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"Anthocyanin has various biological activities such as antioxidative, antiiflammation, neuroprotective, and periductal antifibrosis effect. To obtain anthocyanin from Myrmecodia pendens tubers optimally, it needs to be extracted with appropriate method. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) method was chosen because of its brief extraction time, saving solvents, and cheap compared to conventional extraction methods. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to arrange the experiment design and to determine the optimum condition of MAE in order to obtain anthocyanin concentration. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum condition of MAE in obtaining anthocyanin concentration from Myrmecodia pendens using RSM. The research methods included the experiment design arrangement, samples preparation, extraction using MAE, anthocyanin concentration measurement with spectrophotometer UV/Vis, and data analysis by RSM. The factors in this experiment design were solvent concentration, ratio, time, and power. The analysis result of optimum condition obtained was the condition with solvent concentration of ethanol 80%, solid-liquid ratio 1:8, extraction time 3 minutes, and MAE power 10%, by desirability index 0.877 and anthocyanin concentration 3,807.31 mg/L cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents.

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Antosianin memiliki berbagai aktivitias biologis seperti efek antioksidatif, antiinflamasi, neuroprotektif, dan antifibrosis periduktal. Salah satunya umbi Myrmecodia pendens, diketahui mengandung antosianin. Untuk memperoleh antosianin dari umbi Myrmecodia pendens tersebut secara optimum perlu dilakukan ekstraksi dengan metode yang sesuai. Metode ekstraksi berbantu gelombang mikro (MAE) dipilih karena waktu ekstraksinya yang singkat, hemat pelarut, dan murah dibandingkan dengan metode ekstraksi konvensional. Metode permukaan respon (RSM) digunakan untuk merancang desain eksperimen dan menentukan kondisi optimum MAE dalam memperoleh kadar antosianin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan kondisi optimum MAE dalam memperoleh kadar antosianin dari umbi Myrmecodia pendens menggunakan RSM. Metode penelitiannya meliputi pembuatan desain eksperimen, persiapan sampel, ekstraksi dengan MAE, penentuan kadar antosianin menggunakan spektrofotometer UV/Vis, dan analisis data menggunakan RSM. Faktor dalam desain eksperimen ini antara lain konsentrasi pelarut, rasio, waktu, dan daya. Hasil analisis, kondisi optimum diperoleh dengan faktor konsentrasi pelarut etanol 80%, rasio sampel terhadap pelarut 1:8, waktu ekstraksi 3 menit, dan daya alat MAE 10%, dengan indeks desirability 0,877 dan kadar antosianinnya sebesar 3.807,31 mg/L ekuivalen sianidin-3-glukosida."

"Ekspresi gen adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) lebih rendah pada kanker kolon sehingga ekspor kolesterol yang terakumulasi di dalam sel-sel kanker oleh protein ABCA1 menjadi berkurang. Studi ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak bekatul beras hitam yang mengandung antosianin terhadap ekspresi mRNA gen ABCA1 dan proliferasi sel kanker kolorektal. Studi ini dilakukan secara eksperimental pada galur sel HT-29. Antosianin diekstraksi dari serbuk bekatul beras hitam yang dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol yang diasamkan dengan asam sitrat. 12 kelompok konsentrasi ekstrak dan satu kelompok kontrol digunakan untuk menentukan nilai konsentrasi penghambatan 50% proliferasi sel (Inhibitory concentration 50/IC50) dan IC % proliferasi sel masing-masing kelompok berdasarkan uji 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2Htetrazolium (MTS). Sel HT-29 diintervensi dengan ekstrak kemudian dilakukan pembacaan spektrofotometri 24 dan 48 jam pasca intervensi ekstrak. Satu nilai IC dipilih untuk acuan analisis ekspresi gen. Ada tiga kelompok konsentrasi ekstrak untuk pemeriksaan ekspresi gen, yaitu kelompok IC yang dipilih, kelompok dengan nilai di atas IC yang dipilih, dan kelompok kontrol. Ekspresi gen dianalisis secara kuantitatif relatif menggunakan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). IC50 waktu inkubasi 24 jam adalah 1,57 mg/mL dan IC50 waktu inkubasi 48 jam adalah 1,35 mg/mL. Konsentrasi ekstrak bekatul beras hitam yang mengandung antosianin berkorelasi positif sangat kuat dengan aktivitas antiproliferatif dengan waktu inkubasi 24 jam (r=0,97; p = 0,001)dan waktu inkubasi 48 jam (r=0,95; p = 0,001). IC yang dipilih untuk analisis ekspresi gen adalah 1,7 mg/mL dan 2,0 mg/mL. Ekspresi relatif mRNA gen ABCA1 meningkat 2,32 kali lebih tinggi pada konsentrasi ekstrak bekatul beras hitam 2,0 mg/mL dibandingkan kontrol. Intervensi ekstrak bekatul beras hitam yang mengandung antosianin pada sel HT-29 meningkatkan ekspresi mRNA gen ABCA1 dan menghambat proliferasi sel.

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The expression of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) gene is lower in colon cancer so that the export of cholesterol accumulated in cancer cells reduced by the ABCA1 protein. This study aims to determine the influence of black rice bran extract containing anthocyanins on ABCA1 gene mRNA expression and colorectal cancer cell proliferation. This study was conducted experimentally on the HT-29 cell line. Anthocyanins were extracted from black rice bran powder using ethanol solvent acidified with citric acid. 12 groups of extract concentration and one control group were used to determine the inhibitory concentration of 50% of cell proliferation (IC50) and IC of each group based on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3- carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay and spectrophotometric readings. HT-29 cells intervened with the extract after 24 and 48 hours of cells incubation. One IC value was selected as a reference for gene expression analysis. There were three groups of extract concentrations for gene expression examination, namely the selected IC group, the group above the selected IC value, and the control group. Gene expression was analyzed quantitatively relative using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The IC50 is 1.60 mg/mL and 1.35 mg/mL (24 and 48 hours of incubation time, respectively). The concentration of black rice bran extract containing anthocyanins is very strongly correlated with antiproliferative activity at 24 and 48 hours of incubation time (r = 0.97; p = 0,001 and r = 0.95; p = 0,001, respectively). The selected ICs for gene expression analysis are 1.7 and 2.0 mg/mL. ABCA1 gene mRNA relative expression increase 2.32 times higher at 2.0 mg/mL of black rice bran extract concentration than control. The intervention of black rice bran extract containing anthocyanin in HT-29 cells increases the ABCA1 gene mRNA expression and inhibits cell proliferation."

"Salah satu buah dari kelompok buah berry yang mengandung antioksidan tinggi adalah buah rasberi (Rubus fraxinifolius P.). Aktivitas antioksidan buah rasberi dihasilkan oleh kandungan senyawa antosianin. Pada penelitian ini, ekstrak buah rasberi dibuat kedalam sediaan antiaging topikal. Untuk mendapatkan efek optimal dari sediaan topikal, antosianin harus dapat terpenetrasi melalui lapisan kulit. Dibuat empat formulasi, yaitu lotion tanpa peningkat penetrasi (F1), lotion dengan peningkat penetrasi etanol (F2), asam oleat (F3), propilen glikol (F4). Nilai aktivitas antioksidan (IC50) sediaan paling baik ditunjukkan oleh F3 yaitu 3684,04 ppm, bila dibandingkan dengan 4208,29 ppm (F1), 4683,36 ppm (F2), dan 4429,55 ppm (F4). Keempat formula diuji penetrasi secara in vitro dengan alat sel difusi Franz menggunakan membran abdomen tikus. Jumlah kumulatif antosianin yang terpenetrasi dari lotion tanpa bahan peningkat penetrasi, dengan etanol, dengan asam oleat, dan dengan propilen glikol sebagai peningkat penetrasi, berturut-turut sebesar 476,68 ± 49,24 μg/cm2, 1275,00 ± 100,32 μg/cm2, 1751,06 ± 131,07 μg/cm2, 741,67 ± 60,61 μg/cm2. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa sediaan lotion F3 memberikan hasil penetrasi antosianin yang paling baik. Dari uji stabilitas fisik semua formula menunjukkan kestabilan fisik, kecuali formula F3.

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One of the fruits of berries group containing high antioxidants is raspberries fruit (Rubus fraxinifolius P.). The antioxidant activity of raspberry fruit was produced by anthocyanin compound content. In this study, raspberry fruit extract was made into topical anti-aging preparations. To obtain the optimal effect from topical preparations, anthocyanins should be penetrated through the skin layers. Therefore, four formulations were made, i.e. lotion without penetration enhancers (F1), lotion with penetration enhancer: ethanol (F2), oleic acid (F3), propylene glycol (F4). The best antioxidant activity (IC50) was 3684.04 ppm (F3), compared to 4208.29 ppm (F1), 4683.36 ppm (F2), and 4429.55 ppm (F4). The penetration ability of all formulas was tested by Franz diffusion cells as in vitro method using rat abdominal membrane as diffusion membrane. The total cumulative amount penetration of anthocyanin from lotion without penetration enhancers, with ethanol, with oleic acid, and with propylene glycol as penetration enhancers were 476.68 ± 49.24 μg/cm2, 1275.00 ± 100.32 μg/cm2, 1751.06 ± 131.07 μg/cm2, dan 741.67 ± 60.61 μg/cm2 respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that formula F3 gives the best results of anthocyanin penetration. From the physical stability test all formulas showed physical stability, except F3."

"Tanaman hias syngonium podophyllum menunjukkan variasi warna daun yang terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu merah muda, kombinasi merah muda-hijau, dan hijau. Berdasarkan ketiga variasi tersebut, merah muda adalah warna daun yang paling diminati masyarakat. Intensitas cahaya matahari diduga berpengaruh terhadap variasi warna daun S. podophyllum. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh intensitas cahaya terhadap variasi warna daun S. podophyllum. Syngonium podophylllum ditanam di dalam naungan paranet berbentuk kubus dengan kerapatan berbeda sebagai representasi intensitas cahaya yang diterima tanaman. Terdapat tiga perlakuan kerapatan paranet, yaitu 45%, 65%, dan 85%. Ketiga tanaman perlakuan dibandingkan terhadap tanaman kontrol yang ditumbuhkan tanpa naungan paranet. Pengambilan data berupa data kualitatif dan data kuantitatif dilakukan terhadap setiap tanaman. Data kualitatif berupa variasi bentuk dan warna daun, sedangkan data kuantitatif berupa pertumbuhan tanaman, kadar pigmen daun, dan parameter lingkungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh naungan paranet terhadap kemunculan warna daun S. podophyllum. Naungan paranet 85% memiliki tanaman dengan jumlah daun berwarna merah muda yang paling banyak dan laju pertumbuhan yang paling tinggi. Sementara itu, naungan paranet 65% menunjukkan peluang paling besar pada kemunculan daun berwarna kombinasi merah muda-hijau. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor internal yang paling berpengaruh terhadap perubahan warna daun S. podophyllum

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The ornamental plant Syngonium podophyllum displays leaf color variations that are divided into three categories: pink, pink-green combination, and green. Among these variations, the pink color is the most preferred by the community. It is believed that the intensity of sunlight affects the leaf color variations of S. podophyllum. A study was conducted to determine the effect of light intensity on the leaf color variations of S. podophyllum. Syngonium podophyllum plants were grown under cube-shaped shade nets with different densities to represent the received light intensity. Three shade net densities were used as treatments: 45%, 65%, and 85%. These three treatment plants were compared to a control plant grown without shade net. Data were collected for each plant, including qualitative data such as leaf shape and color variations, and quantitative data such as plant growth, leaf pigment content, and environmental parameters. The research results indicate that shade nets have an influence on the appearance of leaf colors in S. podophyllum. The 85% shade net density resulted in the highest number of pink-colored leaves and the fastest growth rate. Meanwhile, the 65% shade net showed the highest probability of the pink-green combination leaf color. Further research is needed to determine the internal factors that have the most significant impact on the leaf color changes in S. podophyllum"

"Syngonium podophyllum memiliki variasi warna daun, yaitu merah muda, merah muda-hijau, dan hijau. Daun berwarna merah muda adalah yang paling diminati masyarakat. Spektrum warna cahaya diduga berperan dalam kemunculan beragam warna daun S. podophyllum. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh spektrum warna cahaya terhadap warna daun dan pertumbuhan S. podophyllum. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan naungan warna (coloured shade cloth) berbentuk kubus dari plastik mika PVC transparan berwarna biru, hijau, dan merah yang masing-masing berisi empat polybag S. podophyllum. Data kualitatif berupa bentuk dan warna daun, serta data kuantitatif yang diukur, yaitu intensitas cahaya, intensitas UV-B, suhu, dan kelembapan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan naungan warna berpengaruh terhadap kemunculan warna daun S. podophyllum. Naungan merah paling berpengaruh terhadap kemunculan daun berwarna merah muda. Selain warna daun, naungan warna juga berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan S. podophyllum. Naungan warna yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan S. podophyllum adalah biru. Hasil penelitian juga memperlihatkan bahwa S. podophyllum tidak hanya mengalami perubahan warna daun, tetapi juga mengalami perubahan bentuk daun. Penelitian lebih lanjut masih dibutuhkan untuk mengetahui nilai panjang gelombang spesifik guna memvalidasi spektrum warna yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kemunculan warna dan pertumbuhan S. podophyllum.

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Syngonium podophyllum has a variety of leaf colors, including pink, pink-green, and green. Pink-colored leaves are the most desirable to the public. The spectrum of light colors is believed to play a role in the appearance of diverse leaf colors in S. podophyllum. The research was conducted to determine the main factors causing the formation of leaf color variations in S. podophyllum. The study was conducted to determine the effect of the light color spectrum on the leaf color and growth of S. podophyllum. The study used colored shade cloth in the form of cubes of transparent blue, green, and red PVC mica plastic, each containing four polybags of S. podophyllum. The qualitative data observed were the shape and color of the leaves. The quantitative data measured were light intensity, UV-B intensity, temperature, and humidity. The study results showed that the color shade influenced the appearance of leaf colors in S. podophyllum. The red shade had the most significant effect on the emergence of pink-colored leaves. In addition to leaf color, the color shade also affected the growth of S. podophyllum. The blue shade had the most significant impact on the growth of S. podophyllum. The results also revealed that S. podophyllum not only undergoes changes in leaf color but also changes in leaf shape. Further research is still needed to determine specific wavelength values in order to validate the color spectrum that has the most significant effect on the appearance of colors and the growth of S. podophyllum."

"Beras berwarna memiliki nutrisi lebih baik karena mengandung pigmen antosianin. Kandungan antosianin beras dipengaruhi oleh pemaparan iradiasi sinar gama dan masa penyimpanan. Pemaparan iradiasi sinar gama dapat menginduksi radikal bebas sehingga memicu sintesis antosianin atau memutus ikatan glikosidik antosianin. Kandungan antosianin juga dapat teroksidasi selama masa penyimpanan. Pemaparan sinar gama pada enam beras hitam dan merah dengan variasi dosis 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, dan 30 kGy serta disimpan selama 6 bulan. Antosianin dianalisis menggunakan metode perbedaan pH. Hasil pemaparan iradiasi sinar gama menyebabkan peningkatan kandungan antosianin tertinggi pada beras hitam yaitu Botanik (50,264 menjadi 82,743 mg/100g) dan Jatiluwih (15,697 menjadi 32,228 mg/100g). Beras hitam lainnya mengalami penurunan antosianin terendah yaitu Hariku (27,553 menjadi 14,110 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (33,481 menjadi 13,943 mg/100g), dan Jawa Melik (53,353 menjadi 31,060 mg/100g). Pada beras merah, kandungan antosianin tertinggi yaitu Cempo Sleman (1,252 menjadi 20,539 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (2,672 menjadi 17,867 mg/100g), Jatiluwih (2,254 menjadi 43,000 mg/100g), Bronrice (6,680 menjadi 19,287 mg/100g), PK Sundakala (1,085 menjadi 20,289 m/100g), dan Healthy Choice (2,004 menjadi 23,044 mg/100g). Selain itu, penyimpanan selama 6 bulan cenderung meningkatkan kandungan antosianin pada beras hitam dan merah.

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Colored rice has better nutrition because it contains anthocyanin pigments. The anthocyanin content of rice is influenced by exposure gamma radiation and storage time. Gamma radiation exposure can induce free radicals, triggering anthocyanin synthesis or breaking anthocyanin glycosidic bonds. Anthocyanin content can also be oxidized during storage. Six varieties of black and red rice were exposed to gamma radiation at doses of 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 kGy, followed by a 6-month storage period. Anthocyanins were analyzed using the pH difference method. The results of gamma radiation exposure caused the highest increase anthocyanin content in black rice, namely Botanik (50.264 to 82.743 mg/100g) and Jatiluwih (15.697 to 32.228 mg/100g). Other black rice varieties experienced the lowest decrease in anthocyanin, namely Hariku (27.553 to 14.110 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (33.481 to 13.943 mg/100g), and Jawa Melik (53.353 to 31.060 mg/100g). The highest red rice anthocyanin content was in Cempo Sleman (1.252 to 20.539 mg/100g), Seblang Banyuwangi (2.672 to 17.867 mg/100g), Jatiluwih (2.254 to 43.000 mg/100g), Bronrice (6.680 to 19.287 mg/100g), PK Sundakala (1.085 to 20.289 mg/100g), and Healthy Choice (2.004 to 23.044 mg/100g). Anthocyanin Storage for 6 months tended to increase anthocyanin content in both black and red rice."

"Purple sweet potato is rich in anthocyanin giving a potential application in food product development. However, anthocyanin is relatively unstable and easily degraded during processing and storage. Understanding the stability and bio-accessibility of anthocyanin during processing, storage and simulated digestion is very important. The study aimed to investigate changes in anthocyanin degradation during processing, storage and simulated digestion of purple sweet potato pasta. The pasta was prepared through several processing steps, i.e. steaming the tuber, steaming the dough formula, extrusion, drying and boiling. Anthocyanin was analyzed at every stages of processing and storage of the pasta. The durability of the pasta during storage was analysed using an accelerated shelf-life testing method at 30, 40 and 50ºC for 28 days. The study showed that anthocyanin content decreased during the whole stages of processing and storage, but slightly increased during steaming. The highest loss of the anthocyanin occurred in the boiling process. Based on resistance to stomach and intestinal conditions, the bio-accessibility of anthocyanin was better in the digestive system in the stomach than that in the intestines. The increased anthocyanin appeared again in the colon. This study provides useful information for designing an effective method to minimize an extensive loss of anthocyanin of purple sweet potato for food product development."

"Ubi ungu mempunyai senyawa antosianin yang merupakan suatu antioksidan. Sifat ubi ungu yang ramah lingkungan, murah, dan mudah didapat menjadikan ubi ungu berpotensial untuk menjadi salah satu inhibitor untuk menggantikan inhibitor lain yang bersifat tidak ramah lingkungan dalam lingkungan NaCl 3,5% pada lembaran baja karbon rendah. Metode kehilangan berat digunakan dalam penelitian kali ini, dengan menggunakan variasi lama waktu pengujian (3,6,9, dan 12 hari) dan penggunaan inhibitor X sebanyak 2 ml. Hasil yang didapat cukup baik dimana efisiensi tertinggi didapat pada waktu pengujian 9 hari dengan efisiensi 37,16%.

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Anthocyanin from sweet potatoes acts as an antioxidant, the caracteristics of antosianin which is environmental friendly, inexpensive, and easy to get makes sweet potatoes very potential to become one of an organic inhibitor to replace other inhibitor that are not environmental friendly in 3.5% NaCl environment at low carbon steel plate. Weight loss method used in this study, using a variety of testing time (3,6,9, and 12 days) and the use of inhibitors X is 2 ml. The result is good enough where the highest efficiency obtained at the time of testing 9 days with 37.16% efficiency."