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Abstrak :
Latar Belakang. Pemeriksaan Neuropsikologi CERAD merupakan pemeriksaan yang dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi adanya gangguan fungsi kognitif. Hingga saat ini, nilai normal Pemeriksaan Neuropsikologi CERAD belum diketahui. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan nilai normal Pemeriksaan Neuropsikologi CERAD di Jakarta berdasarkan usia dan tingkat pendidikan. Metode. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan desain potong lintang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan November hingga Desember 2012. Hasil. Sebanyak 192 subyek penelitian yang terdiri dari 60.9% subyek laki-laki dan 39.1% subyek perempuan diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Usia dari subyek penelitian berkisar antara 40-84 tahun. Berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan, sebanyak 92 (47.9%) subyek merupakan tamatan SLTP, sedangkan 100 (52.1%) subyek lainnya merupakan tamatan SLTA atau lebih tinggi. Pemeriksaan Pemeriksaan Neuropsikologi CERAD adalah 102, dengan kisaran skor antara 65- 130. Perbedaan nilai rerata skor total Pemeriksaan Neuropsikologi CERAD antar kelompok usia dan antar kelompok tingkat pendidikan ditemukan bermakna dengan masing-masing memiliki nilai p 0,000 dan 0.002. Sedangkan terkait jenis kelamin, tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna antara laki-laki dan perempuan (p=0,811). Kesimpulan. Telah didapatkan nilai tengah Pemeriksaan Neuropsikologi CERAD dengan fungsi kognitif yang normal berdasarkan usia dan tingkat pendidikan. Usia dan tingkat pendidikan secara bermakna mempengaruhi nilai tengah Pemeriksaan Neuropsikologi CERAD ......Background. CERAD Neuropsychology Examination is an instrument that can be used to detect cognitive impairment. To date, Normative Value of CERAD Neuropsychology Examination has not been known. The aim of this study is to obtain the normative value of CERAD Neuropsychology Examination according to age and level of education. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data collection were collected between November - Desember 2012. Result. A total of 192 subjects, i.e. 39.1% male subjects and 60.9%female subjects, were included in this study. The age of the subjects was between 40 and 84 years. Based on level of education, 92 (47.9%) subjects were primary high school graduates, whereas 100 (52.1%) subjects were secondary high school graduates or higher. The median of total score of CERAD Neuropsychology Examination is 102 , ranging from 65 to 130. Differences of total score of CERAD Neuropsychology Examination between age groups and education groups were found to be statistically significant (p = 0,000 and 0.002). Meanwhile, no significant difference in total score of CERAD Neuropsychology Examination between male and female. Conclusion. The total score of CERAD Neuropsychology Examination with normal cognition based on age and level of education has been found. Age as well as level of education have significant effects on total score of CERAD Neuropsychology Examination.

Abstrak :
We dont perceive the world and then react to it. We learn to know it from our interactions with it. All inputs that reach the cerebral cortex about events in the brain, the body, or the world bring two messages: one is about these events, the other, travelling along a branch of that input, is an instruction already on its way to execution. This second message, not a part of standard textbook teaching, allows us to anticipate our actions, distinguishing them from the actions of others, and thus providing a clear sense of self. The mammalian brain has a hierarchy of cortical areas, where higher areas monitor actions of lower areas, and each area can modify actions to be executed by the phylogenetically older brain parts. Brains of our premammalian ancestors lacked this hierarchy, but their descendants are still strikingly capable of movement control: frogs can catch flies. The cortical hierarchy itself appears to establish and increase, from lower to higher levels, our conscious access to events. This book explores the neural connections that provide us with a sense of self and generate our conscious experiences. It reveals how much yet needs to be learnt about the relevant neural pathways.

Abstrak :
Until very recently, our knowledge about the neural basis of cognitive aging was based on two disciplines that had very little contact with each other. Whereas the neuroscience of aging investigated the effects of aging on the brain independently of age-related changes in cognition, the cognitive psychology of aging investigated the effects of aging on cognition independently of age-related changes in the brain. The lack of communication between these two disciplines is currently being addressed by an increasing number of studies that focus on the relationships between cognitive aging and cerebral aging. This rapidly growing body of research has come to constitute a new discipline, which may be called cognitive neuroscience of aging. The goal of this book is to introduce this new discipline. This book is divided into four main sections. The first section describes non-invasive measures of cerebral aging, including structural (e.g., volumetric MRI), chemical (e.g., dopamine PET), electrophysiological (e.g., ERPs), and hemodynamic (e.g., fMRI), and discusses how they can be linked to behavioral measures of cognitive aging. The second section reviews evidence for the effects of aging on neural activity during different cognitive functions, including perception and attention, imagery, working memory, long-term memory, and prospective memory. The third section focuses on clinical and applied topics, such as the distinction between healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease and the use of cognitive training to ameliorate age-related cognitive decline. The last section describes theories that relate cognitive and cerebral aging, including models accounting for functional neuroimaging evidence and models supported by computer simulations.

Abstrak :
This book provides a working model or 'map' of the mind, with language as its centrepiece. Drawing on research across linguistics, psychology and neuroscience, it allows the reader to quickly grasp how each separate aspect of the mind's operations can be related. This 'big picture' view includes the way the mind makes, stores and loses memories of all kinds as well how its various 'expert systems' combine and collaborate to solve, typically beyond our conscious awareness, the myriad of tasks we are faced with every minute and millisecond of our existence. The book also focuses on language, that is, the mind of monolingual, bilingual and multilingual speakers.

Abstrak :
The focus of this volume is on critical epigenetic regulation and chromatin remodeling events that occur in the nervous system and on the presumed mechanisms that operate within neurons to translate them into long-lasting neuronal responses.Recent years have seen spectacular advances in the filed of epigenetics. These have attracted the interest of researchers in many fields and evidence connecting epigentic regulation to brain functions has been accumulationg. Neurons daily convert a variety of external stimuli into rapid or long-lasting changes in gene expression. A variety of studies have centered on the molcular mechanisms implicated in epigentic control and how these may operte in concert. It will be critical to unravel how specifity is achieved. The focus of this volume is on critical epigenetic regulation and chromatin remodeling events that occur in the nervous system and on the presumed mechanisms that operate within neurons to translate them into long-lasting neuronal responses.

Abstrak :
The book is widely considered a seminal work in the subject of evolutionary cognition. However, Deacons book was the first step, further steps have had to be taken. The proposed anthology is such an important associate. The contributions are written by a wide variety of scholars each with a unique view on evolutionary cognition and the questions raised by Terrence Deacon, emergence in evolution, the origin of language, the semiotic 'missing link', Peirce's semiotics in evolution and biology, biosemiotics, evolutionary cognition, Baldwinian evolution, the neuroscience of linguistic capacities as well as phylogeny of the homo species, primatology, embodied cognition and knowledge types.