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Abstrak :
Prediktor keparahan pankreatitis bilier yang telah banyak digunakan seperti kriteria Ranson, Imrie modifikasi, dan APACHE II membutuhkan waktu pengumpulan data hingga 48 jam dengan variabel diagnostik multipel sehingga sulit untuk diterapkan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mencari prediktor keparahan tunggal agar dapat segera ditentukan tatalaksana terbaik bagi tiap pasien.Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari rekam medis pasien-pasien pankreatitis bilier akut di RSCM tahun 2008-2016. Kadar glukosa darah sewaktu GDS awal, derajat keparahan, dan mortalitas dicatat dan dianalisis menggunakan SPSS 20.0.Sebanyak 41 pasien pankreatitis bilier dari 140 pasien pankreatitis akut memenuhi kriteria inklusi dari studi ini. Rerata usia pasien 49,2 tahun, 24 58,5 laki-laki dan 17 41,5 perempuan. Median kadar GDS kasus ringan, sedang, dan berat adalah 109,5 mg/dL; 131 mg/dL; dan 171 mg/dL. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar GDS pada pankreatitis bilier ringan dengan berat, nilai p 0,008.Pada kurva ROC GDS terhadap pankreatitis bilier berat didapatkan AUC 0,885 IK 95 0,743 ndash; 1,000 . Nilai cut-off GDS 154,5 mg/dL memiliki sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang optimal dalam memprediksi pankreatitis bilier akut berat, yaitu 75 dan 91,8 . Kadar GDS tersebut memiliki nilai prediksi positif dan negatif sebesar 50 dan 97,1 . Tidak didapatkan hubungan antara kadar GDS dengan mortalitas, nilai p 0,249. Didapatkan hubungan antara derajat keparahan dengan mortalitas dengan nilai p 0,021 dan OR 0,028. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa kadar GDS 154,5 mg/dL dapat memprediksi pankreatitis bilier akut berat dengan akurasi yang baik. ...... The established severity predictors of gallstone pancreatitis such as Ranson criteria, modified Imrie, and APACHE II usually require several days and multiple diagnostic variable to be fulfilled so that they are not convenient to use. This study was held to find a simple severity predictor of gallstone pancreatitis to immediately choose the best management for each patient.The data were derived retrospectively from the medical records of acute gallstone pancreatitis patients during 2008 2016. Random blood glucose RBG level on admission, severity grading, and mortality were recorded and analyzed using SPSS 20.0.Forty one gallstone pancreatitis out of 140 acute pancreatitis patients were included in this study. The mean age was 49,2 years old, 24 58,5 were male and 17 41,5 were female. The median RBG level in mild, moderately severe, and severe disease were 109,5 mg dL 131 mg dL and 171 mg dL respectively. There was a significant difference of RBG level on mild and severe disease, p value 0,008.The ROC curve of RBG and severe gallstone pancreatitis revealed the AUC of 0,885 CI 95 0,743 ndash 1,000 . The cut off point of RBG level 154,5 mg dL had the optimal sensitivity 75 and specificity 91,8 to predict severe disease. The positive and negative predictive value of RBG level 154,5 mg dL were 50 and 97,1 . There was no significant difference between RBG level and mortality, p 0,249. There was a relationship between severity grading and mortality, p 0,021 and OR 0,028. We can conclude that RBG level of 154,5 mg dL can acurately predict severe disease.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Hipoglikemia merupakan masalah metabolik yang sering terjadi pada neonatus terutama bayi kurang bulan dan bayi kecil masa kehamilan. Sebagaian besar neonatus kompensasi hipoglikemia fisiologis dengan memproduksi benda keton. Tujuan: Membantu menambahkan data dalam membuat pedoman pemeriksaan glukosa darah pada bayi late preterm dan bayi cukup bulan kecil masa kehamilan. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian cross sectional untuk melihat gambaran kadar gula darah diawal kelahiran pada bayi late preterm dan cukup bulan kecil masa kehamilan dan hubungannya dengan keton darah sebagai respons adaptasi metabolik. Penilaian respons kadar keton darah terhadap perubahan kadar gula darah dengan melakukan uji korelasi pada masing-masing tahap penilaian. Hasil: Sebanyak 53 subyek memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Rerata kadar gula darah pada usia 0-4 jam 69,83±22,19 mg/dL, >4-24 jam 63,02±16,80 mg/dL, >24-48 jam 62,94±14,80 mg/dL ) keseluruhan secara statistik tidak berbeda bermakna (p= 0,117). Median kadar keton darah pada usia 0-4 jam 0,60 (0,10-1,40) mmol/L, >4-24 jam 0,60 (0,30-1,3) mmol/L, >24-48 jam 0,60 (0,10-1,40) mmol/L keseluruhan secara statistik tidak berbeda bermakna (p = 0,326). Hubungan antara perubahan kadar gula darah dengan perubahan kadar keton darah menunjukkan bahwa setiap perubahan satu unit kadar gula darah mengakibatkan perubahan kadar keton darah sebesar 0,0012 secara statistik tidak bermakna (p = 0,192). Simpulan: Pola perubahan glukosa darah bayi late preterm dan bayi cukup bulan kecil masa kehamilan tidak selalu mengalami hipoglikemia, produksi badan keton pada bayi late preterm dan bayi cukup bulan kecil masa kehamilan memadai.

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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Hypoglycaemia is the most common manifestation of failure of metabolic adaptation in the newborn period, especially in premature infants and small for gestational age. Most of the physiological neonatal hypoglycaemia compensate physiologist hypoglycaemia by producing ketone body. Objective: Provide data to establish guidelines blood glucose tests in late preterm infants and term infants small for gestational age. Methods: A cross sectional research to see pattern of blood glucose concentration at the newborn and its relationship with blood ketones as a response to metabolic adaptation. Evaluation of blood ketone concentration to the change of blood glucose is done by correlation test at each evaluation stage. Results: A total of 53 subjects fulfil the study criteria. The mean blood glucose level at the age of 0-4 hours was 69,83 ± 22,19 mg/dL, > 4-24 hours was 63,02 ± 16,80 mg/dL, > 24-48 hours was 62,94 ± 14,80 mg/dL overall was not statistically significant (p = 0.117). Median levels of blood ketones at the age of 0-4 hours was 0.60 (0.10 to 1.40) mmol/L, > 4-24 hours was 0.60 (0.30 to 1.30) mmol/L , > 24-48 hours was 0.60 (0.10 to 1.40) mmol/L overall was not statistically significant (p = 0.833). The relationship between changes in blood glucose levels by changing levels of blood ketones indicate that any change in one unit of blood glucose levels lead to changes in levels of blood ketones at 0.0012 was not statistically significant (p = 0.192) . Conclusion: The change of blood glucose in late preterm infants and term infants small for gestational age not always having hypoglycemia. Production of ketone body at late preterm infants and term infants small for gestational age is not sufficient., Introduction: Hypoglycaemia is the most common manifestation of failure of metabolic adaptation in the newborn period, especially in premature infants and small for gestational age. Most of the physiological neonatal hypoglycaemia compensate physiologist hypoglycaemia by producing ketone body. Objective: Provide data to establish guidelines blood glucose tests in late preterm infants and term infants small for gestational age. Methods: A cross sectional research to see pattern of blood glucose concentration at the newborn and its relationship with blood ketones as a response to metabolic adaptation. Evaluation of blood ketone concentration to the change of blood glucose is done by correlation test at each evaluation stage. Results: A total of 53 subjects fulfil the study criteria. The mean blood glucose level at the age of 0-4 hours was 69,83 ± 22,19 mg/dL, > 4-24 hours was 63,02 ± 16,80 mg/dL, > 24-48 hours was 62,94 ± 14,80 mg/dL overall was not statistically significant (p = 0.117). Median levels of blood ketones at the age of 0-4 hours was 0.60 (0.10 to 1.40) mmol/L, > 4-24 hours was 0.60 (0.30 to 1.30) mmol/L , > 24-48 hours was 0.60 (0.10 to 1.40) mmol/L overall was not statistically significant (p = 0.833). The relationship between changes in blood glucose levels by changing levels of blood ketones indicate that any change in one unit of blood glucose levels lead to changes in levels of blood ketones at 0.0012 was not statistically significant (p = 0.192) . Conclusion: The change of blood glucose in late preterm infants and term infants small for gestational age not always having hypoglycemia. Production of ketone body at late preterm infants and term infants small for gestational age is not sufficient.]

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan. Pemberian cairan karbohidrat oral prabedah dan mengurangi durasi puasa merupakan salah satu komponen dari enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). Namun, data penelitian mengenai pemberian cairan karbohidrat oral prabedah pada populasi anak masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efek pemberian cairan karbohidrat elektrolit oral dan air putih 1 jam prainduksi terhadap kadar glukosa darah pada anak yang menjalani pembedahan abdomen bagian bawah. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis acak tersamar tunggal yang mengikutsertakan 44 pasien anak yang menjalani pembedahan abdomen bagian bawah. Sampel dilakukan pengelompokan dengan metode randomisasi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok pertama adalah anak yang diberikan cairan karbohidrat elektrolit oral prabedah. Kelompok kedua adalah anak yang diberikan cairan air putih prabedah. Kedua kelompok dilakukan tiga kali pemeriksaan glukosa darah, yaitu pascainduksi, akhir pembedahan, dan hari I pascabedah, serta elektrolit darah saat pascainduksi. Kedua kelompok dilakukan uji hipotesis untuk melihat perbedaan rerata kadar glukosa darah dan general linear model (repeated measure) untuk melihat tren perubahan kadar glukosa darah selama perioperatif. Selain itu, kedua kelompok dilakukan uji hipotesis untuk melihat perbedaan kadar elektrolit darah pascainduksi sebagai luaran tambahan. Hasil. Tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar glukosa darah yang bermakna antara kelompok anak dengan pemberian cairan karbohidrat elektrolit oral 1 jam prainduksi dan kelompok anak dengan pemberian air putih oral 1 jam prainduksi saat pascainduksi, akhir pembedahan, dan hari I pascabedah (nilai p >0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar elektrolit yang bermakna antara kelompok anak dengan pemberian cairan karbohidrat elektrolit oral 1 jam prainduksi dan kelompok anak dengan pemberian air putih oral 1 jam prainduksi saat pascainduksi (nilai p >0,05). Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara volume pemberian cairan pada kelompok pemberian karbohidrat elektrolit oral (median 300 mL, IQR 150 mL) dan air putih (median 200 mL, IQR 200 mL) (nilai p <0,05). Tidak ditemukan kejadian regurgitasi dan aspirasi pneumonia pada kedua kelompok saat induksi anestesia. Kesimpulan. Tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar glukosa darah perioperatif yang bermakna antara kelompok anak dengan pemberian cairan karbohidrat elektrolit oral 1 jam prainduksi dan kelompok anak dengan pemberian air putih oral 1 jam prainduksi. ......Introduction. Preoperative oral carbohydrate electrolyte administration and reducing of clear fluid fasting duration are components of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). However, studies related to preoperative oral carbohydrate electrolyte administration in pediatric elective surgery patients are still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 1 hour preoperative oral carbohydrate electrolyte fluids on blood glucose in pediatric lower abdominal surgery. Methods. Fourty four patients were randomly allocated to either carbohydrate electrolyte fluids (intervention group) or water fluids (control group). Blood glucose of both groups were analysed at three time points; postinduction, end of surgery, and postoperative day 1. Electrolytes of both groups were also analysed at postinduction. The results were analysed to evaluate mean differences of blood glucose and general linear model to evaluate the trend of blood glucose consecutively as primary outcome, and electrolytes as secondary outcome. Results. There are no significant differences on blood glucose levels between group with 1 hour preoperative oral carbohydrate electrolyte fluids and 1 hour preoperative oral water fluids postinduction, end of surgery, and day I postsurgery (p value >0,05). There are no significant differences on electrolyte levels between group with 1 hour preoperative oral carbohydrate electrolyte fluids and 1 hour preoperative oral water fluids postinduction (p value >0,05). There are significant differences on preoperative volume fluids between group with carbohydrate electrolyte fluids (median 300 mL, IQR 150 mL) and water fluids (median 200 mL, IQR 200 mL) (p value <0,05). There are no regurgitation and pneumonia aspiration events on both groups. Conclusion. There are no significant differences on perioperative blood glucose levels between group with 1 hour preoperative oral carbohydrate electrolyte fluids and 1 hour preoperative oral water fluids.

Abstrak :
Penentuan Kadar Glukosa menggunakan sensor Non-Enzimatik pada saat ini banyak dikembangkan, sebagai alternatif sensor glukosa non-Enzimatik dengan perangkat yang lebih praktis dan sederhana, digunakan Screen Printed Electrode (SPE) sebagai solusinya. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan oksida tembaga sebagai sensor non- Enzimatik yang terdeposit pada permukaan SPE dengan metode elektrodeposisi menggunakan larutan CuSO4 0.01 M dalam 0.1 M H2SO4. Variasi potensial dan waktu deposisi dilakukan untuk mendapatkan deposit CuSPE yang optimum. Uji deteksi glukosa dilakukan pada potensial +0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl. Deposit CuSPE dengan variasi potensial dan waktu -0.4 V selama 300 detik merupakan yang paling optimum karena mempunyai sensitifitas tertinggi sebesar 1063.452 μA mM-1 cm-2, batas deteksi terendah sebesar 0.485 x 10-3 M, dan linearitas paling baik sebesar R20.987. CuSPE optimum digunakan pada sistem alir, didapatkan laju alir optimum 25 mL/menit, konsentrasi NaOH optimum 1 M dilihat dari %RSD sebesar 1.19%. Pada variasi konsentrasi glukosa dihasilkan linearitas sebesar R2 0.982 dengan LOD sebesar 4.273 x 10-3 M. Sensor memiliki repeatabilitas yang baik dengan %RSD = 1.39% (n=10). Deteksi glukosa pada sampel darah dengan batch dan sistem alirmemiliki perbedaan jika dibandingkan dengan hasil deteksi pada glukosameter. ......Determination of glucose concentration using Non-Enzymatic sensor has been developed, as an alternative to Non-Enzymatic glucose sensors with a device that is more practical and simple to use, Screen Printed Electrode (SPE) as a solution. In this study, use of copper oxide as a non-Enzymatic sensors are deposited on the surface of the SPE by electrodeposition method using a solution of 0.01 M CuSO4 in 0.1 M H2SO4. Variations potential and deposition time taken to obtain optimum CuSPE deposit. Glucose detection test conducted on the potential +0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl. Deposit CuSPE which was deposited in -0.4 V for 300 seconds was the optimum because it has the highest sensitivity 1063.452 μ𝐴𝑚𝑀-1𝑐𝑚-2, the lowest limit of detection0.458 x 10-3M, and most excellent linearity R2= 0.987. CuSPE optimum use of the system flow, obtained the optimum flow rate of 25 mL/ min, the concentration of 1 M NaOH optimum views of% RSD for 1.19%. In the glucose concentration variations resulting linearity of R2 0.982 with LOD of 4.273 x 10-3M. The sensor has a good repeatability with% RSD = 1.39% (n=10). Detection of glucose in the blood sample using batch and flow systemhave differences when compared with the results of the detection in glukosameter.