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Abstrak :
Obat obatan tradisional sering digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia karena harganya yang terjangkau dan bisa menyembuhkan penyakit Biji dari Amomum cardamomum kapulaga adalah salah satu contoh dari obat tradisional yang dipakai sebagai bumbu pada beberapa masakan tertentu Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kandungan alkaloid dan saponin pada ekstrak Amomum cardamomum Pertama tama ekstrak biji Amomum cardamomum dibuat dengan cara direbus Lalu alkaloid dan saponin diidentifikasi secara kualitatif menggunakan tes kimia thin layer chromatography TLC dan spektrofotometri Hasil dari tes kimia menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak biji Amomum cardamomum tidak mengandung alkaloid dan saponin TLC dan spektrofotometri juga menunjukkan hasil negatif Namun kandungan minyak atsiri ditemukan di ekstrak biji Amomum cardamomum pada tes spektrofotometri Kesimpulannya adalah alkaloid dan saponin tidak terdapat pada ekstrak biji Amomum cardamomum tetapi minyak atsiri terdapat pada ekstrak biji Amomum cardamomum Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi kandungan alkaloid saponin dan minyak atsiri pada bagian lain dari tanaman Amomum cardamomum. ...... Traditional medicine frequently used as an alternative medicine by Indonesian citizens due to low-cost and have a healing effect. Amomum cardamomum (cardamom) seed is one of the example of traditional medicine which is used as spice in certain cuisines. This research aims to identify alkaloid and saponin compounds in Amomum cardamomum seed extract. Initially, Amomum cardamomum seed extract was made by boiling technique. Then, alkaloid and saponin compounds were identified qualitatively by using chemical test, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and spectrophotometry. The end result was chemical test showed that there were no alkaloid and saponin compounds in Amomum cardamomum seed extract. Negative result was also shown in Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) dan spectrophotometry tests. However, in spectrophotometry test, volatile oil was contained in Amomum cardamomum seed extract. In conclusion, alkaloid and saponin compounds were not contained in Amomum cardamomum seed extract while volatile oil was present. Further research is required to investigate the presence of alkaloid, saponin and volatile oil in other parts of Amomum cardamomum plant

Abstrak :
A series of alkaloids isolated from the roots of N. orientalis is investigated for the inhibitory activities on in vitro agonists induced human platelet aggregation. Human platelet samples were obtained to investigate the anti-platelet activity by high throughput 96-well microtiter plate format. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA), thrombin and thrombin receptor activating peptide-6 (TRAP-6) were used as agonists for in vitro human platelet aggregation. All alkaloids were inactive in the AA induced platelet aggregation. Compound 2 was the only alkaloid to inhibit ADP induced platelet aggregation with the IC50 value of 27.01 ± 7.67 pM and was more potent than the standard drug, ibuprofen (p < 0.05). The compounds 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7 were more potent than the standard drug to inhibit thrombin induced platelet aggregation with the IC50 values of 3.05 ± 0.22,4.41 ± 0.47,7.50 ± 0.22,45.69 ± 1.74 and 4.89 ±0.13 pM (p < 0.05), respectively. None of the potent alkaloids in thrombin- mediated platelet aggregation exhibited the inhibitory effect in TRAP-6 induced platelet aggregation. Compound 2 could inhibit platelet aggregation through the interference of platelet purinergic receptors (P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors). Moreover, compounds 1, 3,4, 5 and 7 could have inhibitory effects on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation through the proteolytic inhibition without the interferences of ligand-receptor interaction.

Abstrak :
Pada penelitian ini, sintesis nanopartikel ZnO, nanopartikel Ce2Sn2O7, dan nanokomposit ZnO/Ce2Sn2O7 berhasil dilakukan dengan metode green synthesis menggunakan ekstrak daun kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.). Kandungan metabolit sekunder pada daun kirinyuh seperti alkaloid dan saponin dimanfaatkan sebagai basa lemah dan capping agent dalam proses sintesis. Karakterisasi FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis DRS, dan FESEM-EDX dilakukan untuk mengetahui sifat struktural, optik, maupun morfologi dari nanopartikel dan nanokomposit yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi menggunakan UV-Vis DRS, diperoleh nilai energi band gap dari nanopartikel ZnO, nanopartikel Ce2Sn2O7, dan nanokomposit ZnO/Ce2Sn2O7 masing-masing sebesar 3,00 eV; 2,41 eV; dan 2,52 eV. Selain itu, hasil uji fotokatalitik menunjukkan bahwa nanokomposit ZnO/Ce2Sn2O7 memiliki aktivitas fotokatalitik yang paling baik dibandingkan nanopartikel ZnO dan Ce2Sn2O7 dalam mendegradasi rifampicin di bawah sinar tampak selama 120 menit. Persen fotodegradasi rifampicin oleh ZnO/Ce2Sn2O7, Ce2Sn2O7, dan ZnO berturut-turut sebesar 92,25%; 68,57%; dan 55,38%. Lebih lanjut, reaksi fotodegradasi rifampicin menggunakan ZnO/Ce2Sn2O7 mengikuti kinetika laju pseudo orde satu. ......In this research, synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, Ce2Sn2O7 nanoparticles, and ZnO/Ce2Sn2O7 nanocomposites were successfully carried out by means of green synthesis method using siam weed (Chromolaena odorata L.) leaf extract. The secondary metabolites in siam weed leaf such as alkaloids and saponins were used as weak bases and capping agents in the synthesis process. FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis DRS, and FESEM-EDX measurements were conducted to elucidate the structural, optical, and morphological properties of nanoparticles and nanocomposites. Based on the results of characterization using UV-Vis DRS, the band gap energy values ​​of ZnO nanoparticles, Ce2Sn2O7 nanoparticles, and ZnO/Ce2Sn2O7 nanocomposites were 3.00 eV, 2.41 eV, and 2.52 eV. In addition, the photocatalytic test results showed that ZnO/Ce2Sn2O7 nanocomposites had the best photocatalytic activity compared to ZnO and Ce2Sn2O7 nanoparticles against rifampicin under visible light for 120 minutes. Rifampicin photodegradation percentage by ZnO/Ce2Sn2O7, Ce2Sn2O7, and ZnO obtained were 92.25%, 68.57%, dan 55.38%, respectively. Additionally, the reaction kinetics of rifampicin photodegradation using ZnO/Ce2Sn2O7 was found to be a pseudo-first-order rate.

Abstrak :
Daun salam dan buah salak sangat melimpah di Indonesia, dan dipercaya masyarakat memiliki sifat antioksidan dan anti penuaan. Namun belum ada penelitian mengenai penggunaanya sebagai inhibitor korosi ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan menganalisa pengaruh penambahan ekstrak daun salam (syzygium polyanthum),, buah salak banjarnegara (salacca zalacca var banjarnegara) dan campuran keduanya sebagai inhibitor ramah lingkungan terhadap baja karbon API 5L grade B dalam larutan HCl 1M. Pengujian polarisasi dan EIS dilakukan untuk mengukur efisiensi inhibitor pada konsentrasi penambahan ekstrak yang berbeda yaitu 2ml/L, 4ml/L, 6ml/L dan 8ml/L untuk masing-masing ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak, dan konsentrasi ekstrak campuran 6ml/L dengan perbandingan komposisi ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak yaitu 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1 dan 2:1. Pengujian FTIR dilakukan untuk mengetahui golongan senyawa aktif yang terkandung pada ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak, dan mengetahui golongan senyawa aktif yang membentuk lapisan protektif pada permukaan logam. Adsorption isotherm digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi mekanisme adsorpsi dari inhibitor ekstrak daun salam, buah salak dan campuran pada permukaan baja. Hasil pengujian polarisasi pada penambahan inhibitor ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak secara tunggal, sama-sama menunjukan nilai efisiensi inhibitor (EI) tertinggi dan laju korosi (CR) terendah diperoleh pada konsentrasi 6ml/L yaitu masing-masing EI = 58.56%, CR=1.36 mm/tahun untuk ekstrak daun salam dan EI = 74.90%, CR = 0.82 mm/tahun untuk ekstrak buah salak. Hasil pengujian EIS pada penambahan inhibitor ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak secara tunggal juga menunjukan nilai efisiensi inhibitor (EI) tertinggi diperoleh pada konsentrasi 6ml/L yaitu masing-masing EI=76.60% untuk ekstrak buah salak dan EI=66.07% untuk ekstrak daun salam. Sedangkan untuk campuran ekstrak daun salam dan buah salak diperoleh efisiensi inhibitor (EI) tertinggi dan laju korosi (CR) terendah pada perbandingan komposisi 1:1 (50% : 50%) yaitu sebesar EI=73.54% dan CR=0.87 mm/year, berdasarkan pengujian polarisasi dan EI=74.83% berdasarkan pengujian EIS. Pengujian FTIR menunjukkan keberadaan golongan senyawa fenolik (tannin) pada penambahan inhibitor ekstrak daun salam dan keberadaan golongan senyawa alkaloid pada penambahan ekstrak salak dipermukaan logam yang direndam dalam HCl 1M. Kedua jenis ekstrak apabila dicampurkan tidak menunjukan adanya efek sinergis dan juga antagonis sehingga dapat disimpulkan keduanya tidak saling mempengaruhi satu sama lain. Kedua inhibitor ekstrak menunjukan korelasi sesuai dengan Langmuir dan Frumkin Isotherm yang mengindikasinya mekanisme adsorpsi fisik dan chemisorption

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Bay leaves and snake fruits are very abundant in Indonesia, and have been believed by local community that they have antioxidant properties and anti-aging effect. However, no studies regarding its use as a enviromental friendly corrosion inhibitor. The aim of this research is to study and analyze the effect of indonesian bay leaf extract (syzygium polyanthum), snake fruit (salacca zalacca var banjarnegara) extract and also these mixed extract as enviromental friendly inhibitor on carbon steel API 5L grade B in hydrochoric acid 1M solution. Electrochemical polarization test and EIS test were used in measuring the inhibitor efficiency at a different concentration of extract i.e. 2ml/L, 4ml/L, 6ml/L dan 8ml/L for indonesia bay leaf extract and snake fruit extract as single inhibitor, and 6ml/L for their mixture with a composition ratio of indonesian leaf extract to snake fruit extract , 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1 dan 2:1. FTIR was also used to identify the active compound group contained in both extracts and identify the active compound group which formed protective film on the metal surface. Adsorption isotherm was used to study inhibition mechanism of indonesia bay leaf extract, snake fruit extract and their mixture on metal surface. Polarization test result of addition of indonesian bay leaf extract and snake fruit extract as single inhibitor in 1M HCl solution showed the highest inhibitor efficiency value (IE) and lowest corrosion rate (CR) IE=58.56%, CR=1.36 mm/year for bay leaf extract, and IE=74.90%, CR=0.82 mm/year for snake fruit extract at concentration 6ml/L, as well as EIS test showed the highest inhibitor efficiency value respectively IE=66.07% for bay leaf extract and IE=76.6% for snake fruit extract at concentration 6ml/L. And the addition of their mixture showed the highet inhibitor efficiency value achieved at a composition ratio 1:1 (50% : 50%) i.e. IE=73.54%, CR=0.87 mm/year based on polarisation test and 74.83% based on EIS test. FTIR test result on steel sample which was immersed in HCl 1M solution had identified primarily the presence of phenolic compound group (tannin) on the metal surface with an addition of indonesian bay leaf extract and alkaloid compound group on the metal surface with an addition of snake fruits extract. The mixture of the extracts showed no sinergistic and antagonistic interaction. Thus, it can be concluded that these extracts do not interact to each other when they are mixed. These two extracts showed a correlation to Langmuir and Frumkin Isotherm that indicated physical adsorption as well as chemisorption.

Abstrak :
Untuk pertama kalinya, oksida logam Ce2Zr2O7-TiO2 disintesis menggunakan ekstrak kulit Annona Squamosa L. (ASE) yang mengandung alkaloid sebagai agen hidrolisis serta saponin, flavonoid, dan tanin untuk agen capping yang menstabilkan pembentukan oksida logam. Material ini dipelajari melalui berbagai hasil pengujian karakterisasi. Oksida logam terbarukan Ce2Zr2O7- TiO2 ini telah dikonfirmasi melalui beberapa uji karakterisasi, antara lain FT-IR, XRD, Spektofotometer UV/Vis DRS, SEM dan TEM. Analisa XRD oksida logam TiO2hasil sintesa mempunyai struktur kristal anatase dengan sejumlah kecil fase brookite, Ce2Zr2O7 memiliki struktur pyrochlore-like compound, dan oksida logam Ce2Zr2O7-TiO2 memiliki puncak khas 2θ kristal gabungan dari keduanya. Pengukuran SEM -Mapping mendapatkan morfologi flake-like yang beragam dengan persebaran atom-atom yang merata tanpa adanya elemen pengotor. Uji Kinerja material oksida logam dilakukan melalui aktivitas fotokatalitik terhadap degradasi metilen biru menggunakan sinar tampak. Hal tersebut didukung melalui hasil karakterisasi UV-Vis DRS dari oksida logam Ce2Zr2O7-TiO2, TiO2 dan Ce2Zr2O7 yang memiliki nilai celah pita masing-masing 2,60; 3,25 dan 2,48 eV. Oksida logam Ce2Zr2O7-TiO2 dapat mendegradasi metilen biru sebesar 77,00 % selama 120 menit waktu penyinaran dibawah sinar tampak. Uji Kinetika reaksi fotodegradasi membuktikan bahwa oksida logam Ce2Zr2O7-TiO2 mengikuti kinetika pseudo-orde satu dengan nikai k = 1,1 x 10-2 menit-1. ......In the last decades, the green synthesis of metal oxide is being developed. For the first time, Ce2Zr2O7-TiO2 metal oxide is synthesize using Annona Squamosa L. peels extract (ASE). The extract contains alkaloids as hydrolyzing agents, meanwhile, the content of saponins, flavonoids, and tannins act as capping agents the formation of Ce2Zr2O7-TiO2. Various characterizations using FT-IR Spectroscopy, XRD, SEM-EDS, UV-Vis DRS and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer was performed to investigate the vibrational, structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of Ce2Zr2O7-TiO2. The photocatalytic performance of Ce2Zr2O7-TiO2 was tested for the degradation of methylene blue under visible light illumination. As a result, the efficiency of methylene blue degradation using Ce2Zr2O7-TiO2 was obtained to be 77.00% for 120 min under visible light illumination. The reaction kinetics of photodegradation of methylene blue followed a pseudo-first-order rate with kapp value of = 1.1 x 10-2 min-1. Modification of TiO2 with Ce2Zr2O7 improves the photocatalytic efficiency due to the diminishing of bandgap energy from 3.25 to 2.60 eV. This research suggests a facile technique to construct TiO2-based composite, which can be potential as a novel material for photocatalytic dye degradation under visible-light illumination.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini didasarkan pada studi eksperimental yang menggunakan tanaman kapulaga sebagai item utama. Jenis tanaman kapulaga yang terpilih adalah dari Malaysia bernama Elettaria cardamomum. Pilihan tertentu dilakukan berdasarkan kriteria pilihan untuk mendapatkan kapulaga terbaik untuk digunakan dalam percobaan ini. Beberapa tes yang dilakukan pada ekstrak benih tanaman ini seperti alkaloid, uji saponin, kromatografi lapis tipis dan uji spektrofotometri. Uji coba dilakukan untuk membuktikan keyakinan kami bahwa kapulaga yang telah digunakan secara luas sebagai bumbu dalam makanan orang Asia juga dapat bermanfaat dalam pengobatan karena telah digunakan sebagai obat tradisional juga. Kami mencoba untuk memastikan adanya alkaloid, saponin dan minyak atsiri di kapulaga sebagai zat yang berharga dalam kedokteran modern. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa senyawa minyak atsiri ditemukan di Elettaria cardamomum berdasarkan uji spektrofotometri. Sebaliknya, semua tes lainnya tidak bisa menemukan jejak alkaloid atau saponin di Elettaria cardamomum. Berdasarkan pembahasan, uji alkaloid dan uji saponin dapat menjadi negatif karena faktor eksternal dan internal. Kami tidak bisa menyimpulkan bahwa unsur-unsur ini tidak terdapat dalam Elettaria cardamomum hanya dengan tes ini. Tes canggih lanjut dengan teknologi tinggi harus dilakukan untuk mengkonfirmasi adanya alkaloid dan saponin. Kami tidak bisa melanjutkan dengan tes lain karena kurangnya dana. Senyawa seperti Olleum foeniculli ditemukan di Elettaria cardamomum. Temuan ini mendukung saran bahwa Elettaria cardamomum mengandung minyak atsiri. ...... This research is based on experimental study that used cardamom plant as the main item. The type of cardamom plant chosen was from Malaysia named Elettaria Cardamomum. Specific selection was done based on our selection criteria to get the best cardamom to be used in this experiment. Few tests were conducted repeatedly on the plant such as alkaloid test, saponin test, thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometry test. The trials were done to prove our belief that cardamom which has been used widely as spices in food among Asians can also be beneficial in medicine since it has been used as traditional medicine too. We tried to ascertain the presence of alkaloid, saponin and volatile oil in cardamom as those substances are valuable in modern medicine. The results obtained showed that the compound of volatile oil was found in Elettaria Cardamomum based on spectrophotometry test. On the contrary, all the other tests couldn`t find any traces of alkaloid nor saponin in Elettaria Cardamomum. Based on the discussion, alkaloid test and saponin test can be negative due to many external and internal factors. We can`t conclude that those elements are absent in Elettaria Cardamomum only by these tests. Further advanced tests with high technology should be done to confirm the absence of alkaloid and saponin. We could not proceed with other tests due to lack of funds. Few compounds of Olleum Foeniculli were found in Elettaria Cardamomum. These findings support the suggestion that Elettaria Cardamomum contains volatile oil.