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Abstrak :
Peningkatan gas CO2 di atmosfer dapat mengakibatkan peningkatan suhu rata-rata di bumi yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan iklim. Padang lamun, salah satu komunitas penyusun ekosistem pesisir pantai memiliki fungsi yang dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai penyerap dan penyimpan karbon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis laju penyerapan karbon dan potensi tiap jenis lamun sebagai penyimpan karbon serta mengestimasi total kandungan karbon komunitas lamun. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Januari - Juni 2013 di Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode transek kuadrat untuk menentukan struktur komunitas dan biomassa. Pengukuran pertumbuhan dan produksi daun lamun dilakukan dengan metode penandaan daun, sementara untuk produktivitas serasah menggunakan metode kurungan. Analisis kandungan karbon dalam bagian tanaman lamun dan serasah lamun dilakukan dengan metode Walkley & Black. Hasil menunjukan bahwa rata-rata laju penyerapan karbon di Pulau Pramuka sebesar 0,53 gC/m2/hari. Dua jenis lamun yang mempunyai laju penyerapan karbon yang tinggi yaitu Thalassia hemprichii (1,69 gC/m2/hari) dan Cymodocea rotundata (0,65 gC/m2/hari), sedangkan jenis lamun yang memiliki cadangan karbon yang tertinggi yakni Enhalus acoroides (139,95 gC/m2) diikuti oleh Thalassia hemprichii (56,87 gC/m2) dan yang terendah ditemukan pada Halophila ovalis (1,91 gC/m2). Rata-rata cadangan karbon pada komunitas lamun Pulau Pramuka sebesar 200,90 gC/m2. Berdasarkan estimasi, total luas padang lamun di Pulau Pramuka sebesar 59,25 ha, sehingga total kandungan karbon yang diperoleh yakni 119,03 ton atau setara dengan 2,01 ton/ha dan jumlah CO2 yang diserap oleh padang lamun Pulau Pramuka yakni sekitar 436,84 ton CO2. ......The increase of CO2 in the atmosphere may caused the increasing average temperature of the earth, which could cause climate change. Seagrass beds, one of the constituent communities and coastal ecosystems has a function that can be considered as a carbon sink and carbon stock. This study aims to analyze the rate of carbon sequestration and the potential of each species of seagrass as a carbon sink as well as estimating total carbon stock in seagrass communities. The study was conducted in January - June 2013 in the Pramuka Island, Seribu Islands, Jakarta. Data obtained using quadratic transect method for determining community structure and biomass of seagrass. Measurement of seagrass growth and leaf production is done by the leaf marking method, while for leaf litter productivity using cages method. Analysis percentage of carbon in the plant parts of seagrass and seagrass leaf litter carried by Walkley & Black method. The results show that the average rate of carbon sequestration at Pramuka Island is 0,53 gC/m2/day. There are two species of seagrass that have a high rate of carbon sequestration is Thalassia hemprichii (1,69 gC/m2/day) and Cymodocea rotundata (0,65 gC/m2/day). While seagrass species that has the highest carbon stocks that Enhalus acoroides (139,95 gC/m2) followed by Thalassia hemprichii (56,87 gC/m2) and the lowest was found in Halophila ovalis (1,91 gC/m2). Average carbon stock in seagrass communities Pramuka Island at 200,90 gC/m2. Based on estimates​​, the total area of ​​seagrass beds at Pramuka Island of 59,25 ha. The total carbon stock can be determined that 119,03 tons, or equivalent to 2,01 tons/ha and the amount of CO2 absorbed by seagrass Pramuka Island which is about 436,84 tons of CO2.

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Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret--Juni 2013 di Hutan Mangrove Pancer Cengkrong, Trenggalek, Jawa Timur. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi komposisi vegetasi, potensi stok karbon, produksi, laju dekomposisi dan kontribusi nutrisi serasah mangrove. Komposisi vegetasi diukur menggunakan transek kuadran. Stok karbon diestimasi dengan persamaan allometrik. Produksi serasah dihitung menggunakan perangkap serasah ukuran 1x1m2. Laju dekomposisi serasah diukur selama 56 hari dengan pengamatan 2 minggu sekali. Kontribusi serasah ke perairan diperoleh dengan menyaring serasah pada saluran air saat laut surut. Sebanyak 26 spesies telah diidentifikasi (17 mangrove sejati dan 9 mangrove asosiasi). Vegetasi pohon didominasi oleh Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith dengan kerapatan 596 pohon/ha sedangkan anakan dan semai didominasi Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson (kerapatan 1.745 anakan/ha; 34.745 semai/ha). Stok karbon dan biomassa total di lokasi penelitian masing-masing 185,81 ton/ha dan 400,45 ton/ha (total serapan CO2 sebesar 681,91 ton/ha). Sebagian besar sumbangan stok karbon berasal dari S. alba, Rhizophora apiculata Blume, dan Avicennia alba Blume. Produksi serasah 1,42 g/m2/hari, tersusun atas daun 84%, organ reproduksi 9% dan ranting 7%. Potensi nutrisi serasah 0,4 gC/m2/hari dan 0,012 gN/m2/hari. Serasah dilepas ke perairan sebesar 11,15 g/m3/hari. Laju dekomposisi serasah daun paling cepat ialah R. apiculata (0,20 g/hari). Nilai nutrisi tertinggi terdapat pada S. alba dengan rasio C:N 62,90. ......Research has been conducted in March--June 2013 on the Mangrove Forest Cengkrong Pancer, Trenggalek, East Java. The objectives were to obtain information of vegetation composition, potential carbon stocks, production, decomposition rates, and nutrient contribution of mangrove litter. There were 50 quadrants on tree stations for vegetation analysis. Potential carbon stock was calculated by allometric equations. Littertrap size 1x1 m2 used to calculate litter production. Decomposition rate calculated for 56 days by once observation in two weeks. Litter contribution to waters was obtained by filtering water channel at low tide. The total of 26 species were identified (17 true mangroves and 9 association mangroves). The vegetation dominated by Sonneratia alba J.E. Smith (596 trees/ha) while the saplings and seedlings dominated by Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson (1,745 saplings/ha; 34,745 seedlings/ha). Total biomass were 400.45 ton/ha and carbon stocks 185.81 ton/ha (CO2 uptake 681,91 ton/ha). The carbon stocks were donated from S. alba, Rhizophora apiculata Blume, dan Avicennia alba Blume. The production of litter was 1.42 g/m2/day consisting of leaves 84%, reproductive organs 9%, and twigs 7% respectively. The litter contained 0.4 gC/m2/day and 0.012 gN/m2/day. In addition 11.15 g/m3/day litters flow towards the waters during high tide. The fastest decomposition rate of leaf litter was R. apiculata (0.20 g/day). While the highest nutritional value from S. alba with C:N ratio of 62.90.

Abstrak :
Perkembangan industri dapat meningkatkan polusi logam berat di dalam air. Logam Cu termasuk logam berat esensial yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah tertentu oleh organisme, sedangkan dalam jumlah yang berlebih mampu menyebabkan sifat toksik dan pencemaran lingkungan. Keberadaan logam Cu di alam dianggap sebagai zat pencemar pada range konsentrasi 0.001 ppm sampai 0.015 ppm. Salah satu metode deteksi logam berat yaitu metode elektrokimia. Keuntungan yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode elektrokimia yaitu biaya yang dibutuhkan lebih murah, proses yang dilakukan lebih sederhana, dan hasil analisis yang lebih cepat. Pengembangan metode elektrokimia ini dapat menggunakan elektroda pasta karbon dikarenakan elektroda memiliki sensitivitas yang tinggi, mudah dibuat, dan murah. Elektroda CPE dibuat dengan mencampurkan grafit dan minyak paraffin menggunakan mortar. Modifikasi elektroda pasta karbon dengan paracarboxy phenyl diazonium dapat meningkatkan selektifitas analisis. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis 4-CPD menggunakan prekursor 4-amino benzoate dan Natrium nitrit yang dilarutkan dalam air. Kemudian, dilakukan proses grafting 4-CPD pada permukaan CPE (Carbon Paste Electrode). Modifikasi grafting 4-CPD dilakukan dengan metoda cyclic voltammetry dengan mencelupakan CPE ke dalam larutan 4-CPD menghasilkan puncak reduksi pada potensial -0.25 V dengan jumlah loading sebesar 9.1514 x 10-6 gram/cm2. Hasil modifikasi CPE dengan 4-CPD dikarakterisasi menggunakan instrument FTIR dan SEM-EDX. Pengujian logam Cu dengan menggunakan elektroda 4-CPD/CPE menunjukkan nilai linearitas yang baik yaitu sebesar 0,9993 dengan batas deteksi yang rendah yaitu 0,1937 ppm dengan sensitivitas yang tertinggi sebesar 20,5011 mA ppm cm−2. Dari hasil tersebut dapat dikatahui bahwa 4-CPD/CPE dapat digunakan sebagai pendeteksi logam Cu yang baik. ...... Industrial development can increase heavy metal pollution in water. Cu metal is an essential heavy metal that is needed in a certain amount by organisms, while in excess the amount is capable of causing toxic properties and environmental pollution. The presence of Cu metal in nature is considered as a pollutant in the concentration range of 0.001 ppm to 0.015 ppm. One method of heavy metal detection is the electrochemical method. The benefits obtained by using the electrochemical method are lower costs, simpler processes, and faster results. The development of this electrochemical method can use carbon paste electrodes because the electrodes have high sensitivity, are easy to make, and inexpensive. CPE electrodes are made by mixing graphite and paraffin oil using a mortar. Modification of carbon paste electrodes with carboxy phenyl diazonium can improve analysis selectivity. In this research, synthesis of 4-CPD using 4-amino benzoate and Sodium nitrite precursors was dissolved in water. Then, a 4-CPD grafting process is carried out on the surface of the CPE (Carbon Paste Electrode). Modification of 4-CPD grafting is done by cyclic voltammetry method by contaminating CPE into a 4-CPD solution resulting in a potential reduction peak at -0.25 V with a loading amount of 9.1514 x 10-6 grams/cm2. The results of modification of CPE with 4-CPD were characterized using FTIR and SEM-EDX instruments. Analytical of Cu metal using 4-CPD/CPE electrodes showed a good linearity value of 0.9993 with a low detection limit of 0.1937 ppm with the highest sensitivity of 22,779 mA ppm cm-2. From these results it can be seen that 4-CPD/CPE can be used as a good Cu metal detector.

Abstrak :
Peningkatan pertumbuhan penduduk di DKI Jakarta memicu tingginya pembentukan gas emisi karbon dioksida yang berdampak pada perubahan iklim global. Keberadaan Ruang Terbuka Hijau dalam bentuk hutan kota menjadi salah satu solusi pemerintah sebagai upaya menstabilkan iklim mikro di perkotaan. Tanaman perdu menjadi salah satu komponen vegetasi di hutan kota. Selain perannya sebagai tanaman hias, tanaman perdu memiliki fungsi ekologis yang kerap kali diabaikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan guna mengetahui estimasi daya serap serta simpanan karbon pada tanaman perdu di Hutan Kota Srengseng Jakarta Barat dengan menggunakan metode Nowak. Metode Nowak merupakan metode non destruktif yang diinisiasi oleh United States Department of Agriculture dengan melakukan pengukuran diameter batang tanaman perdu. Berdasarkan hasil penilitian didapatkan estimasi daya serap karbon pada vegetasi perdu di Hutan Kota Srengseng memiliki nilai serapan karbon sebesar 0,07 ton/thn atau setara dengan 6.350 kg/thn serta simpanan karbon sebesar 0,24 ton atau setara dengan 21.772 kg. Daya simpan serta daya serap karbon terbesar diperoleh tanaman Murbei. Perencanaan penanaman vegetasi perdu dari sisi fungsi ekologis di hutan kota memerlukan peninjauan berdasarkan daya serap karbon. ......The increase in population growth in DKI Jakarta triggers the high formation of carbon dioxide emission gas which has an impact on global climate change. The existence of Green Open Spaces in the form of urban forests is one of the government's solutions as an effort to stabilize the microclimate in urban areas. Shrubs are one of the vegetation components in the urban forest. In addition to its role as an ornamental plant, shrubs have an ecological function that is often overlooked. This research was conducted to estimate the absorption capacity and carbon storage of shrubs in the Srengseng City Forest, West Jakarta, using the Nowak method. The Nowak method is a non-destructive method initiated by the United States Department of Agriculture by measuring the stem diameter of shrubs. Based on the research results, it was found that the carbon absorption capacity of shrub vegetation in Srengseng City Forest had a carbon storage value of 0.24 tons = 21.772 kg with a carbon absorption value of 0.07 tons/year 6.350 . The greatest capacity to store and absorb carbon is obtained by Mulberry plants. So, planning for planting shrubs from an ecological function point of view requires a review based on carbon absorption.

Abstrak :
This work presents both qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the main carbon flows in the Baltic Sea as well as their possible shifts induced by climatic and global change.

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ABSTRAK

Industri besi dan baja merupakan kontributor utama emisi CO₂, terhitung sekitar 28% dari keseluruhan emisi industri. Untuk mengurangi ini, analisis terhadap pemanfaatan Blast Furnace Gas(BFG) melalui daur ulang top-gas dan Carbon Capture and Utilization(CCU) telah dilaksanakan. Pertama, CO₂dihilangkan dari BFG dan direduksi dalam reaktor elektrokimia untuk menghasilkan H₂dan CO. Gas-gas ini kemudian dicampur dengan BFG yang tersisa dan didaur ulang ke blast furnace sebagai gas pengurang yang dapat mengurangi konsumsi carbon dan emisi CO₂ secara keseluruhan. Tinjauan literatur dan keseimbangan massa awal dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi persyaratan proses dan teknologi pemisahan CO₂yang paling cocok untuk dua opsi yang tersedia: (i) pemisahan CO₂unit tunggal dan (ii) unit ganda. Setelah penyelesaian laporan ini, disimpulkan bahwa penyerapan bahan kimia menggunakan methyldiethanolamine(MDEA) adalah teknologi yang paling menjanjikan untuk digunakan dalam unit pemisahan CO₂tunggal karena ketersediaan panas limbah dan kapasitas pemuatan CO₂yang lebih tinggi. Di antara faktor-faktor yang diketahui menghambat penggunaan penyerapan fisik dan adsorpsi adalah laju aliran besar dan kesulitan untuk mengompresi dan mendinginkan BFG. Namun, teknologi ini menjanjikan untuk digunakan sebagai unit kedua dalam konfigurasi unit pemisahan ganda.

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ABSTRACT

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The iron and steel industry is a major contributor to CO₂emissions, accounting for about 28% of overall industrial emissions. To reduce this, utilization of Blast Furnace Gas (BFG) by means of top-gas recycling and Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) is analyzed. CO₂is first removed from the BFG and reduced in an electrochemical reactor to produce H₂and CO. These gases are then mixed with remaining BFG and recycled to the blast furnace as reducing gases which can reduce overall coke consumption and CO₂emissions. A literature review and a preliminary mass balance are done to identify the process requirements and most suitable CO₂separation technology for two available options: (i) single unit and (ii) double units CO₂ separation. Upon the completion of this report, it is concluded that chemical absorption using methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) is the most promising technology to use in a single CO₂ separation unit due to the availability of waste heat and higher CO₂loading capacity. Among the factors known to hinder the use of physical absorption and adsorption are large flowrate and difficulty to compress and cool BFG. However, these technologies are promising to use as the second unit in a double separation units configuration.

Abstrak :
This book describes comprehensively carbon (C) cycle process in global ecosystems and the potential and co-benefits of recarbonization of the biosphere. An ever increasing human population is disposing increasing amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere by land use and land cover changes but most importantly by burning of fossil fuels. This process severely perturbs the natural global C cycles and Earth system processes. Recarbonization of the biosphere is a potential strategy to redistribute C among global pools, and to enhance ocean but most importantly land-based C sinks. Sustainably managed and protected must be, in particular, the large and sensitive C stocks in permafrost, wetlands, peatlands, tropical rainforests and savannas, grasslands, degraded/desertified lands, and croplands. Recarbonization requires long-term management because C stocks grow with a progressive improvement in ecosystem health. Protecting and enhancing land-based C sinks serves food security aside contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation.

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Peat land has specific character, depends on depth of peat and peat decomposition rate. Earthworms has a role in decomposition, carbon cycle of nutrient. The aim of the research was to identify the population and diversity of earthworms on peat soil in central Kalimantan and to get species of dominant earthworm in peat land. The research was carried out in several peat land use in basarang and kalampangan, Central Kalimantan within dry and rainy season. The collection of earthworms was by using hand sorting method. The result showed that population of earthworms on mulch was higher than the deep peat. Land use influenced population and diversity of earthworm. The population and diversity of earthworms were highest on pineapple (shallow peat soil). The dominant species earthworm in peat land was pontoscolex corethurus.

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Karbon organik tanah merupakan sifat kimiawi yang penting di dalam tanah karena berperan sebagai sumber nutrisi untuk tanaman, menahan laju erosi, dan menentukan produktivitas tanah dan tanaman. Informasi kandungan karbon organik tanah pada berbagai lanskap yang berbeda di sebuah daerah aliran sungai (DAS)  dapat menjadi indikator penting proses erosi yang terjadi pada lapisan tanah. Laju erosi yang tinggi adalah isu utama di DAS Cirasea, yang merupakan bagian dari sub DAS Citarum hulu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh faktor tekstur tanah, topografi, dan penggunaan lahan terhadap variasi kandungan karbon organik tanah. Kandungan karbon organik tanah diperoleh dari pengambilan sampel tanah terganggu pada 60 lokasi dengan menggunakan metode stratified random sampling dan uji laboratorium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ketinggian dan fraksi clay memiliki kontribusi besar terhadap kandungan TOC, POC, dan DOC. Persebaran kandungan karbon organik tanah cenderung meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya ketinggian dan menurunnya persentase lereng dan fraksi clay. Penggunaan lahan berpengaruh sebagai sumber kandungan karbon organik dalam tanah dengan persebaran kandungan karbon organik kelas tinggi sebagian besar berada pada penggunaan lahan perkebunan dan kelas rendah di tegalan dan sawah.

 

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Soil organic carbon is an important chemical characteristic in the soil because it acts as a source of nutrients for plants, restrains the rate of erosion, and determines soil and plant productivity. Information on soil organic carbon content in different landscapes in a watershed (DAS) can be an important indicator of erosion in the soil. High erosion rates are the main issue in the Cirasea watershed, which is part of the upstream Citarum watershed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of soil texture, topography, and land use factors on variations in soil organic carbon content. Soil organic carbon content was obtained from disturbed soil sampling at 60 locations using stratified random sampling and laboratory tests. The results showed elevation and clay fraction had a major contribution to the contents of TOC, POC, and DOC. The distribution of soil organic carbon content tends to increase with increasing elevation and decreasing slope percentage and clay fraction. Land use is influential as a source of organic carbon contents in soils with the distribution of high classes organic carbon content mostly in plantation and low classes in fields and rice fields.