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"Ancaman pandemi flu burung yang disebabkan oleh virus I-ISNI, mendorong berbagai upaya Pemerintah untuk mcncari cara mencegah, menanggulangi dan mengobatinya, di antaranya dengan kebijakan penyediaan obat antiviral. Penyediaan obat antiviral ini memegang peranan yang sangat penting, sehingga hams dikelola secara baik dan kebijakan yang melandasinya harus berdasarkan formulasi yang tepat mulai dan tahap perencanaan hingga pengendalian. Oleh karena ilu perlu dianalisis secara komprehensif dengan mclihat aspek-wpek pada sistem kebijakan meliputi public policies, policy stakeholders, dan policy environment.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kebijakan pengelolaan obat antiviral dalam pengendalian kasus ilu burung dan implementasinya di rumah sakit rujukan wilayah DKI Jakarta pada tahun 2005-2007. Jenis penelitian adalah kualitatif yang dilakukan secara rctrospektif dengan menganalisis sistem kebiiakan, melibatkan I0 informan. Data dilcmnpulkan melaiui wawancara mendalam dan telaah dokumen, kemudian dilakukan analisis isi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pemilihan Oseltamivir sebagai obat antiviral meskipun efektiiitas obat belum teruji secara klinis, tetapi mengingat kondisi kedaruratan menghadapi ancaman pandemi flu burung maka Indonesia menerima rekomendasi dari WHO untuk penggunaan obat tersebut. Perencanaan penyediaannya belum bisa berdasarkan data evidences jumlah kasus riil yang terjadi pada instansi rumah sakit rujukan ataupun kebutuhan rumah sakit akan obat tersebut, karena pertimbangan kasus yang dihadapi merupakan kasus baru yang terus menunjukkan progresivitas angka kematian pada manusia, sehingga dilakukan strategi stoc/qoilling yang memperhitungkan jmnlah kebutuhan berdasarkan pada prediksi persentase jumlah penduduk Indonesia yang akan terkena jika terjadi pandemi. Besaran anggaran yang disediakan mengalami peningkatan dibandingkan dengan anggaran yang dialokasikan sebelumnya. Pengadaan dengan teknik dropping dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya penumpukkan obat di rumah sakit rujukan, tetapi hal tersebut dilakukan karena adanya hibah obat dari negara lain sehingga obat harus sacara didistribusikan ke unit pelayanan kesehatan agar bisa terpakai mengingat masa kadaluarsanya yang relatif dekat. Pendistribusiannya secara terbatas pada instansi pemerintah dan tidal: dijual bebas dilakukan mengingat pentingnya obat tersebut bagi keselamatan manusia, akan tetapi perlu dipikirkan juga akses unit pelayanan kesehatan swasta (rumah sakitfklinik) untuk mcmperoleh obat tersebut.Sehingga kebijakan pengelolaan obat antiviral dalam penanganan kasus flu burung di rumah sakit rujukan di wilayah DKI Jakarta dibuat secara terbatas dan pada pelaksanaannya tidak mencakup pada keseluruhan lini yang memerlukan. Diharapkan kepada pihak Depkes dalam pengelolaan obat antiviral ini juga memberdayakan apotek yang ditunjuk untuk menyediakan obat antiviral sehingga selain mempermudah akses unit pelayanan kesehatan swasta lainnya dalam memperoleh obat tersebut dan bisa dijadikan stockpile. Bagi rumah sakit ke depan perlu mengadakan suatu penelitian untuk membuktikan efelctivitas Oseltamivir ini terhadap kasus flu burung manusia.

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Avian Influenza pandemic which is caused of HSNI virus pushed various goverment effort to look for prevention way, overcoming and curing it, one of them is preparation policy of antiviral drugs. This preparation of antiviral drugs played the most important role, so that it must be managed well and basic policy must pursuant to the right formulation, starting iiom planning until control phase. Therefore, require to be analyzed comprehensively based on policy system aspect such as : public policies, policy stakeholders, and policy environment.This studi purpose is for analyzing management policy of antiviral medicine in controlling Avian Influenza case and its implementation at reference hospital in DKI Jakarta, 2005 - 2007. This study used a qualitative method which has done retrospectively by analyzing policy system with 10 informants. The data were collected by in-depth interview and study document. The data were a content analyzed.Study result indicated that selection policy of Oseltamivir as antiviral drugs even though medicine effectivity is not tested clinically yet, but because of emergency condition of Avian Influenza pandemic, so Indonesia received a recommendation fiom WHO for using that medicine. Its supply planning can not base on evidences data of reality case ntunber that happen on reference hospital instance or the need of medicine for hospital, considering of presence case is a new case which indicated human modality level progressively, so it has dones stockpilling strategy which calculated stock number based on percentage prediction of Indonesian population number which will happen because of pandemic. There are big allocation budget compared with allocation budget before. If allocation is done by dropping technique so it makes heaping medicine at Reference Hospital, but this done because of medicine donation from another country, so that medicine must be distributed to health service unit to use it considering its expire so close relatively.A limited distribution for goverment instance and it is not for sale freely has done considering how important that medicine for human safety, but it is important that acces for private health service unit (hospital/clinic) to obtain this medicine. Management policy of antiviral drugs in overcoming Avian Influenza case at reference hospital in DKI Jakarta is made limited and its implementation dose not involve for all sides. It was suggested for Health Service Department to involve reference apotek for providing antiviral drugs so it is easy on access for Health Service Unit in stockpile. It was also suggested for hospital to perform a research to proving the this effectiveness Oseltamivir on human avian influenza."

"Acanthaster planci dilaporkan memiliki enzim phospolipase A2 (PLA2) yang memiliki aktivitas antiviral. Sementara itu, penyakit AIDS semakin menyebar yang diakibatkan oleh virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Namun, terdapat resistensi virus HIV terhadap obat yang ada sehingga menurunkan efektivitas yang ada. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari alternatif obat terhadap HIV, salah satunya adalah PLA2 ini. Oleh karena itu, penelitian secara umum bertujuan untuk mengobservasi adanya aktivitas antiviral PLA2 terhadap HIV. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan sampel enzim PLA2 berupa CV dan F20 untuk diuji aktivitas dengan degradasi fosfatidikolin dan kemurniannya dengan SDS-PAGE. Uji aktivitas dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem in vitro, yaitu kultur virus HIV dengan menggunakan sel PBMC (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells). Sel PBMC diisolasi dari darah orang sehat yang kemudian distimulasi dengan PHA (Phytohaemaglutinin). Sel ini dijadikan feeder untuk memperbanyak virus dari PBMC pasien positif HIV. Sebelum dilakukan uji aktivitas terlebih dahulu dilakukan uji toksisitas dengan LC50. Hasil uji aktivitas PLA2 didapatkan bahwa F20 memiliki aktivitas spesifik dan tingkat kemurnian 15,66 kali dari CV. Nilai LC50 PLA2 adalah sebesar 1,63799 mg/ml. Sementara itu hasil uji aktivitas antiviral PLA2 secara in vitro menunjukkan hambatan persentase sel yang terinfeksi, dimana untuk kultur HIV yang memiliki rata-rata infeksi 9,718±0,802% menurun setelah ditambahkan dengan PLA2 menjadi hanya 0,299±0,212% infeksi dari jumlah sel.

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Acanthaster planci has enzyme, phospolipase A2 (PLA2), which has ability as antiviral agent. AIDS had become big pandemic in the world cause of the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Furthermore, HIV had become resistance with current drugs, so it decrease the efectivity of drugs.

This research conduct to obtain the alternative drug for HIV infection, one of them is PLA2. So, the objective of this research was to observe antiviral activity of PLA2 agains HIV. This research using CV and F20 as the sample PLA2 which had been extracted from A. planci. Enzimatic activity will be determine by degradation of phospatidicholin and the purification determine by SDS-PAGE.

Activity test was done in vitro by using PBMC (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) as feeder to increase HIV population. Meanwhile, toxicity test must be done before by LC50. PLA2 F20 had activity and purity by 15.66 times bigger than CV. LC50 of PLA2 was about 1,63799 mg/ml.

Meanwhile, antiviral activity test of PLA2 in vitro show inhibition of percentage of infected cells. Where, HIV culture shows infected cells about 9,718±0,802%. After Additon of PLA2, infected cells was drop into 0,299±0,212% from the total of cells."

"By focusing on general molecular mechanisms of antiviral drugs rather than therapies for individual viruses, this ready reference provides the critical knowledge needed to develop entirely novel therapeutics and to target new viruses.It begins with a general discussion of antiviral strategies, followed by a broad survey of known viral targets, such as reverse transcriptases, proteases, neuraminidases, RNA polymerases, helicases and primases, as well as their known inhibitors. The final section contains several cases studies of recent successful antiviral drug development.Edited by Erik de Clercq, the world authority on small molecule antiviral drugs, who has developed more new antivirals than anyone else."

"Latar Belakang: Penyakit avian influenza subtipe H5N1 Asian lineage yang mulai mewabah di kawasan Asia, Afrika dan Eropa sejak tahun 1997 selain menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi yang sangat signifikan juga mengancam aspek kesehatan manusia dimana sejumlah korban meninggal dunia karena infeksi virus yang bersifat zoonosis. Penanganan penyakit dilakukan dengan antiviral yang berbasis neuraminidase inhibitor. Permasalahan timbul sebagai akibat mutasi beberapa strain virus menjadi resisten terhadap antiviral yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan desain antiviral alternatif berbasis siRNA terhadap gen nucleoprotein yang lebih sesuai terhadap virus avian influenza subtipe H5N1 yang bersirkulasi di Indonesia. Metode: Desain siRNA dilakukan secara in silico dengan program siDirect 2.0 berdasarkan 210 sekuen gen nucleoprotein virus H5N1 yang bersirkulasi di Indonesia. Dua kandidat siRNA-NP672 dan siRNA-NP1433 dipilih berdasarkan kajian bioinformatik. Selanjutnya, kedua kandidat siRNA-NP tersebut ditantang secara in vitro pada sel Mabin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) terhadap virus H5N1 asal Indonesia clade 2.1.3 dan 2.3.2 dengan menggunakan siRNA-NP1496 sebagai pembanding. Paramater yang diamati adalah produksi virus dan ekspresi gen virus. Terakhir, analisa mutasi gen nucleoprotein virus H5N1 dilakukan untuk melihat paparan siRNA-NP secara berulang kali. Hasil: Kandidat siRNA-NP672 memberikan efek penurunan infeksi virus H5N1 yang lebih baik dalam menurunkan tingkat infeksi virus HPAI subtipe H5N1 baik clade 2.1.3 dan 2.3.2 secara in vitro pada sel MDCK yang dicerminkan dengan titer produksi virus dibandingkan dua desain lainnya yaitu siRNA-NP1433 dan siRNA-NP1496. Pemberian siRNA-NP672 juga memberikan efek peredaman yang lebih tinggi dan konsisten terhadap ekspresi gen-gen virus, antara lain nucleoprotein, polymerase acidic, hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, Matrix, dan non-structural. Hasil kajian bioinformatik terhadap struktur sekunder dan tersier RNA gen nucleoprotein menunjukkan bahwa target siRNA-NP672 lebih berinteraksi karena memiliki bagian bebas (loop) yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dua kandidat siRNA-NP lainnya. Selanjutnya, paparan siRNA-NP tidak memicu terjadinya mutasi gen target pada virus H5N1 baik clade 2.1.3 dan clade 2.3.2 setelah 3 kali paparan. Kesimpulan: Desain siRNA-NP672 menunjukkan prospek yang lebih baik dalam menurunkan tingkat infeksi virus avian influenza subtipe H5N1 baik clade 2.1.3 dan clade 2.3.2.

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Introduction: Avian influenza disease outbreak of subtype H5N1 Asian lineage that has spread in Asia, Africa, and European continental since 1997 caused massive economic drawbacks as well as a zoonotic threat where numerous deaths related to viral infection. The treatment of viral infection has been done with antiviral based on neuraminidase inhibitors. However, mutation of numerous virus strains has been confirmed that may lead to resistance against current antivirals. This study's objective was to design an alternative antiviral based on siRNA targeting nucleoprotein gene that is more suitable for the avian influenza viruses subtype H5N1 circulating in Indonesia. Methods: The siRNA design was accomplished in silico using the siDirect 2.0 program based on 210 nucleoprotein gene sequences of H5N1 viruses circulating in Indonesia. Two siRNA candidates (siRNA-NP672 and siRNA-NP1433) were chosen based on bioinformatic analyses. Subsequently, these siRNA-NP candidates were challenged in vitro in Mabin-Darby canine kidney cell culture against the Indonesian H5N1 both clade 2.1.3 and clade 2.3.2 using siRNA-NP1496 as a comparison. The parameters analyzed within the study are including virus production and viral gene expression level. Finally, mutation analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of three serial siRNA-NP exposures to the target gene of the H5N1 viruses. Results: The siRNA-NP672 provides a better reduction of the H5N1 viral infection, especially on viral production titer for both clade 2.1.3 and clade 2.3.2 compared to the two other siRNA candidates, including siRNA-NP1433 and siRNA-NP1496. The siRNANP672 also provides a better and more consistent reduction of viral gene expression levels, including nucleoprotein, polymerase acidic, hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, Matrix, dan non-structural. This finding was confirmed by bioinformatic analyses of the siRNA-NP672 biding site in the secondary and tertiary structure of the nucleoprotein gene which has more free parts (loop) compared to the two other siRNA-NP candidates. Subsequently, three serial exposures of siRNA-NP do not induce any mutation on the target site of the nucleoprotein gene of the H5N1 virus both clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2. Conclusion: The design of siRNA-NP672 provides a better prospect to reduce the Indonesian avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infection for both clade 2.1.3 and 2.3.2."

"[DENV merupakan sebuah virus yang penularannya melalui vektor nyamuk, yaitu Aedes aegypti. Virus ini terdiri dari 4 tipe, yaitu DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, dan DENV-4. Infeksi DENV banyak terjadi pada negara dengan iklim tropis, diantaranya seperti Karibia, Asia Tenggara, serta Pasifik Barat. Indonesia termasuk salah satu negara dengan endemis infeksi DENV di seluruh wilayahnya. Hingga saat ini, tatalaksana yang diberikan untuk pasien dengan infeksi DENV masih berupa tatalaksana suportif dikarenakan belum ditemukan obat yang efektif untuk mengobati keempat tipe DENV. Ekstrak daun Shorea spp. disinyalir memiliki kemampuan untuk menginhibisi DENV sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai antiviral. Pada penelitian ini, sel Huh7It-1diinfeksikan dengan DENV dan diberikan ekstrak Shorea spp. dengan berbagai konsentrasi. Efektifitas ekstrak diteliti dengan menggunakan konsentrasi 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, dan 10 μg/ml. Efek inhibisi diuji menggunakan metode Focus Assay. Sedangkan efek sitotoksik diuji menggunakan metode MTT Assay. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan nilai sitotoksik (CC50) ekstrak terhadap sel dan nilai inhibisi (IC50) ekstrak terhadap DENV, yaitu nilainya sebesar 150,85 μg/ml dan 23,22 μg/ml. Berdasarkan nilai IC50 dan CC50, didapatkan nilai Selectivity Index (SI) sebesar 6,496. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun Shorea spp. memiliki efek inhibisi terhadap DENV dan dapat dikembangkan sebagai antiviral terhadap DENV di masa mendatang.;DENV is a virus transmitted through mosquito vectors, named Aedes aegypti. This virus consists of four types, which is DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. DENV infection are more prevalent in countries with tropical climates, such as the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Indonesia is one of the country with endemic DENV infection founded in the entire region. Until now, the treatment which is given to patients with DENV infection is still in the form of supportive treatment, because effective drugs to treat the four types of DENV has not been discovered yet. Leaf extract of Shorea spp. allegedly has the ability to inhibit DENV which acts as an antiviral. In this study, Huh7lt cell was infected with DENV and was given Shorea spp. extracts in various concentrations from 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml. Inhibitory effect was tested by using focus assay, while cytotoxic effect was tested by using MTT assay. In this study, the extract's cytotoxic value (CC50) against cell and inhibition values (IC50) against DENV was determined, with the results 150.85 μg/ml and 23.22 μg/ml. Based on value of IC50 dan CC50, Selectivity Inde x (SI) score was 6,496. This indicates that the leaf extract of Shorea spp. has inhibitory effects against DENV and could be developed as an antiviral againsts DENV in the future;DENV is a virus transmitted through mosquito vectors, named Aedes aegypti. This virus consists of four types, which is DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. DENV infection are more prevalent in countries with tropical climates, such as the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Indonesia is one of the country with endemic DENV infection founded in the entire region. Until now, the treatment which is given to patients with DENV infection is still in the form of supportive treatment, because effective drugs to treat the four types of DENV has not been discovered yet. Leaf extract of Shorea spp. allegedly has the ability to inhibit DENV which acts as an antiviral. In this study, Huh7lt cell was infected with DENV and was given Shorea spp. extracts in various concentrations from 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml. Inhibitory effect was tested by using focus assay, while cytotoxic effect was tested by using MTT assay. In this study, the extract's cytotoxic value (CC50) against cell and inhibition values (IC50) against DENV was determined, with the results 150.85 μg/ml and 23.22 μg/ml. Based on value of IC50 dan CC50, Selectivity Inde x (SI) score was 6,496. This indicates that the leaf extract of Shorea spp. has inhibitory effects against DENV and could be developed as an antiviral againsts DENV in the future, DENV is a virus transmitted through mosquito vectors, named Aedes aegypti. This virus consists of four types, which is DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. DENV infection are more prevalent in countries with tropical climates, such as the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Indonesia is one of the country with endemic DENV infection founded in the entire region. Until now, the treatment which is given to patients with DENV infection is still in the form of supportive treatment, because effective drugs to treat the four types of DENV has not been discovered yet. Leaf extract of Shorea spp. allegedly has the ability to inhibit DENV which acts as an antiviral. In this study, Huh7lt cell was infected with DENV and was given Shorea spp. extracts in various concentrations from 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml. Inhibitory effect was tested by using focus assay, while cytotoxic effect was tested by using MTT assay. In this study, the extract's cytotoxic value (CC50) against cell and inhibition values (IC50) against DENV was determined, with the results 150.85 μg/ml and 23.22 μg/ml. Based on value of IC50 dan CC50, Selectivity Inde x (SI) score was 6,496. This indicates that the leaf extract of Shorea spp. has inhibitory effects against DENV and could be developed as an antiviral againsts DENV in the future]"

"[Masalah utama kesehatan masyarakat dunia adalah infeksi virus dengue (DENV). Sekitar 2,5 milyar penduduk dunia sudah terinfeksi DENV. Akan tetapi, terapi masih berupa suportif dan belum ada terapi antiviral spesifik DENV. Ekstrak daun Dillenia indica diperkirakan memiliki aktivitas antiviral terhadap DENV-2. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak memiliki efek anti-diabetik, anti-mikroba, anti-oksidan, antitusiv, anti-diare, dan anti-nosiseptik. Efek hambatan ekstrak terhadap DENV dinilai dengan menggunakan metode focus assay, sedangkan efek sitotoksik ekstrak terhadap sel Huh7it-1 dievaluasi dengan metode MTT assay. Selanjutnya, evaluasi ekstrak ditentukan oleh indeks selektivitas (SI) yang didapatkan dari perbandingan CC50 terhadap IC50. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan adalah 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, dan 10 μg/ml. Hasil penelitian menunjukan nilai IC50, CC50, dan SI secara berurut 118,52 μg/ml, 170,05 μg/ml, dan 1,4. Secara statistik menggunakan uji kruskal wallis (IC50) dan one way anova (CC50), terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada konsentrasi 160 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, dan 10 μg/ml pada IC50 dan konsentrasi 160 μg/ml, 320 μg/ml, dan 640 μg/ml pada CC50, dibandingkan dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) sebagai kontrol. Dengan memiliki SI 1,4, ekstrak tidak memiliki potensi sebagai antiviral DENV-2 karena daya sitoksisitas cukup tinggi terhadap sel Huh7it, The main health problem of world community is dengue viral infection (DENV). About 2.5 billions world population has been infected by the virus. However, the treatment is still supportive and there is no specific antiviral therapy for DENV. The extract of D. indica leaves is expected to have antiviral activity to DENV-2. On the previous studies, the extract had the effect of anti-diabetic, anti-microbes, antioxidant, antitusiv, anti-diarrhea, and anti-nociceptic. The inhibition effect of extract was measured using focus assay method, whereas its cytotoxic effect to Huh7it-1 cell evaluated using MTT assay method. Evaluation of extract was determined with selectivity index obtained by the ratio of CC50 and IC50. The concentrations of extract required in this experiment were 320 μg/ml, 160 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml. As the result, the value of IC50, CC50 and SI was 118.52 μg/ml, 170.05 μg/ml and 1,4. Using Kruskal-Wallis test (IC50) and one way anova test (CC50), there was a significant difference at concentration of 160 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml for IC50 and concentration of 160 μg/ml, 320 μg/ml, dan 640 μg/ml for CC50, compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as control. With SI 1.4, the extract of Dillenia indica did not hove a potency as antiviral of DENV-2 because of its high cytotoxicity to Huh7it-1 cell]"

"Kasus demam berdarah dengue DBD masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan di dunia dan di Indonesia dengan tingginya angka kematian yang diakibatkan. Sampai saat ini belum terdapat terapi antiviral spesifik, sehingga terapi masih berupa suportif. Ekstrak daun Cynometra ramiflora Linn diketahui memiliki efek bakterisida, analgesik, antiviral, anti-inflamasi, dan anti-alergi. Kemampuan ekstrak daun Cynometra ramiflora Linn pada konsentrasi 20 ?g/ml , 10 ?g/ml, 5 ?g/ml, 2,5 ?g/ml, dan 1,25 ?g/ml sebagai anti-dengue virus DENV diujikan pada sistem in-vitro menggunakan sel Huh-7.5 terinfeksi DENV2 dengan multiplicity of infection moi 0,5. Kontrol positif dalam penelitian ini adalah sel Huh-7.5 yang terinfeksi DENV2, sel Huh-7.5 dengan pemberian pelarut dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO sebagai kontrol negaitf dan kontrol sel Huh-7.5 tanpa perlakuan, dengan enam ulangan pada setiap kelompok.. Efek hambat ekstrak terhadap replikasi DENV dinilai menggunakan metode foci-forming immunoassay. Secara statistik pemberian ekstrak daun Cynometra ramiflora Linn pada seluruh konsentrasi menunjukkan penghambatan signifikan terhadap replikasi DENV-2 p < 0,05 dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif. Tingkat penghambatan berturut-turut sebesar 36,06 , 45,96 , 47,35 , 55,94 , 62,70 pada konsentrasi 1,25 ?g/ml, 2,5 ?g/ml, 5 ?g/ml, 10 ?g/ml, dan 20 ?g/ml. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ekstrak daun Cynometra ramiflora Linn berpotensi sebagai antiviral dengue.

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Dengue hemorraghic fever DHF remains a major health problem of world particularly in Indonesia due to high moratlity rate of it. Until now, there is no specific antiviral therapy for DENV yet and the treatment is still supportive. The extract of Cynometra ramiflora Linn leaves known to have some effects such as bactericide, analgesic, antiviral, anti inflamation, and anti allergy. The potency Cynometra ramiflora Linn leaves extract at concentration of 1,25 g ml, 2,5 g ml, 5 g ml, 10 g ml, dan 20 g ml as anti viral dengue DENV was performed in vitro on Huh 7.5 cell infected by DENV 2 with MOI 0.5. Positive control in this research was Huh 7.5 cell infected by DENV 2, group of Huh 7.5 with dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO as negative control, and group of Huh 7.5 cell only as cell control. Each group was done in six repetition. The inhibition rate of the extract to DENV replication was measured using foci forming immunoassay. Statistically administration Cynometra ramiflora Linn leaves extract showed significant inhibition at each concentration p 0,05 compared with positive control. The inhibition rate were 36,06 , 45,96 , 47,35 , 55,94 , 62,70 at concentration of 1,25 g ml, 2,5 g ml, 5 g ml, 10 g ml, dan 20 g ml respectively. The result of this study showed that extract of Cynometra ramiflora Linn leaves has potency as antiviral dengue."

"ABSTRAKKepatuhan sangat dibutuhkan dalam terapi antiretroviral. Kepatuhan yang tinggi dalam terapi antiretroviral dapat menurunkan risiko retensi obat, angka kesakitan bahkan angka kematian.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan ODHA dalam menjalani terapi antiretroviral di Rumah Sakit Persiapan Kabupaten Kaimana. Tehnik pengambilan sampel penelitian ini yaitu consecutive sampling. Analisa data menggunakan uji chi square, serta analisa multivariat dengan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitan dengan 81 responden didapatkan sebagian besar responden memiliki kepatuhan rendah 74,1 . Faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kepatuhan yaitu pengetahuan tentang HIV OR 10,748, p = 0,001 , lamanya terdiagnosis HIV OR 0,173, p = 0,018 , konsumsi alkohol 1-2 gelas/hari OR 0,184, p = 0,033 konsumsi alkohol >2 gelas/hari OR 0,077, p = 0,027 konsumsi alkohol 0-1 gelas/hari p = 0,040 . Kesimpulan: semakin baik pengetahuan ODHA mengenai HIV maka semakin patuh dalam terapi antiretroviral, semakin banyak konsumsi alkohol dan semakin lama terdiagnosis HIV maka semakin rendah tingkat kepatuhan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi upaya peningkatan pelayanan terapi antiretroviral dengan meningkatkan pengetahuan ODHA mengenai HIV. Kata kunci: kepatuhan, ART, pengetahuan HIV, lama terdiagnosis HIV, alkohol, kabupaten kaimana.

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ABSTRACT Name Chinta Novianti MufaraStudy program NursingTitle Factors affecting antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV in Hospital of Kaimana District Province of Papua Barat Adherence is crucial concern for people undertaking antiretroviral regimen. A high adherence to antiretroviral treatment may lower the risk of drug retention, morbidity, or even mortality rate. This study aimed to identify factors affecting adherence of people living with HIV AIDS to antiretroviral therapy in Kaimana hospital. This quantitative study used descriptive correlational design with cross sectional approach. Consecutive sampling was applied in this study with total sample of 81 respondents. The data were analyzed by using chi square analysis and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. The result suggested a low adherence to the regimen by majority of respondents 74.1 . The most significant factors affecting the adherence were knowledge on HIV OR 10,748, p 0,001 , time since diagnosed with HIV OR 0,173, p 0,018 , alcohol consumption 1 2 glasses day OR 0,184, p 0,033 , alcohol consumption more than 2 glasses day OR 0,077, p 0,027 , alcohol consumption 0 1 glass day p 0,040 . Conclusion the better knowledge of people with HIV AIDS on their own condition, the higher their adherence to ART therapy would be the higher alcohol consumption and longer time since HIV, the lower their adherence to the regimen would be. The study result was suggested for improvement in providing antiretroviral regimen with increase knowledge of people living with HIV AIDS on their own condition. Key words adherence, ART, knowledge on HIV, time since HIV, alcohol, Kaimana District."

"ABSTRAKInfeksi dengue memiliki prevalensi yang tinggi di dunia, dengan spektrum penyakit yang luas yaitu Demam Dengue, Demam Berdarah Dengue, dan Sindrom Syok Dengue. Namun, tatalaksana yang ada tidak bersifat spesifik. Sudah banyak penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mencari vaksin dan antivirus dengue. Salah satu yang sudah terbukti memiliki efek antivirus dengue adalah senyawa turunan asam galat yaitu propil galat dan etil galat. Penelitian eksperimental ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antivirus campuran propil galat dan etil galat terhadap virus dengue serotipe 2 pada sel Huh7it-1. Efek sitotoksisitas senyawa terhadap sel diuji dengan metode 3- 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Nilai yang didapat digunakan untuk mencari nilai konsentrasi toksik 50 . Efek inhibisi senyawa terhadap replikasi virus diuji dengan metode focus assay. Nilai yang didapat digunakan untuk mencari nilai konsentrasi hambat 50 . Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan nilai CC50 = 117.942 mg/ml, IC50 = 4.455 mg/ml, dan SI = 26.474. Campuran propil galat dan etil galat memiliki efek antivirus terhadap DENV-2 dan cukup selektif.

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ABSTRACTDengue infection have a serious prevalence in worldwide with a broad spectrum of disease from dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome. Otherwise, the nowadays treatment seems not specific for the dengue itself. There were a lot of study to search for the vaccine and the antivirus. One of the successful study that contained a significant effect of dengue antivirus is a chemical compound from gallate acid named propyl gallate and ethyl gallate. This experimental study aim to know the antivirus effect from the mixture of propyl gallate and ethyl gallate to the dengue virus serotype 2 in Huh7it 1 cells. Cytotoxicity effect of the mixture to the cells tested by 3 4,5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay technique. Obtained results can be used to search for the half cytotoxic concentration. The inhibition effect from this mixture to the viral replication processes tested by focus assay technique. Obtained results can be used to search for the half inhibitory concentration. From this study, the value of CC50 is 117.942 g mL, meanwhile the value of IC50 is 4.455 g mL with the SI value is 26.474. The mixture of propyl gallate and ethyl gallate have an antivirus effect to DENV 2 strain which are quite selective."