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"Penataan ulang pelayanan ruang udara adalah salah satu aspek untuk mengantisipasi meningkatnya risiko keselamatan penerbangan akibat dari pertumbuhan pergerakan pesawat udara dan meningkatnya kebutuhan pelayanan ruang udara. Saat ini masih ada beberapa bandar udara yang berdekatan menggunakan frekuensi radio penerbangan yang sama, akibatnya terjadi interferensi. Dengan meningkatnya pergerakan pesawat udara maka terjadinya interferensi tidak dapat ditolerir lagi. Tesis ini mengkaji upaya untuk menghilangkan interferensi melalui penataan ulang pelayanan ruang udara di bandar udara Hang Nadim - Batam, bandar udara Minangkabau - Padang dan bandar udara Depati Amir - Bangka. Proses penataan ulang pelayanan ruang udara ini meliputi unsur frekuensi radio penerbangan, unsur fasilitas komunikasi dan unsur pelayanan ruang udara (termasuk SDM). Kegiatan penataan ini dikaitkan dengan rencana peremajaan fasilitas komunikasi VHF-A/G pada ketiga bandar udara tersebut. Kelayakan dalam pemilihan fasilitas komunikasi VHF-A/G tersebut dihitung menggunakan teori ekonomi teknik. Dari tiga unsur yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini didapat tiga alternatif yang bisa diterapkan untuk kondisi saat ini yaitu : pertama, melakukan penataan layanan ruang udara pada beberapa bandar udara yang mengalami interferensi, kedua, melakukan penataan frekuensi radio penerbangan di seluruh ruang udara yang mengalami gangguan; ketiga, mengurangi pelayanan ruang udara suatu bandar udara untuk selanjutnya menyerahkan pelayanannya ke bandar udara lain. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, alternatif 3 dengan mengurangi pelayanan ruang udara suatu bandar udara untuk kemudian diserahkan pelayanannya ke bandar udara lain menunjukkan bahwa secara ekonomi menunjukkan hasil yang lebih optimal.

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Air space service rearrangement is one aspect in anticipation of increased risk due to aviation safety of aircraft movement growth and increasing demands for services of air space. While there are several adjacent airport uses aviation radio frequencies on the same, resulting in interference. With the increasing movement of aircraft then the interference can not be tolerated anymore.

This thesis examines the efforts to eliminate the interference by the rearrangement of service in the air space Hang Nadim airport - Batam, Minangkabau airport - Padang and Depati Amir airport - Bangka. The arrangement process of the air space services including the element of aviation radio frequency, communications facilities and services of the air space (including HR). Structuring activity is associated with rejuvenation plan communications facilities VHF-A/G in the third airport. Eligibility in the selection of communications facilities VHF-A/G was calculated using economic engineering theory.

Of the three elements examined in this study obtained three alternatives that could be applied to current conditions : first, to the arrangement of the air space services in some airports are experiencing interference; second, to the arrangement of radio frequencies across the air space flights have been affected; third, reducing the air space of a service airports to deliver its services further into other airports.

From the results of research conducted, alternative 3 by reducing the air space of a service to the airport and then transferred his service to other airports indicates that the economy showed more optimal results."

"Setiap negara memiliki tanggung jawab untuk membangun dan menyediakan layanan lalu lintas udara sebagaimana tertera dalam Pasal 28 Konvensi Chicago. Namun, Annex 11 Konvensi Chicago menyebutkan bahwa negara dapat mendelegasikan tanggung jawab tersebut kepada negara atau lembaga lain tanpa membahayakan kedaulatannya. Pendelegasian tanggung jawab tersebut dilakukan berdasarkan perjanjian yang disetujui oleh kedua belah pihak. Tetapi, pendelegasian tanggung jawab seringkali masih menyentuh kedaulatan sebuah negara. Maka dari itu, perlu dibedakan antara urusan operasional dan kedaulatan dalam pendelegasian layanan lalu lintas udara. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan menganalisis hukum udara internasional dan perjanjian bilateral mengenai pendelegasian layanan lalu lintas udara. Dalam praktiknya, sifat dari pasal-pasal yang tertera pada perjanjian tersebut menentukan seberapa jauh tanggung jawab yang harus dipenuhi oleh kedua belah pihak. Berdasarkan kesimpulan di atas, sebaiknya ketentuan dalam perjanjian bilateral mengenai tanggung jawab kedua belah pihak harus dibuat secara lengkap dan jelas untuk menghindari benturan antara urusan operasional dan kedaulatan.

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Each state is responsible for establishing and providing air traffic services as stated in Article 28 of the Chicago Convention. However, Annex 11 to the Chicago Convention stated that states could delegate these responsibilities to other states or institutions without jeopardizing their sovereignty. The delegation of responsibility is carried out based on a mutual agreement agreed by both parties. The delegation of responsibility often still touches the sovereignty of a state. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between operational matters and sovereignty in the delegation of air traffic services. The author uses a normative legal research method by analyzing international air law and bilateral agreements regarding the delegation of air traffic services. In practice, the nature of the articles contained in the agreement determines the extent of the responsibilities that both parties must fulfill. Based on the conclusions above, it is better if the provisions in bilateral agreements regarding the responsibilities of both parties must be made completely and clearly to avoid conflicts between operational matters and sovereignty.

 

Keywords: Delegate, responsibilities, operational, sovereignty, bilateral agreement, air traffic services."

"Dalam rangka mendukung pencapaian cita-cita bangsa Indonesia sebagai mana yang telah tertuang di dalam pembukaan undang-undang dasar 1915 alenia ke-4 yaitu terwujudnya masyarakat yang adil dan makmur berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD 1945, dibutuhkan suatu kondisi yang aman dari segala bentuk ancaman baik dari darat, laut maupun udara. Salah satu, tugas pokok TNI Angkatan Udara adalah menjaga dan mempertahankan kedaulatan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia di udara yang dilaksanakan baik secara mandiri maupun bersama-sama dengan unsur kekuatan lainnya.Berkaitan dengan tugas pokok tersebut diatas, maka penggelaran radar yang berfungsi sebagai "mata" dalam sistem pertahanan udara nasional ditujukan untuk dapat mendeteksi setiap ancaman yang datangnya dari wahana udara, baik berawak maupun tidak berawak. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di Dinas Penerangan TNI Atgkatan Udara dan Komando Pertahanan Udara Nasional, diperoleh data bahwa belurn seluruhnya wilayah udara nasional dapat diliput oleh radar pertahanan udara maupun radar untuk kepentingan Air Traffic Control (ATC) yang terdiri dari 16 unit radar pertahanan udara dan 22 unit radar sipil.Bila dicermati dari pola penggelaran baik radar hanud maupun radar sipil, maka akan terlihat adanya ketimpangan antara jumlah radar yang ada di wilayah Barat dan wilayah Timur Indonesia. Kondisi tersebut disebabkan oleh beberapa pertimbangan antara lain: disatu sisi untuk mengantisipasi adanya kemungkinan menjalarnya faham ideologi komunis dari taut Cina selatan, sisi lainnya bahwa prediksi ancaman udara berasal dari negara-negara barat tanpa melintas samudera pasifik.Oleh karena itu agar dapat mengawasi dan mengidentifikasi setiap bentuk ancaman kedaulatan NKRI dari segala arah khususnya melalui wahana udara, penulis beranggapan bahwa dengan mengkaji permasalahan sbb: peranan radar, jumlah radar yang dibutuhkan dan iokasi penempatannya serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dalam proses pengawasan ruang udara, akan memberikan kontribusi yang sangat positif utamanya dalam rangka mengurangi maraknya penerbangan gelap yang memasuki wilayah udara nasional.

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In order to achieve the ideal of the Indonesian Independence, as mention in the paragraph fourth in the 1945 Constitution, sale of all part of Indonesia (land, air and ocean) are needed. The main duties of The Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) (together with others or not) are to keep and defend the unity of the whole country, especially in the sky.

To do so, spreading radar to all part of Indonesia is required. Studied run by The Information Unit and The National Defenses Air Commando found all part of the Indonesia area could not be covered by the Air Traffic Control (ATC). At the moment, there are 16 ATC for military and 22 for public.

In fact that radar is not distributed equally between West Indonesia and East Indonesia. Reasons for that arc to avoid communism that comes from East China Ocean and to maintain safety of the Pacific Ocean.

So that, in order to keep and to identify all form of introducers who want to enter to Indonesia are needed. Hence, evaluating and exploring of radar in related to roles and sum that are needed to maintain safety: Besides that all factors (positive and negative) is also be evaluated."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang informasi data data radar kedalam satu display. Terdapat tiga bagian utama didalam sistem radar yaitu antena, transmitter dan receiver. Proses didalam data ? data radar ini berdasarkan sinkronisasi database pada radar processor yang diolah didalam satu layar. Penggabungan ini bertujuan memudahkan bagian Air Traffic Controller dalam mengawasi dan memonitoring pergerakan pesawat. Hasil dari aplikasi ini dapat menjadi pengembangan teknologi radar di Indonesia.The focus of this study is telling about information about data some radar into a display. In this radar system have 3 main part. There are antenna, transmitter and receiver. Radar can get information about object because electromagnet wave. The distance of wave having parameter. In the process of join some radar have synchronize database in the radar processor and then have output to be display in one monitor. This application have some benefit such as for the operator in Air Traffic Controller (ATC). They can operate easier because can monitoring plane in one display. The result of this thesis can be developing for radar technology in Indonesia."

"Air Traffic Control (ATC) tasks require a high mental workload with complex cognitive activities. Since the tasks are likely to be fatigue-inducing and may cause aircraft accidents, ergonomics interventions are needed. This study investigated the effectiveness of peppermint odor on improved performance and fatigue while conducting simulated ATC tasks. A total of 16 participants performed ATC tasks using SkyHigh simulation software for two hours in two conditions (with and without peppermint odor). While the simulator was able to record participants’ performance during ATC tasks, participants’ fatigue development was monitored using an electroencephalograph (EEG), a heart rate monitor (HRM), and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) apparatus. The results of this study show that the use of peppermint odor significantly (p < 0.05) improved simulation performance, based on all simulation indicators. The peppermint odor also significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited fatigue development, based on an EEG measure (decline in parietal ?), two HRM measures (decline in low frequency power (LF) and increase in high frequency power (HF)), and a PVT measure (10% of the longest time reaction)."

"This proceedings provides novel concepts and techniques for air traffic management (ATM) and communications, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) systems. The volume consists of selected papers from the 5th ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC2017) held in Tokyo in November 2017, the theme of which was “Drafting Future Skies”. Included are key topics to realize safer and more efficient skies in the future, linked to the integrated conference theme consisting of long-term visions based on presentations from various fields. The proceedings is dedicated not only to researchers, academicians, and university students, but also to engineers in the industry, air navigation service providers (ANSPs), and regulators of aviation."

"Dalam bidang penerbangan, radar banyak digunakan oleh pesawat tempur, menara ATC pada bandara, dan lain-lainnya. Salah satu aplikasi radar yang digunakan pada bandara adalah untuk mendeteksi serpihan objek asing atau FOD (Foreign Object Debris) pada lingkungan bandara, khususnya pada landasan pacu pesawat terbang. FOD atau Foreign Object Debris adalah segala jenis objek asing baik benda hidup maupun mati, besar ataupun kecil, yang tidak semestinya terletak pada lingkungan tersebut, karena berpotensi menyebabkan bahaya kecelekaaan, contohnya plat besi, mur, baut, dan lain-lainnya. FOD menjadi salah satu masalah yang cukup penting untuk diperhatikan, khususnya untuk bandara-bandara di Indonesia karena berpotensi membahayakan pesawat terbang yang sedang melintas, baik saat pesawat lepas landas maupun saat mendarat. Ditambah lagi aktivitas penerbangan domestik di Indonesia telah meningkat sebesar 40%dari tahun 2006 hingga 2019, sehingga perlu dilakukan tindakan pencegahan untuk meninimalisir resiko ini. Mekanisme pendeteksian FOD pada landasan pacu dengan teknologi radar yang telah ada di pasaran umumnya menggunakan modulasi FMCW dan menggunakan frekuensi yang sangat tinggi, berkisar dari 76 GHz (FODetect® by XSight Tech.) hingga yang tertinggi 96 GHz (Tarsier by QinetiQ), karena belum banyak alat penguji yang mampu mencapai frekuensi tersebut di Indonesia, sehingga perlu alternatif lain dengan frekunesi yang lebih rendah. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dirancang sepasang antena radar FMCW yang bekerja pada frekuensi 37,5 – 38,5 GHz, gain 32 dB yang di desain untuk memiliki performa serupa dengan produk pasaran yaitu radar FODetect® yang menggunakan modulasi FMCW dengan frekunesi kerja 75.5-76.5 GHz, gain 32 dB. Antena yang di desain ini menggunakan model rectangular waveguide WR-28 dan reflektor parabola sebagai model acuannya dan mampu bekerja pada beberapa rentang frkeuensi di rentang 37.5 – 38.5 GHz yaitu frekuensi 37.5 – 37.55 GHz, 37.64 – 37.72 GHz, 37.82 – 37.88 GHz, 37.95 – 38.39 GHz, dan 38.49 – 38.5 GHz, dengan total bandwidth yang tercapai adalah 0.64 GHz, dan memiliki Isolation Between Port sebesar ≤ −60 dB, dengan hasil lainnya secara simulasi yaitu Gain sebesar 31.9 – 32.2 dB, pola radiasi directional, polarisasi linear dan beamwidth sebesar 3,6°.

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In an aviation field, radar is widely used for many applications such as the fighter jets, ATC tower in airport, etc. One of the applications of radar technology is used to detect FOD or Foreign Object Debris in the airport environment, especially in the runaway area. FOD or Foreign Object Debris are every kinds of objects, living or inanimate object, small or big, that located in an inappropriate location in airport, which may cause hazard to the aviation operations, i.e.: iron plate debris, nuts, bolts, etc. FOD becomes one of important issue that must be considered, especially in the most airports in Indonesia, because it will potentially dangerous to every aircraft in the runaway, either during take-off or landing moments. Moreover, the activity of domestic flight in Indonesia from 2006 to 2019 increased by 40 %, so it is necessary to take precautions or mitigation act to minimize this risk. The current’s commercials FOD detection mechanism with radar commonly use FMCW modulation of very high frequency, range form 76 GHz (FODetect® by XSight Tech.) to the highest of 96 GHz (Tarsier by inetiQ), because the measuring instruments that can reach those frequencies are rarely found in Indonesia, so it’s necessary to find other alternative which use lower frequency. Therefore, in this research, a pair of antennas is designed which expected to operate with frequency of 37.5 – 38.5 GHz and gain of 32 dB with FMCW operation-mode. This pair of antennas is based from one of the commercial product: FODetect®’s radar that also work with FMCW operation-mode, with operating frequencies are 75.5 – 76.5 GHz, and gain of 32 dB. The designed antenna uses rectangular waveguide and parabolic reflector as the reference model and successfully to work on frequency ranges of 37.5 – 37.55 GHz, 37.64 – 37.72 GHz, 37.82 – 37.88 GHz, 37.95 – 38.39 GHz, and 38.49 – 38.5 GHz with the total bandwidth of 0.64 GHz and Isolation Between Port of ≤ −60 dB, and the others simulated results: gain of 31.4 – 32.2 dB, has directional radiation pattern, linear polarization and beamwidth of 3,6°."

"Beginning with the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 in US, followed by the European Union in 1997, airlines have been constructing route networks of their own choosing rather than operating ones implicitly chosen for them by civil aviation authority. These changes have had profound effects on many aspects of airline operation, particularly fares, service, quality, and safety. But, most importantly, airlines have altered their route structures by developing hub-and-spoke networks, and this has affected all of these aspects. This structure is likely to flourish around the world as a consequence of airline liberalization and the growing trend toward privatization of this industry.In a hub-and-spoke network, centrally located service facilities serve as the hubs. Flows from a set of outlying nonhub nodes arrive at hubs and, after regrouping, all leave the hub facilities bound either to other hubs or to their ultimate destinations. Thus, the flows from the same origin with different destinations are consolidated on the route to a hub facility and the flows with different origins but the same destination on the route out of a hub facility. The centralization and broader scope of operations let the system take advantage of economies of scale.This paper proposes a framework to optimize the flight network using hub-and-spoke system. This problem consists of the determination of hub number, hub location and route assignment in order to minimize the overall transportation cost. The model is solved using genetic algorithm approach. Two networking strategies are considered:1. Strict hubbing, in which a spoke is assigned to exactly one hub and all flows to/from spoke are channeled trough the same hub and 2. Nonstrict hubbing, in which a spoke can be assigned to more than one hub under certain condition. Different values of airport fixed costs are also implemented. Variations of these strategies are evaluated along with various parameters of air transport production using data on air passenger flows between top 30 Indonesian airports in 2000.The result shows that the adoption of hub-and-spoke network increase the overall system performance with increasing load factor, frequency, coverage area, revenue passenger kilometer, available seat kilometer and more efficient utilization of aircraft. Moreover, Nonstrict hubbing strategy offers smaller total system cost, more routes and more nonstop flights."