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"ABSTRAKAmalgam Kandungan Tembaga Rendah merupakan bahan tambal Amalgam konvensional, yang telah pula diproduksi di Indonesia. Walaupun komposisi Amalgam telah banyak berubah dengan adanya Amalgam Tembaga Tinggi tetapi nyatanya Amalgam Tembaga Rendah masih banyak digunakan dan diteliti untuk mendapatkan sifat fisik dan mekanis yang lebih baik: Telah dilaporkan bahwa Seng dapat mempengaruhi sifat fisik dan mekanis serta manipulasi klinis dari bahan tambal Amalgam.Telah diteliti tujuh macam aloi Amalgam Tembaga Rendah yang dibuat dengan penambahan Seng dari 0% - 2,5% disertai 2 macam Amalgam komersial sebagai pembanding. Hasil aloi. Amalgam dan spesimen Amalgamnya diteliti. dengan menggunakan teknik Difraksi Sinar X untuk mengidentifikasi. fasa yang terjadi.Untuk mengetahui sifat ekspansi panas, spesimen Amalgam diteliti dengan menggunakan teknik .Dilatometer sampan pemanasan suhu I50°C. Spesimen Amalgam yang telah dipanaskan kemudian diperiksa lagi dengan teknik Difraksi Sinar X untuk mengobservasi perubahan fasa yang mungkin terjadi akibat pemanasan tersebut.Dari hasil penelitian, didapatkan bahwa Aloi Amalgam Tembaga Rendah terdiri dari fasa utama γ (Ag3Sn) dan sebagian kecil fasa ε (Cu3Sn). Sedangkan spesimen Amalgamnya terdiri dari fasa γ 1 (Ag2Hg3) , fasa γ2(Sn7-8Hg), fasa ή (Cu6Sn5 ) dan fasa γ (Ag3Sn) yang tidak bereaksi. Terhadap sifat ekspansi panas, ternyata Koefisien Ekspansi Panas meningkat dengan meningkatnya kadar Seng terutama pada suhu 50°-60°C . Disamping itu terjadi pula perubahan yang menyolok pada kurva ekspansi (kontraksi) yang menunjukkan terjadinya transformasi fasa pada Amalgam. Dari pemeriksaan Difraksi Sinar X pada spesimen Amalgam yang telah dipanaskan didapatkan bahwa intensitas difraksi dari, fasa γ 1 (Ag2Hg3 ) menurun sedangkan intensitas difraksi fasa γ(Ag3Sn) meningkat. Hal ini memperkuat hasil pemeriksaan Ekspansi panas bahwa telah terjadi transformasi fasa pada fasa γdan fasa γ 1.

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ABSTRACT

Low Copper Amalgam is a Conventional Amalgam for tooth restorations which has also been produced in Indonesia. Although the composition of-the alloy have been modified to produce modern High Copper Amalgams , Low Copper Amalgams are still largely used and investigated to produce a better clinical, physical and mechanical behavior. The presence of Zinc has been reported to affect the clinical, physical and electrochemical behavior of the amalgam. Seven Low Copper Amalgam Alloys containing 0% - 2,5% of Zinc have been made and two commercial Low Copper Amalgam alloys were used in this study.

These alloys and their corresponding Amalgams were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction technique to determine their microstructures and phases. Their thermal behavior were also determined using Dilatometer technique until the temperature of 150°C. After heating, the Amalgams were again analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction technique for the determination of phase change.

It was concluded that the alloys consist mainly ofγphase (Ag3Sn) and a small amount of ε phase (Cu3Sn). The corresponding Amalgams consist of γ 1 phase (Ag2Hg3), γ 2 (Sn7_8Hg) , ήphase (Cu6Sn) and the unreacted particles of γ phase.

For the thermal behavior, an increase of Zinc affects the. thermal properties of the amalgams with an increase in their coefficient of thermal expansion especially at 50° to 60°C. It was also shown that there is a stepwise change in their expansion curve, which indicate that a phase change has taken place. The X-Ray Diffraction observations revealed a phase transformation of γ phase and γ 1 phase by the increasing diffraction intensities of γ phase and the decreasing diffraction intensities of γ 1 phase."

"Sampai saat ini bahan tambal amalgam khususnya amalgam tembaga tinggi masih banyak dipakai sebagai restorasi. Ukuran kualitas material yang dapat dianggap sesuai untuk memprediksi perilaku klinik suatu material restorasi adalah sifat kekakuan (modulus elastisitas) dan struktur mikro. Pada penelitian ini dibuat fasa Cu3Sn dan Ag3Sn (fasa-fasa yang ada di dalam paduan amalgam tembaga tinggi) dan fasa CuSSn6 (fasa yang ada di dalam amalgam tembaga tinggi) untuk mendapatkan modulus elastisitas dan gambaran struktur mikro dan fasa-fasa tersebut. Selain itu dibuat dua macam paduan amalgam tembaga tinggi yaitu tanpa palladium dan dengan penambahan 7 w/o palladium untuk mengetahui efek penambahan 1 w/o Pd terhadap stabilitas termtal fasa Ag2Hg3 (fasa matriks amalgam tembaga tinggi). Salah satu amalgam tembaga tinggi komersial ("valiant" dipakai sebagai model komposit untuk mendapatkan nilai modulus elastisitas teoritis dari suatu komposit amalgam tanmbaga tinggi.Fasa Cu3Sn (Cu-38,37 w/o Sn), Ag3Sn (Ag-26,84 w/o Sn), CusSn6 (Cu-60,87 w/o Sn) dan Cu-85 w/o Sn dibuat dengan teknik pengecoran. Hasil cor didinginkan dengan 3 cara yaitu di udara terbuka (UT), disemprot udara (SU) dan dicelup ke dalam air (CA), kecirali paduan Cu-85w/o Sn dilakukan hanya dengan 1 cara pendinginan yaitu di udara terbuka (UT). ldentikasi fasa diuji dengan teknik diffraksi sinar-x (XRD) dan analisa termal menggunakan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Gambaran struktur mikro didapat dari uji metalografi dan SEM + EDS. Untuk mendapatkan modulus elastisitas fasa-fasa tersebut dilakukan uji ultrasonik.Pernbuatan paduan amalgam tembaga tinggi tanpa Palladium (60 w/o Ag-27 w/o Sn-13 w/o Cu = amalgam 1) dan dengan Palladium (59 w/o Ag-27 w/o Sn-13 w/o Cu-I w/o Pd amalgam 2) dilakukan dengan teknik pembuatan seperti yang dikerjakan di Logam Mulia. Spesimen amalgam dibuat dengan rasio paduan amalgam : Hg adalah 1: 1.15. Bentuk, ukuran dan cara pembuatan spesimen mengikuti standard ADA sp no. 1. Spesimen kemudian disimpan selama 7 hari dan 18 bulan pada temperatur 37° C. Pada spesimen umur 7 hari dilakukan analisa diffraksi sinar-x, analisa termal dengan DSC dan Thermogravimetri (TG), sedangkan pada spesimen umur 18 bulan hanya dilakukan analisa termal rnenggunakan DSC.Dari hasil analisa XRD dan DSC didapat bahwa pembuatan fasa Cu3Sn dengan komposisi Cu-38,37 w/o Sn menghasilkan fasa Cu3Sn. Sedangkan pembuatan fasa Ag3Sn dengan komposisi Ag-26,84 w/o Sn rnenghasilkan fasa Ag3Sn + fasa eutektik dan jumlah fasa eutektik semakin besar dengan semakin cepatnya pendinginan. Paduan dengan komposisi Cu-60,87 w/o Sn tidak dapat menghasilkan fasa tunggal Cu6Sn6 melainkan menghasilkan fasa Cu3Sn + Cu6Sn6 + Sn, sedangkan paduan Cu-85 w/o Sn memberikan fasa Cu6Sn6 + Sn. udara terbuka (UT) umumnya lebih besar dibandingkan dengan paduan yang disemprot udara (SU) dan dicelup ke dalam air (CA). Nilai modulus Bulk dari paduan Cu-38,37 w/o Sn SU lebih besar dari pada paduan Cu-38,37 w/o Sn UT dan CA, sedangkan modulus Bulk paduan Ag-26,84 w/o Sn UT, SU dan CA kurang lebih sama. Nilai modulus Young dan modulus Geser dari fasa Cu5Sns (salah satu fasa penguat di dalam amalgam tembaga tinggi) lebih besar dari pada modolus Young dan modulus Geser fasa Ag3Sn.Amalgam Valiant yang dipakai sebagai model komposit mengandung 0,6116 fraksi volume fasa Ag2Hg3 (matriks), 0,1598 fasa CusSr6 (penguat) dan 0,2288 fasa Ag3Sn sisa (penguat). Hasil perhitungan modulus Young teoritis dari komposit amalgam tembaga tinggi terletak dalam rentang 75-80 GPa. Nilai modulus longitudinal komposit amalgam berbeda 5,4 % (penguat UT), 4,7% (penguat SU), dan 3,5% (penguat CA) dengan nilai modulus Longitudinal eksperimen.Hasil analisa diffraksi sinar-x menunjukkan bahwa pada amalgam 2 tidak terbentuk fasa Sn7Hg. Hasil analisa termal dengan DSC menunjukkan bahwa pada amalgam 1 terbentuk 2 macam fasa Ag2Hg3 yaitu dengan temperatur transisi 88° dan 109° C. Pada amalgam 2 terbentuk 1 macam fasa Ag2Hg3 dengan temperatur transisi 110,7° C. Aging salami 18 bulan menaikkan temperatur transisi fasa Ag2Hg3. Dari hasil analisa termal dengan TG didapat bahwa pada saat transformasi fasa Ag2Hg3 tidak terjadi pelepasan uap Hg dan fasa AgHg mengalami dekomposisi pada temperatur 390° C (amalgam 1) dan 410° C (amalgam 2).Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa morfologi struktur mikro mempengaruhi modulus elaslisitas suatu material dan morfologi struktur mikro dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan pendinginan saat proses solidifikasi. Modulus elastisitas fasa Cu3Sn yang besar dapat menguatkan paduan amalgam tembaga tinggi. Modulus Young komposit amalgam tembaga tinggi teoritis yang besamya 75-80 GPa mendekali nilai modulus Young email gigi (76,9 GPa) dengan demikian dapat diprediksi bahwa amalgam tembaga tinggi akan menghasilkan restorasi gigi yang kuat. Penambahan 1 w/o Pd ke dalam amalgam tembaga tinggi (13 w/o Cu) menstabilkan amalgam dengan jalan mencegah pembentukkan fasa Sn7Hg dan membentuk fas a Ag2Hg3 dengan temperatur transisi yang lebih tinggi. Merkuri di dalam amalgam terikat kuat pada perak dan fasa AgHg mengalami dekomposisi pada temperatur yang jauh di atas temperatur normal yang dapat terjadi di dalam mulut.

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Until now amalgam restoration especially high copper amalgam is still widely used. The material quality measurement that is considered acceptable for a material restoration in clinical behavior is the rigidity (modulus of elasticity) and microstructure. Cu3Sn and Ag3Sn phases (phases in high copper amalgam alloy) and Cu6Sn6 phase (phase within high copper amalgam) were made in this research in order to obtain the modulus of elasticity and microstructure. Furthermore, The lathe cut type of high copper amalgam alloys, with the following compositions (weight percent = w/o) : 60%Ag-27%Sn-13%Cu and 59%Ag-27%Sn-13%Cu-1 %Pd were also fabricated in order to investigate the effects of palladium on the thermal behavior of the Ag2Hg3 phase. The commercially available high copper amalgam (Valiant-USA) was used as a composite model in order to get the modulus of elasticity theoritically from a high copper amalgam composite.Cu3Sn (Cu-38,37 w/o Sn), Ag3Sn (Ag-26,84 w/o Sn), Cu6Sn5 (Cu-60,87 w/oSn) and Cu-85 w/o Sn phases were made by casting method. The casting specimens were subjected to different cooling rate condition. The first casting specimen was allowed to solidify at room temperature (UT), the second casting specimen was blown by air (SU), and the third was quenched in water (CA). These casting specimens were subsequently analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) techniques. The microstructure of the specimens were examined using standard metallography and SEM + EDS technique. A non destructive technique is the most preferable evaluation method for the elastic property of these phases, that is by utilizing longitudinal and transversal waves velocity employed by ultrasonic pulse-echo method.The manufacturing process and procedure to obtain the high copper alloys were the same as the ones to produce low copper alloys. Amalgam specimens were prepared from two different composition alloys according to the American Dental Association specification No.1.Trituration parameters for amalgamation were prepared with Hg : Alloy ratio of 1.15 :1. Amalgam specimens without Palladium is referred here as amalgam I and the amalgam (1 w/o Pd) is referred as amalgam2 (which were stored for 7 days at 37° C). These two amalgams were subsequently analyzed using X-ray diffraction technique. The thermal behavior of the samples held for 7 days and 18 months at 3T° C were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetry (only for 7 days old specimens).From XRD and DSC analysis, it was learnt that the production of Cu3Sn phase with Cu 38,37 w/o Sn composition gave off Cu3Sn phase. While the production of Ag3Sn phase with Ag-26,84 wlo Sn composition gave off Ag3Sn + eutectic phase, and the amount of eutectic phase increased as the cooling rate accelerated. Alloy with Cu-60,87 w/o Sn composition failed to give Cu6Sn5 phase, but produced Cu3Sn + Cu6Sns + Sn phases, while Cu-85 wlo Sn produced Cu6Sn5 + Sn phases. The metallography and SEM + EDS test was shown that cooling rate influenced the microstructural morphology and the difference of microstructural morphology influenced the modulus of elasticity value. The longitudinal modulus, Young's modulus and Shear modulus of Cu-38,37 w/o Sn UT, generally have higher value compared to alloys SU and CA. The Bulk modulus of Cu-38.37 w/o Sn SU was higher than Cu-38,37 w/o Sn UT and CA, while the Bulk modulus of Ag-26.84 w/o Sn UT, SU, and CA was nearly equal. The Young's modulus of CusSns phase was higher than Ag3Sn phase.Valiant amalgam which was used as a composite model contained 0,6116 volume fraction of Ag2Hg3 (matrix), 0,1598 of Cu6Sn5 and 0,2288 of Ag3Sn phases (reinforcers). The calculation product of Young's modulus theoritically from high Cu amalgam composite was in range of 75-80 GPa. The longitudinal modulus value of amalgam composite differed by 5.4% (UT reinforcer), 4.7 % (SU reinforcer ), and 3.5% (CA reinforcer) with experimental longitudinal module's value.X-ray diffraction analysis showed that in amalgam 2, Sn7Hg phase wasn't formed. The thermogram data of the specimen from amalgam I showed two endothermic peaks at 88° and 1090 C which indicated the presence of two type Ag2Hg3 phase. One endothermic peak at 110,7° C is seen in amalgam 2. This indicated that the addition of 1 w/o Pd into a high copper amalgam (13 wlo Cu) can stabilize the Ag2Hg3 phase. The thermogram data (TG) of amalgam 1 showed that AgHg phase undergoes a phase decomposition at 390° C (amalgam 1) and 410° C for amalgam 2.From this research, It can be concluded that microstruclural morphology influences the modulus of elasticity of material and that the microstructural morphology is influenced by the cooling rate. The high Cu3Sn phase's elasticity could strengthen the high Cu amalgam alloy. The Young's modulus of high Cu amalgam composite theoritically of 75-80 GPa is nearing the Young's modulus of tooth enamel (76.9 GPa), thus it can be predicted that high Cu amalgam will produce a strong amalgam restoration. An addition of 1 w/o Pd into a high Cu amalgam (13 w/o Cu) can stabilize amalgam by preventing the forming of Sn7Hg phase and producing Ag2Hg3 phase with a higher transition temperature. The mercury in amalgam is strongly bonded with silver and AgHg phase decomposizes in a much higher temperature than the average temperature inside the mouth."

"ABSTRAKPembangunan suatu negara tidak hanya melakukan pembangunan fisik saja, tetapi harus juga diperhatikan pembangunan kesehatan, dan salah satunya adalah kesehatan gigi. Departemen Kesehatan melalui Direktorat Kesehatan Gigi mencanangkan program pembangunan jangka panjang tahap ke dua dengan meningkatkan pelayanan kesehatan gigi masyarakat menuju tahun 2000.Pelayanan kesehatan gigi masyarakat yang sering dilakukan pada orang dewasa maupun anak-anak adalah melakukan perawatan yaitu penambalan gigi, dengan menggunakan bahan tambal amalgam gigi yang mengandung Merkuri = Hg.Merkuri mempunyai sifat sangat beracun bagi tubuh manusia dan mudah menguap. Merkuri dapat masuk kedalam tubuh manusia melalui pencernaan, pernafasan dan peresapan melalui kulit, serta dapat merusak susunan saraf pusat, ginjal, hati dan organ tubuh lainnya.Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah belum diketahuinya gambaran kadar Hg dalam urine pada anak yang gigi susunya ditambal dengan bahan tambal amalgam gigi yang mengandung Hg.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar Hg dalam urine dan rnegetahui hubungan antara bahan tambal amalgam pada gigi susu dengan kadar Hg dalam urine dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi.Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dengan rancangan penelitian analitik dan pendekatan cross- sectional, sampel berjumlah 40 anak, dengan variabel bebas meliputi jenis kelamin, umur, lama penarnbalan gigi, jumlah penambalan gigi, sedangkan variabel terikat yaitu kadar Hg dalam urine.Disamping itu dalam penelitian juga akan dilihat mengenai hubungan antara bahan tambal amalgam pada gigi susu dengan kadar Hg dalam urine, dengan mengambil sampel anak yang datang berobat di poliklinik Bagian Gigi Anak Universitas Indonesia Nopember 1993 - Mei 1994, dan dikumpulkan contoh urine anak yang gigi susunya ditambal dengan bahan tambal amalgam gigi. Alasan diambil sampel anak, karena anak belum banyak tercemar dan ingin dilihat secara dini pengaruh Hg dalam tubuh dengan melalui urine.Gambaran distribusi menurut jenis kelamin perempuan dan laki-laki sama jumlahnya yaitu 20 anak, rata-rata umur anak 7 tahun 3 bulan, rata-rata lama penambalan gigi 132 hari, jumlah penambalan gigi 1 - 3 gigi dan rata-rata kadar Hg dalam urine 93,98 141.Hasil penelitian untuk variabel jenis kelamin didapatkan bahwa secara statistik ada hubungan bermakna dengan kadar Hg dalam urine (p=001). Kelompok laki-laki mempunyai rata-rata kadar Hg dalam urine lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok perempuan. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa secara statistik tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara umur dengan kadar Hg dalam urine (p=O,3d). Rata-rata kadar Hg dalam urine untuk kelompok umur >87 bulan lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok umur <87 bulan. Hubungan antara lama penambalan dengan kadar Hg dalam urine secara statistik hubungannya juga tidak bermakna (p1.OO). Terlihat rata-rata kadar Hg dalam urine untuk lama penambalan >69 hari lebih besar dibandingkan dengan lama penambalan < 69 hari. Hubungan yang tidak bermakna ditemukan juga untuk variabel jumlah penambalan dengan kadar Hg dalam urine (p=1.00). Terlihat rata-rata kadar Hg dalam urine untuk kelompok jumlah penambalan >1 gigi lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok jumlah penambalan 1 gigi. Dalam hal ini anak kemungkinan mendapatkan paparan Hg dari bahan tambal amalgam gigi, kemungkinan lain tidak didapatkan hubungan bermakna karena makin bertambah umur makin berkurang dengan hilangnya gigi susu.Dalam pembahasan setelah dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu >4 µg/l dan <4 μg/l, terlihat bahwa kadar Hg dalam urine >4 µg/1 sebanyak 92,5%, dengan demikian dari seluruh responden, hampir semuanya sudah terancam penyakit yang diakibatkan oleh kadar Hg dalam tubuh. Dan hasil penelitian berdasarkan mean rank didapatkan kadar Hg dalam urine laki-laki lebih besar daripada perempuan, dan ditemukam hubungan bermakna menurut jenis kelamin (p=0,001), Sedangkan menurut variabel umur, lama penambalan dan jumlah penambalan tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna. Dari hasil penelitian dengan melihat perbedaan proporsinya, walaupun kadar Hg dalam urine laki-laki lebih tinggi dengan kadar Hg dalam urine perempuan, tetapi setelah diuji secara statistik tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna, juga menurut variabel umur, lama penambalan dan jumlah penambalan tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna.Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini ditemukannya lebih dari 90 % responden mempunyai kadar Hg dalam urine diatas normal (4 μg/l), secara statistik ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara jenis kelamin dengan kadar Hg dalam urine, dimana laki-laki mempunyai kadar Hg dalam urine lebih tinggi daripada perempuan. Tidak ditemukannya secara statistik hubungan bermakna antara umur, lama penambalan dan jumlah penambalan terhadap kadar Hg dalam urine.

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ABSTRACT

Community dental health service for both the adults and children has often been mainly filling the teeth using dental amalgam containing Mercury (Hg).

Mercury has poisonous property to the human body as well as evaporate vapor, and absorbed through skin. Healing in and penetration through also and can damage the brain centre, kidney, liver, and body organs.

The problem in this research is that the Hg content in the urine of the children with amalgam filling content Hg, has not been assessed.

The research goal is to investigate the Hg content in mine and to investigate the relation between amalgam filling, Hg in the urine and the various influencing factors.

This research collected primary data with analytics research pattern and cross-sectional approach. The sample size is 40 children, with independent variable sex, age, length of time of teeth, the number of filled teeth, while dependent variable is the Hg content in urine.

However, in this research we can also investigate the relation between the amalgam filling material that is used to fill the deciduous teeth and Hg content in urine, from the children, attending Children Dental Polyclinic, University of Indonesia, between November 1993 - May 1994, as the sample and connecting the sample of urine in children which their teeth filled with dental amalgam. The 'reason using children as sample is that they're still pure try to assess the earliest side effect of Hg in human body through urine.

The distribution of female and male is the equal, 20 children of each, and, the average is 7 years 3 months, the average of filling teeth duration is 132 days, total filled teeth is 1-3 teeth and Hg content's average in urine is 93,89 µg11. The result of research showed that sex has been found to be statistically significant relation with Hg content in urine (p= 0,001). Male group have Hg content's average in urine higher than female group. Research result has shown that there is no statistical relation between age and the Hg content's in urine (p=0,30). Hg content's average in urine in the >87 months age group is lower than the 587 months age group. The relationship between filling duration and Hg content in urine statistically are not significant (p=1.00). The average of Hg content in urine for >69 days filling duration is bigger than 569 days filling duration. No significant relationship also found for the number of filling with Hg content in urine (p=1,00). The average Hg content in urine in the group with more the one tooth filled is higher than the group with only one tooth filed. In this matter, the children are exposed to Hg from amalgam filling, and another possibility, there's no significant relationship due to higher the age the amalgam filling has been reduced due to exfoliation of the milk teeth more lack of amalgam. In the discussion, after grouping into two groups that is >4 µg/l and 54 μg/l, it showed that the Hg content in wine >4 µg/l is 92,5%. Therefore, from all of the respondents, nearly all of them have already been threatened by the disorder due to Hg content in the body. From the research's result based on the mean rank it has been found that the Hg content in the male urine is higher than female, and significant relationship on sex has been found (p=0,001}. By age group duration of filling and the number of filling, no significant relationship has been found. From the research result by observing the proportion's differences, although the Hg content in male urine is higher than the Hg content in female urine, but after being tested statistically there's no significant relationship, the same result is found also by age variable, duration of fillings and number of filling.

The conclusion of the research is that more than 90% respondents has been found to have Hg content in urine above normal (4 μg/l), statistically a significant relationship has been found between sex and the Hg content in wine, in which males have Hg content in urine higher than female. There's no statistically significant relationship between age, duration of tilling and the number of filling toward the Hg content in urine."

"ABSTRAKAmalgam merupakan bahan tambal gigi yang sampai saat ini masih cukup luas pemakaiannya. Paduan amalgam yang diproduksi di Indonesia adalah paduan amalgam konvensional atau Low Copper Amalgam Alloys. Pada penelitian ini akan dibuat paduan amalgam modern atau High Copper Amalgam Alloys dengan penambahan Palladium. Sebagal kontrol dipakai High Copper Amalgam Alloys komersil merk Solila Nova.Teknik pembuatan atau proses pabrikasi dari High Copper Amalgam Alloys dilakukan sama seperti pembuatan Low Copper Amalgam Alloys. Komposisi dan struktur fasa dari paduan amalgam dan amalgam ditentukan dengan teknik diffraksi sinar-X. Sedangkan untuk melihat sifat muai panas dan efek penambahan Palladium pada amalgam digunakan teknik Dilatometri.Dari hasil analisa diffraksi sinar-X didapat hasil bahwa High Copper Amalgam Alloys yang telah dibuat dan Solila Nova terdiri dari fasa y (Ag3Sn) dan fasa c (CusSn), dan kedua fasa tersebut mempunyai struktur ortorombik. Sedangkan fasa-fasa pada High Copper Amalgam dari paduan tersebut terdiri dari fasa yl (Ag2Hgs) yang mempunyai struktur kubus, fasa ii (Cu6Sn5) berstruktur heksagonal dan fasa y (AgsSn) sisa yang tidak bereaksi. Pada High Copper Amalgam tidak terdeteksi adanya fasa y2 (Sn7Hg) yaitu fasa yang terlemah pada struktur mikro amalgam.Efek dari penambahan Palladium pada amalgam dapat dilihat dari hasil analisa muai panas dengan Dilatometer dan diffraksi sinar-X pada amalgam setelah pemanasan Penambahan Palladium sampai 1% berat membentuk amalgam yang stabil.

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ABSTRACT

Amalgam restorations constitute the large majority of all permanent fillings used by Dentist to repair revages of dental caries. Amalgam Alloys that are produced in Indonesia are known as Conventional Amalgam Alloys or Low Copper Amalgam Alloys. The purpose of this investigation is to produce Modern Amalgam Alloys or High Copper Amalgam Alloys with Palladium Additives. The commercially available High Copper Amalgam Alloys, under the trade name Solila Nova was used as a reference.

The manufacturing process and procedure to obtain the Modern Amalgam Alloys were the same as the ones to produce Low Copper Amalgam Alloys. The High Copper Amalgam Alloys and their amalgams were analyzed to determine the phase compositions and structures by using X-Ray Diffraction techniques. The thermal behavior and the effect of Pd additives in High Copper Amalgam were determined by using Dilatometry techniques.

The results of this investigation indicate that the High Copper Amalgam Alloys consist of y (Ag3Sn) and c (Cu3Sn) phases, which are similar as the reference Solila Nova Alloys. The structures of these phases are orthorhombic. The phases of the amalgams of these alloys consist of yl (Ag2 Hgs) and 17 (Cu8Sn$) phases, and the un-reacted particles of y (Ag3Sn), with no detectable y2 (SngHg), since y2 phase in dental amalgam is the weakest phase. The yl crystallizes as a cubic while the phase has hexagonal structure. By Dilatometry techniques the effect of Palladium additives indicate that an increase of Pd in amalgam up to 1 wt % stabilizes the set amalgam."

"Effects of additing 1 percent (w/o) palladium (Pd) on the thermal behavior of a lathe cut type high copper amalgam (13 w/o copper) were studied. The identical alloys, with and without 1% Pd were fabricated. X-ray diffraction studies of the amalgams revealed the elimination of the y2-phase by Pd addition. DSC thermogram of non-Pd containing amalgam indicated the existence of two y1-phasesone with the transition temperature (endothermic peak) at 88°C and the other at 109°C. The thermogram data of the Pd containing amalgam showed an endothermic peak at 110,7°C. The transition temperature of the n phase of the palladium containing amalgam is 4,9°C lower than the transition temperature of the n phase of the non Pd containing amalgam. This result indicates that the n phase of the Pd containing amalgam includes more of Tin (Sn) than the non-Pd containing amalgam. The thermogravimetri diagram showed that the phase decomposition occured at about 390°C for the non-Pd containing amalgam and at about 410°C for the Pd containing amalgam. It's concluded that the addition of 1% Pd into a lathe cut type of high copper amalgam (13%) could eliminate the formation of y2 phase as well as an unstable y1 phase, promoting strong mercury bonding to silver."

"Until recently the etiology and pathogenesis of oral lichenoid reaction remain unclear. Usually lichenoid reaction is associated with systemic disease or particular drugs such as ACE inhibitor anti hypertension and several dental materials. Amalgam restorations have been reported as most frequent cause of oral lichenoid reaction induced by dental materials. Mercury hypersensitivity is predicted to be responsible in inducing the reaction. The aim of this review was to describe oral lichenoid reaction associated with hypersensitivity to dental amalgam, so the clinician can manage the cases properly. In conclusion, replacement the amalgam filling which contact to the oral mucosa with other inert dental materials would be useful for hypersensitive patient."