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"ABSTRAKDistribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X merupakan distribusi kontinu yang mampu memodelkan beberapa jenis distribusi dari data, seperti right skewed, left skewed, atau symmetrical. Distribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X merupakan hasil penggabungan dari fungsi distribusi beta dengan fungsi distribusi Tipe X Burr. Pembentukan distribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X, serta karakteristik distribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X yang meliputi fungsi densitas probabilitas, fungsi distribusi, momen ke - , momen pusat ke-, mean, varians, dan fungsi pembangkit momen dibahas dalam tesis ini. Estimasi parameter distribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X menggunakan metode kemungkinan maksimum dan hasilnya dapat diperoleh dengan metode numerik. Sebagai ilustrasi, data hormon luteinizing digunakan dalam sampel darah wanita yang dimodelkan dengan distribusi Beta-Burr Tipe X.ABSTRACTBeta-Burr Distribution Type X is a continuous distribution that is able to model several types of distributions from the data, such as right skewed, left skewed, or symmetrical. The Type X Beta-Burr distribution is the result of combining the beta distribution function with the Type X Burr distribution function. The formation of the Type X Beta-Burr distribution, as well as the characteristics of the Type X Beta-Burr distribution which include the probability density function, distribution function, th moment, th center moment, mean, variance, and moment generating function are discussed in this thesis. The parameter estimation of Beta-Burr Type X distribution uses the maximum likelihood method and the results can be obtained by numerical methods. To illustrate, luteinizing hormone data were used in a female blood sample modeled with a Type X Beta-Burr distribution."

"Latar Belakang: Pada kasus borderline periodontitis agresif dan periodontitis kronis diperlukan suatu biomarker imunologis yang dapat membantu menegakkan diagnosis dengan tepat. Human Beta Defensin-3 merupakan suatu protein yang berasal dari host yang dapat menggambarkan derajat keparahan penyakit periodontal. Tujuan: Menganalisis kadar hBD-3 pada cairan krevikular gingiva penderita periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif. Metode: Penelitian ini melibatkan 16 orang penderita periodontitis agresif, 16 orang penderita periodontitis kronis dan 8 subyek sehat. Kadar hBD-3 diukur dengan teknik ELISA. Hasil: Kadar hBD-3 pada periodontitis kronis tidak berbeda bermakna dengan kadar hBD-3 periodontitis agresif (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Kadar HBD-3 dalam cairan krevikular gingiva tidak berbeda bermakna pada penderita periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif sehingga belum bisa digunakan sebagai alternatif diagnosis.

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Background: For borderline cases between chronic and aggressive periodontitis, an immunologic biomarker is needed to fix the diagnosis. Human Beta Defensin-3 is a host protein that can describe the severity of periodontitis.

Aim: Analyzing Human Beta Defensin-3 (HBD-3) levels in gingival crevicular fluid of chronic and aggressive periodontitis patient.

Method: Samples were collected from 8 healthy subjects, 16 aggressive periodontitis subjects and 16 chronic periodontitis subjects. HBD-3 level was measured by using ELISA technique.

Result: HBD-3 levels in chronic periodontitis didn?t show any difference to the hBD-3 levels in aggressive periodontitis (p>0,05).

Conclusion: HBD-3 levels in chronic periodontitis didn?t show any difference to the aggressive one so it can not be used as a diagnostic parameter in chronic periodontitis and aggressive as well."

"Ketika electron berenergi besar dipancarkan dari peluruhan radioaktif 14C (Carbon-14) yang berinteraksi dengan materi-materi di sekitarnya, mereka kehilangan energi dan dalam kondisi tertentu diserap oleh materi lain. Energi besar electron ini dilepaskan dengan peluruhan radioaktif yang dikenal dengan sinar beta dan proses ini dikenal dengan attenuasi (peluruhan) sinar beta. Ketika suatu materi diletakkan antara 14C dan alat deteksi sinar beta, maka sinar diserap dan atau energinya berkurang. Hasilnya adalah pengurangan jumlah partikel beta yang terdeteksi. Besarnya jumlah pengurangan partikel beta yang terdeteksi adalah fungsi dari massa penyerapan materi antara sumber beta 14C dan detector. Ini adalah prinsip kerja dari alat BAM 1020, secara automatik mengukur dan mencatat konsentrasi debu berukuran 10 µ. Prinsip ini perlu dipahami oleh operator dan teknisi yang menangani alat BAM1020.

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When the hight-energy electrons emanating from the radioactive decay of 14 C(carbon 14) interect with nearby matter, they loose their energy and, in some cases, are absorbed by the matter. These high-energy electron emitted through radioactive decay are known as beta rays and the process is known as beta-ray attenuation. When matter is placed between the radioactive 14C source and a device designed to detect beta rays, the beta rays are absorbed and/or their energy diminished. This results in a reduction in the number of beta pacticles detected. The magnitude of the reduction in detected beta particles is a function of the mass of the absorbing materr between the 14 beta source and the detector. These are the principle of BAM1020 equipment, automatically measure and record dust concentration which is sized 10µ. These principle must be understood by operator and technesiant to handle a BAM1020 equipment."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui kemampuan antimikroba β-glukan dari ragi roti terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 dan Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. Ragi roti yang berisi khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae diekstrak β-glukannya dan dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Uji penentuan aktivitas antimikroba dengan metode turbiditas dan TPC terdiri atas 5 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif, kontrol pembanding I dan II menggunakan β-glukan krestin, serta perlakuan I dan II menggunakan β-glukan ragi roti. Hasil ektraksi diperoleh ekstrak kasar dengan persentase ekstrak sebesar 5%. Analisis kualitatif dengan Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) dan kuantitatif dengan Megazyme menunjukkan keberadaan β-glukan di dalam ekstrak kasar sebesar 47,7 % (b/b). Uji antimikroba menunjukkan bahwa β-glukan ragi roti tidak mempunyai aktivitas antimikroba terhadap Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 dan Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579.

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The aim of this study was to observe the antimicrobial activity of β-glucan extracted from baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) against bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. β-glucan from baker’s yeast was extracted and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Antimicrobial test of β-glucan using turbidity and TPC methods, consist of 5 treatment groups, i.e. the negative control, comparison control I and II (β-glucan krestin), and treatment I and II (β-glucan from baker’s yeast). Extraction process resulted 5% of crude extract. Qualitative analyzed by FTIR and quantitative by Megazyme method showed that the purity of β-glucan in crude extract was 47,7 % (w/w). The antimicrobial test indicated that β-glucan from baker’s yeast did not have antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengekstraksi, menganalisis secara FTIR, dan mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak kasar β-glukan dari khamir Aureobasidium pullulans. β-glukan berhasil diekstraksi sebanyak 1,3 g per 1 L kultur khamir dalam bentuk bubuk berwarna krem. Uji kualitatif dengan FTIR menunjukkan komposisi ekstrak berupa β-glukan, hemiselulosa, protein, dan karbonat. Kadar β-glukan dalam ekstrak diukur secara enzimatis dengan kit Megazyme dan didapatkan tingkat kemurnian 49,65% (b/b). Aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak diuji terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 dan Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 pada konsentrasi 0,1% (b/v) dan 0,2% (b/v). Produk komersial krestin dengan kemurnian β-glukan 52% (b/b) digunakan sebagai kontrol pembanding terhadap ekstrak. Uji aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan dengan metode turbiditas dan total plate count pada suhu inkubasi 37oC dan agitasi 150 rpm. Uji turbiditas dan total plate count menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak β-glukan dan krestin pada konsentrasi 0,1% (b/v) dan 0,2% (b/v) tidak memberikan efek bakteriostatik dan bakterisidal. Persentase hambat oleh ekstrak β-glukan tidak mencapai nilai minimal 50% sehingga dinyatakan tidak memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap E. coli dan B. cereus.

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A study to extract, analyze based on FTIR, and determine antimicrobial activity of β-glucan crude extract from yeast Aureobasidium pullulans has been carried out. An amount of 1,3 g β-glucan has been extracted from 1 L of yeast culture in the form of cream-colored powder. Qualitative test with FTIR showed that the extract consists of β-glucan, hemicelulose, protein, and carbonate. Purity of the compound was measured enzimatically using Megazyme kit and the result was 49,65% (w/w). Antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 at 0,1% (w/v) and 0,2% (w/v). Krestin as commercial product of β-glucan with purity of 52% (w/w) was used as comparison control of β-glucan crude extract. Antimicrobial activity was tested using turbidity dan total plate count method at incubation temperature 37oC and agitation 150 rpm. Turbidity and total plate count test showed that β-glucan crude extract and krestin at 0,1% (w/v) and 0,2% (w/v) have no bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect. The percentage of inhibition from β-glucan crude extract was less than 50%. Based on these result, β-glucan extract has no antimicrobial activity against E. coli and B. cereus. "

"[ABSTRAKIsolat Penicillium sp. ID10-T065 dimutasi menggunakan sinar Ultraviolet(UV), Etil Metil Sulfonat (EMS), dan kombinasi UV-EMS. Hasil mutasimenunjukkan bahwa aktivitas enzim β-glukosidase pada mutan lebih tinggidibandingkan wild-type (1,78 U/ml), kecuali pada mutan UM23. Mutan UV13mengalami peningkatan aktivitas β-glukosidase tertinggi (1,88 U/ml padaselobiosa 0,1% dan 5,53 U/ml pada selobiosa 1%), sedangkan mutan UM23menunjukkan aktivitas terendah (1,80 U/ml pada selobiosa 0,1% dan 1,75 U/mlpada selobiosa 1%). Aktivitas β-glukosidase pada mutan EM31 sebesar 1,86 U/mlpada selobiosa 0,1% dan 4,26 U/ml pada selobiosa 1%. Hasil analisis sekuen genβ-glukosidase 1 (bgl1) menunjukkan bahwa seluruh mutan mengalami mutasisubstitusi ketika dibandingkan dengan sekuen wild-type. Mutan UV13 mengalamiperubahan basa nukleotida paling banyak (7 basa) dibandingkan mutan EM31(5basa) dan UM23 (2 basa). Perubahan basa juga mengakibatkan gen mengalamimissense mutation sehingga terjadi kesalahan dalam penerjemahan kode asamamino, kecuali pada basa ke-2037 dari mutan UV13 dan basa ke-2034 serta 2037mutan EM31. Perubahan basa pada posisi tersebut tidak mengubah translasi asamamino (silent mutation). Hasil analisis sekuen gen bgl1 dan aktivitas enzimmenunjukkan bahwa sinar UV merupakan mutagen efektif untuk peningkatanaktivitas β-glukosidase pada isolat Penicillium sp. ID10-T065. Hasil identifikasisecara molekuler dan analisis pohon filogenetik, isolat Penicillium sp. ID10-T065memiliki kemiripan dan kekerabatan terdekat dengan spesies Penicilliumoxalicum.

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ABSTRACTThe Penicillium sp. isolate ID10-T065 was mutated using Ultravioletirradiation (UV), Ethyl Methyl Sulfonate (EMS), and combination of UV -EMS.The results showed that β-glucosidase activity in the mutant was higher than thatof wild-type (1,78 U/ml), except for the mutant UM23. The β-glucosidase activityin mutant UV13 showed the highest activity (1,88 U/ml at cellobiose 0,1% and5,53 U/ml at cellobiose 1%), while mutant UM23 showed the lowest activity (1,80U/ml at cellobiose 0,1% and 1,75 U/ml at cellobiose 1%). The β-glucosidaseactivity of EM31 was 1,86 U/ml at cellobiose 0,1% and 4,26 U/ml at cellobiose1%. The results of the DNA sequence analysis of β-glucosidase 1 (bgl1) showedthat all mutants had substitution mutations when compared to the wild-typesequences. Mutant UV13 had the most base alteration (7 bases) compared to themutant EM31 (5 bases) and UM23 (2 bases). The bases alteration was leading tomissense mutation, except for the sequence of mutant UV13 at position 2037 andmutant EM31 at position 2034 and 2037. The base alteration of the sequence didnot change the amino acid translation (silent mutation). The results of the DNAsequences analysis of bgl1 and enzyme activities showed that UV light is aneffective mutagen to increase β-glucosidase activity in Penicillium sp. ID10-T065.The molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that Penicilliumsp. ID10-T065 was closely related with Penicillium oxalicum., The Penicillium sp. isolate ID10-T065 was mutated using Ultravioletirradiation (UV), Ethyl Methyl Sulfonate (EMS), and combination of UV -EMS.The results showed that β-glucosidase activity in the mutant was higher than thatof wild-type (1,78 U/ml), except for the mutant UM23. The β-glucosidase activityin mutant UV13 showed the highest activity (1,88 U/ml at cellobiose 0,1% and5,53 U/ml at cellobiose 1%), while mutant UM23 showed the lowest activity (1,80U/ml at cellobiose 0,1% and 1,75 U/ml at cellobiose 1%). The β-glucosidaseactivity of EM31 was 1,86 U/ml at cellobiose 0,1% and 4,26 U/ml at cellobiose1%. The results of the DNA sequence analysis of β-glucosidase 1 (bgl1) showedthat all mutants had substitution mutations when compared to the wild-typesequences. Mutant UV13 had the most base alteration (7 bases) compared to themutant EM31 (5 bases) and UM23 (2 bases). The bases alteration was leading tomissense mutation, except for the sequence of mutant UV13 at position 2037 andmutant EM31 at position 2034 and 2037. The base alteration of the sequence didnot change the amino acid translation (silent mutation). The results of the DNAsequences analysis of bgl1 and enzyme activities showed that UV light is aneffective mutagen to increase β-glucosidase activity in Penicillium sp. ID10-T065.The molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that Penicilliumsp. ID10-T065 was closely related with Penicillium oxalicum.]"

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Beta karoten memiliki kapasitas antioksidan. Malondialdehida (MDA), produk dari peroksidasi poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), merupakan penanda stres oksidatif. Keseimbangan oksidan dan antioksidan dalam ASI membantu mencegah terjadinya radikal bebas pada bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara asupan beta karoten dengan kadar beta karoten ASI dan mengetahui ada tidaknya hubungan antara asupan beta karoten dengan kadar MDA ASI. Delapan puluh ibu usia 20–40 tahun yang menyusui secara eksklusif dan memiliki bayi usia 1–6 bulan yang datang ke Puskesmas Kecamatan Cilincing dan Grogol Petamburan pada bulan Februari–April 2019 dan bersedia menandatangani lembar persetujuan penelitian menjadi subjek penelitian. ASInya di periksa di laboratorium. Korelasi positif lemah ditemukan antara indeks masa tubuh (IMT) dan kadar MDA ASI (r = 0,285, p = 0,010) serta asupan beta karoten dan kadar MDA ASI (r = - 0,469 dengan p <0,001). Korelasi negatif sedang ditemukan pada durasi menyusui dalam minggu dengan kadar MDA ASI, asupan beta karoten memilki korelasi positif lemah dengan kadar MDA ASI (r = 0,247, p = 0,027). Aktivitas fisik memiliki hubungan dengan kadar beta karoten ASI (p = 0,012). Dengan demikian, IMT, durasi menyusui, asupan beta karoten berpengaruh terhadap kadar MDA ASI.

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Beta carotene has antioxidant capacity. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) peroxidation product, is the marker of oxidative stress. The balance of oxidant and antioxidant in breastmilk helps prevent the free radical formation in babies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation of beta carotene intake with the breast milk (BM) beta carotene level and to determine the relationship between beta carotene intake with the MDA level in BM. Eighty 20–40 years old exclusively breastfeeding mothers who came to Cilincing and Grogol Petamburan Public Health Centre in February–April 2019 and had 1–6 months old babies were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The BM were assessed the laboratory. Weak positive correlation was found between body mass index (BMI) and BM MDA level (r = 0.285, p = 0.010) as well as beta carotene intake and BM MDA level (r = 0.247, p = 0.027). Medium negative correlation was found between breastfeeding duration in weeks with the BM MDA level (r = - 0.469, p <0.001). Physical activity has a relationship with BM beta carotene level (p = 0.012). Therefore, BMI, breastfeeding duration, beta carotene intake has a correlation with BM MDA level.

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"Red palm oil (RPO) mengandung antioksidan yang larut dalam lemak seperti karotenoid (α dan β-karoten, likopen), vitamin E (dalam bentuk α, β, dan δ tokotrienol dan tokoferol), dan ubikuinon. Red palm oil (RPO) dapat digunakan sebagai upaya mencegah stunting dan kekurangan gizi karena nilai gizi yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada minyak goreng yang beredar di pasaran. Akan tetapi, belum terdapat banyak studi mengenai pemanfaatan red palm oil (RPO) dalam hal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh formula emulsi dari red palm oil (RPO). Sediaan emulsi red palm oil (RPO) dibuat menggunakan 5% sukrosa ester palmitat untuk mengemulsifikasi 5% (F1), 10% (F2), dan 15% (F3) red palm oil (RPO) dengan madu untuk menambah kestabilan, kemudian dilakukan karakterisasi fisik untuk mengetahui stabilitas emulsi selama 12 minggu. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa selama 12 minggu ketiga formula emulsi stabil berdasarkan parameter organoleptis, pH, homogenitas viskositas, ukuran partikel, dan zeta potensial. Hasil uji hedonis pada 30 orang responden menunjukkan bahwa formula F1 paling disukai para responden. Dengan demikian, dalam penelitian ini formula F1 menghasilkan hasil uji yang paling baik.

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Red palm oil (RPO) contains fat-soluble antioxidants such as carotenoids (α and β-carotene, lycopene), Vitamin E (in the form of α, β, and δ tocotrienols and tocopherols), and ubiquinone. Red palm oil (RPO) can be used as an effort to prevent stunting and nutritional deficiencies due to its significantly higher nutritional value compared to cooking oils available in the market. However, there haven't been many studies regarding the utilization of red palm oil (RPO) in this matter. This study aims to obtain an emulsion formula from red palm oil (RPO). The red palm oil (RPO) emulsion preparations were made using 5% sucrose ester palmitate to emulsify 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) red palm oil (RPO) with honey to enhance stability. Subsequently, a physical characterization was conducted to determine the emulsion's stability over a period of 12 weeks. The results showed that all three emulsion formulas remained stable over the 12-week period based on organoleptic parameters, pH, viscosity homogeneity, particle size, and zeta potential. Hedonic testing results from 30 respondents indicated that Formula F1 was the most preferred by the respondents. Therefore, in this study, Formula F1 yielded the best test results."

"Karotenoid adalah pigmen alami tidak larut air yang terkenal karena bersifat antioksidan dan merupakan prekursor vitamin A. Beta-karotena merupakan provitamin A terbaik yang umum digunakan dalam industri sebagai pigmen oranye-merah untuk membuat berbagai produk makanan. Pada penelitian ini beta-karotena diekstraksi dari mikroalga dengan jenis spirulina yang ditumbuhkan pada media zarrouk dengan penambahan limbah sawit dalam berbagai persentase. Kandungan karotenoid dalam mikroalga diekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol, metanol, heksana, dan diklorometana. Berdasarkan hasil FESEM, terdapat perubahan ukuran granula pada mikroalga yang ditumbuhkan dalam variasi persentase limbah sawit (POME) sebagai media. Diklorometana merupakan pelarut ekstraksi terbaik berdasarkan hasil penentuan kadar beta-karotena dengan spektrofotometer Vis. Persentase limbah sawit dalam media berbanding terbalik dengan kadar beta-karoten dalam mikroalga. Limbah sawit pada media mikroalga menghambat pembentukan pigmen dan menurunkan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak, berdasarkan metode DPPH.

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Carotenoids are natural, insoluble pigments that are famous for their antioxidant properties and are precursors of vitamin A. Beta-carotene is the best pro-vitamin A which is commonly used in industry as an orange-red pigment to make various food products. In this study, beta-carotene was extracted from microalgae, spirulina, grown in zarrouk media with the addition of palm oil waste in various percentages. Carotenoid content in microalgae was extracted using the maceration method with ethanol, methanol, hexane and dichloromethane solvents. Based on FESEM results, there were changes in microalgae granule size that grown in variety percentages of palm oil waste (POME) as medium. Dichloromethane was the best extraction solvent based on the results of determining beta- carotene content using a Vis spectrophotometer. The percentage of palm waste in the media was inversely proportional to the beta-carotene content in microalgae. Palm waste in microalgae medium inhibits pigment formation and reduces antioxidant activity, based on the DPPH method."