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"This study explores the consumption practices of the landed aristocracy of Georgian England. Focusing on three families and analysing account books, receipted bills, household inventories, diaries, and correspondence, it charts their spending patterns during the so-called consumer revolution of the eighteenth century. Generally examined through the lens of middling families, homes, and motivations, this book explores the ways in which the aristocracy were engaged in this wider transformation of English society. Analysis centres on the goods that the aristocracy purchased, both luxurious and mundane; the extent to which they pursued fashionable modes and goods; the role that family and friends played in shaping notions of taste; the influence of gender on taste and refinement; the geographical reach of provisioning and the networks that lay behind this consumer activity; and the way this all contributed to the construction of the country house. The country house thus emerges as much more than a repository of luxury and splendour: it lay at the heart of complex networks of exchange, sociability, demand, and supply. Exploring these processes and relationships serves to reanimate the country house, making it an active site of consumption rather than simply an expression of power and taste, and drawing it into the mainstream of consumption histories. At the same time, the landed aristocracy are shown to be rounded consumers, driven by values of thrift and restraint as much as extravagant desires, and valuing the old as well as the new, not least as markers of their pedigree and heritance."

"Penelitian ini menjelaskan makna simbolis upacara Paningset dalam tiga golongan masyarakat Jawa di Yogyakarta. Dalam rangkaian upacara pernikahan adat Jawa, upacara Paningset merupakan simbolisasi ikatan kedua mempelai sebelum mereka melaksanakan ijab kabul pernikahan. Pada masyarakat di Yogyakarta hingga saat ini ketiga golongan masyarakat Jawa (priyayi, abangan, dan santri) masih melakukan upacara tersebut. Tentu bahwa di antara ketiganya terdapat perbedaan dalam aspek-aspek barang Paningset yang disampaikannya, termasuk urut-urutan penyerahannya. Namun bahwa dalam masing-masing golongan memiliki makna simbolis sesuai dengan orientasi budaya yang mereka anggap sebagai identitas budayanya. Untuk menjelaskan makna simbolis tersebut diperlukan satu teori yang berkaitan dengan nilai orientasi budaya. Menurut teori Kluckhohn ada lima hakikat nilai orientasi budaya yaitu hakikat hidup manusia, hakikat karya manusia, hakikat kedudukan manusia dalam ruang dan waktu, hakikat alam dan manusia, dan hakikat manusia dengan sesamanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pentingnya orientasi nilai budaya dalam srah-srahan di golongan priyayi, abangan, dan santri. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian lapangan dengan observasi dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa simbol-simbol makna pada srah-srahan mempunyai makna bahwa masyarakat Jawa menganggap sangat penting melakukan ikatan-ikatan kekeluargaan yang disimbolisasikan melalui rangkaian upacara Paningset.

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ABSTRACTThis study explains the symbolic meaning of the Paningset ceremony in the three classes of Javanese people in Yogyakarta. In a series of traditional Javanese wedding ceremonies, the Paningset ceremony is a symbol of the bond of the bride and groom before they carry out the marriage permit. To the people in Yogyakarta to date the three Javanese groups (priyayi, abangan, and santri) still carry out the ceremony. Of couse, that among three there are differences in the aspects of the pandandle goods that it presents. Including the order of submission. But that in each group has symbolic meaning in accordance with the cultural orientation that they consider to be a cultural identity. To explain the symbolic meaning needed a theory to the value of cultural orientation, according to Kluckhons theory there are five basic values of cultural orientation, namely the nature of human life, the nature of human work, the nature of human position in space and time, the nature of nature and humans, and humans, and the nature of humans with each other. This study aims to see the importance of cultural value orientation in srah-srahan in priyayi, abangan, and santri groups. The method used is field research with observation and interviews. The resultsof the study indicate that the meaning symbols in srah-srahan have the meaning that the Javanese people consider it very important to do family ties symbolized through a series of Paningset ceremony."

"Novel Gadis Pantai mempunyai latar belakang cerita mengenai perbedaan kedudukan antara pribumi dan priyayi. Kehidupan sosial masyarakat dalam novel Gadis Pantai sangat kental dengan pengaruh budaya Jawa. Aspek sosial dan budaya Jawa merupakan unsur ekstrinsik yang dibahas dalam perspektif sosiologi sastra. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif melalui kajian pustaka. Kajian dilakukan dengan menganalisis aspek sosial dan budaya Jawa yang tercermin dalam novel Gadis Pantai yang merupakan unsur ekstrinsik dari novel Gadis Pantai. Makalah ini menjelaskan kontras atau perbedaan-perbedaan kehidupan priyayi dan rakyat pesisir Jawa dilihat dari aspek sosial dan budaya. Penulis berkesimpulan bahwa terdapat kontras yang sangat tajam antara kehidupan priyayi dan rakyat pesisir Jawa serta keberpihakan Pramoedya Ananta Toer sebagai pengarang pada rakyat pesisir Jawa. Hal tersebut terlihat dengan jelas dalam pelukisan Gadis Pantai sebagai rakyat kecil dan perilaku kesewenang-wenangan yang ditunjukkan oleh kaum priyayi dalam novel Gadis Pantai.

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Gadis Pantai novel has background story about the difference level between the native and the aristocracy. The social life of people in Gadis Pantai novel is heavily influenced by Javanese cultural. Social and Javanese cultural aspects are extrinsic elements discussed from sociology literature perspective. The method that used in this study is qualitative method through literary view. This analysis is conducted by analyzing social and Javanese cultural aspects reftected in Gadis Pantai novel which part of extrisic elements in Gadis Pantai novel. This paper explains contrast or differences between aristocracy‟s life and people in Java coastal from the view of social and cultural aspects. The author of this paper concludes that there is a very noticeable contrast between the lives of aristocracy and people in the Java coastal and Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s bias towards people in the Java coastal. That is proved clearly through Gadis Pantai as poor people and arbitrariness shown by the aristocracy."