dan sumber ekstrak yang digunakan. Imunoekspresi p53 tidak ditemukan baik pada kelompok kontrol kanker maupun pada kelompok perlakuan, diduga mutasi yang terjadi pada karsinogenesis lidah tikus yang diinduksi 4NQO tidak melalui jalur p53.  ......Human oral cancer is the sixth largest group of malignancies worldwide. It is estimated that more than 90% of all oral cancers are squamous cell carcinoma (KSS) originating from the oral epithelium. Induction of 4 NQO in rats is often used as an animal model of oral carcinogenesis. This carcinogen produces all stages of oral carcinogenesis and several lines of evidences suggest that similar histological as well as molecular changes are observed in the human system. Clitoria ternatea (CT) is a plant rich in anthocyanin and is widely used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemopreventive effect of Clitoria ternatea, through the inhibition of apoptotic proliferation and induction of tongue KSS in rats induced by 4NQO. Ethanol extract of Clitoria ternatea was administered at doses of 200, 400, 800 and 1600/kg body weight. Assessment of the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis was carried out based on the expression of Ki-67, Caspase 3, and p53 proteins in immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that CT extract was significantly unable to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of rat tongue induced with 4NQO, possibly due to inadequate doses and differences in the solvent and source of the extract used. P53 immunoexpression was not found in either the cancer control group or in the treatment group, it was suspected that a mutation that occurred in the carcinogenesis of rat tongue induced by 4NQO did not pass through the p53 pathway. 

Abstrak :
Proses pemeriksaan mamografi menggunakan sinar-X dapat memicu risiko terjadinya karsinogenesis apabila tidak diperhatikan dengan baik. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, perlu dilakukan perhitungan dosis yang diterima payudara. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memberikan estimasi risiko dosis terhadap potensi terbentuknya kanker akibat pemeriksaan mamografi. Perhitungan estimasi risiko dosis dapat diukur melalui Mean Glandular Dose (MGD). MGD tidak dapat diukur secara langsung, melainkan perlu adanya informasi persentase glandularity untuk mengetahui faktor konversi glandularity sehingga didapatkan nilai MGD. Agar mempermudah proses untuk mengetahui faktor konversi glandularity, maka dilakukan pengujian metode segmentasi citra mamografi menggunakan beberapa algoritma tertentu, termasuk algoritma berbasis Artificial Intelligence (AI) sehingga diperoleh metode terbaik untuk menentukan nilai persentase glandularity. Hasil uji metode terbaik pada penelitian ini yaitu metode segmentasi citra menggunakan implementasi algoritma Modified Fuzzy C-Means (MFCM) dengan menghilangkan bagian latar belakang menggunakan algoritma U2 Net pada citra 16 bit. Berdasarkan hasil uji, diketahui bahwa metode ini memiliki kriteria akurasi yang tinggi (80%) untuk dapat memprediksi 25 citra sampel yang diujikan ......The process of mammography examination using X-rays can trigger the risk of carcinogenesis if it is not properly delivered to. In connection with this, it is necessary to calculate the dose for the breast. This aims to provide an estimate of the risk of dose to the potentially induced cancer due to mammography examination. Calculation of estimated dose risk can be measured through the Mean Glandular Dose (MGD). In general, MGD cannot be measured directly, but information on the percentage of glandularity is needed to determine the glandularity conversion factor so that the MGD value can be obtained. To simplify the process of determining the glandularity conversion factor, several mammographic image segmentation methods were tested using certain algorithms, including those based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) to obtain the best method for determining the percentage value of glandularity. The best method test results in this study are the image segmentation method using the implementation of the Modified Fuzzy C-Means (MFCM) algorithm by removing the background using the U2 Net algorithm on 16-bit images. Based on the test results, it is known that this method has a high accuracy criterion (80%) to be able to predict the 25 sample images tested

Abstrak :
Our recent understanding of the cellular and molecular defects and the regulation of the apoptotic signalling pathways has resulted in rationally designed anticancer strategies and the development of novel agents that regulates apoptosis. A comprehensive review of all apoptotic-related anticancer therapies is not the purpose of this book. However, in the volume of this book with 11 chapters, we have described a number of novel apoptotic regulators that have shown promising value and also great feasibility for cancer treatment. These novel agents either occur naturally or are chemically synthes.