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"Interest in using biomass energy as an alternative to fossil fuels has advanced in recent years. This study aimed to assess the effects of torrefaction on the quality of pyrolysis products. Oil palm biomass, such as empty fruit bunches (EFB), mesocarp fiber (MF) and palm kernel shell (PKS) were either untreated (untorrefied) or torrefied (treated), and subsequently pyrolyzed. The experiment’s conditions for torrefaction were set to be a 220°C temperature, a 10°C/min heating rate, and 30 minutes holding time, and for pyrolysis they were set to a 650°C temperature, 20°C/min heating rate and 2 hours holding time. The nitrogen flow rate of 2L/min was maintained for both experiments. The results revealed that the torrefaction pretreatment improved the heating value of the torrefied biomass to 18–21 MJkg-1 from the previous value of 16–19 MJkg-1 for the untorrefied biomass. During torrefaction, the PKS showed a high solid yield of 95% due to high lignin content. The higher heating value (HHV) of the biochar and bio-oil derived from untorrefied and torrefied biomass were between 26–30 MJkg-1 and 16–17 MJkg-1 for the former, and 28–31 MJkg-1, and 17–20 MJkg-1 for the latter. The maximum HHV of 31.2 MJkg-1 was obtained from torrefied PKS biochar. The pyrolysis of torrefied biomass gave higher quality biochar and bio-oil compared to untorrefied biomass. The bio-oil acquired from the pyrolysis of the torrefied sample is less acidic and has a higher calorific value in comparison with the bio-oil obtained from the untorrefied sample. MF and PKS have demonstrated a superior outcome after torrefaction. In this way, the PKS and MF were identified as better biomass for torrefaction and pyrolysis compared to EFB."

"Bio-oil produced by biomass pyrolysis contains high oxygenates, namely, carboxylic acids, alcohols, and ketones resulting in low calorific fuel, and therefore bio-oil requires upgrading to sequester these oxygenates. By conducting the co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic feed blend, the donation of hydrogen by plastic free radicals to the oxygen of biomass free radicals may sufficiently reduce oxygenate compounds in the bio-oil and increase its yield. Therefore, the synergetic effects are functional. Currently, co-pyrolysis reactors have high aspect ratios (ratio of height to diameter) of 4 or more and small diameters (maximum 40 mm), in which the heat transfer from the furnace to the feed blend is immaterial even though the plastic material has low thermal conductivity. However, in large-scale reactors, such a design restricts the bio-oil’s capacity due to the heat transfer constraint. To resolve the latter and to improve bio-oil quality, in the present work, the co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and polypropylene (PP) is conducted in a stirred-tank reactor with a low aspect ratio (2). PP composition in the feed blend was varied from 0-100% weight with a 12.5% weight interval, heating rate of 5oC/min, and final temperature of 500oC. The results show that by increasing the PP composition in the feed blend from 37.5% to 87.5%, the bio-oil yield increased from 25.8% to 67.2% feed weight. An analysis of bio-oil quality shows that there was a favorably abrupt increase of non-oxygenate composition in the bio-oil from less than 5% to more than 70% as the PP composition in the feed blend was increased from 37.5% to 50% and more."