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"Latar belakang : Toluena merupakan zat pelarut sering digunakan di berbagai industri seperti dalam pembuatan cat, lem dan lainnya. Toluena mempunyai sifat lipofilik dan memberikan efek toksik ke beberapa organ seperti sistem saraf pusat. Pada tahap biomolekuler, toluena merubah struktur lipid pada membran sel, sehingga terjadi peningkatan kadar MDA plasma dan jaringan. Pada Sistem Saraf Pusat, toluena bisa melewati sawar otak dan menyebabkan gangguan pada serebelum otak sehingga dapat meningkatkan kadar MDA serta terjadi perubahan struktur pada dinding sel astrosit. Metode : Untuk mengetahui efek pajanan toluena selama 14 hari dengan dosis dibawah nilai ambang pada organ serebelum otak, dan dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar MDA serebelum otak, serta kerusakan dari sel Astrosit, menggunakan lima kelompok tikus jenis Wistar jantan dengan pajanan sebesar 1,6 ml; 3,2 ml; 6,4 ml; 12,8 ml; dan kelompok kontrol tanpa pajanan. Hasil: Analisis uji nilai kadar MDA serebelum otak menggunakan One Way Anova dengan hasil tidak ada perbedaan rerata (p=0.133) antar kelompok pajanan dengan kelompok kontrol, dan analisis jumlah sel Astrosit dengan menggunakan One Way Anova didapatkan (p=0,310) dengan hasil tidak ada perbedaan antar kelompok pajanan. Kesimpulan : Tidak ada perbedaan rerata pada kelompok pajanan pada nilai MDA serebelum Otak maupun jumlah Sel Astrosit yang terpajan toluena dengan dosis dibawah nilai ambang.

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Backgrounds : Toluene is a solvent commonly used in various industries such as in the manufacture of paint, glue and others. Toluene has lipophilic properties and toxic effects to some organs such as the central nervous system. At this stage of biomolecular, toluene alters the structure of the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in an increased of plasma and tissue levels of MDA. In the Central Nervous System, toluene can cross the blood brain barrier and cause a disruption in the cerebellum of the brain, thereby increasing the levels of MDA and structural changes in the structure of astrocytes’ cells.

Methods : To determine the effect of toluene exposure for 14 days at doses below the threshold value on the organ brain cerebellum and cerebellar MDA examination of the brain, as well as causing damage to Astrocytes cells, using five groups of male Wistar rats with four types of exposure of 1.6 ml; 3.2 ml; 6.4 ml; 12.8 ml; and a control group without exposure.

Results : MDA value analysis test brain cerebellum using One Way Anova showed no significance mean difference (p = 0.133) between the exposed group and the control group. From the analysis of the number of cells Astrocytes using One Way Anova that obtained (p = 0.310) with no difference in outcomes among exposed groups.

Conclusion : There was no significance difference in the group mean exposure to MDA values and the number of cells of the cerebellum Brain Astrocytes exposed to toluene at a dose below the threshold value."

"[Latar Belakang: Formaldehida memiliki efek iritan dan karsinogenik. Keganasan yang sering disebut sebagai akibat pajanan zat ini adalah karsinoma nasofaring, namun berbagai penelitian menunjukkan zat ini juga dapat menyebabkan kelainan leukosit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pajanan formaldehida dengan perubahan leukosit pada pekerja yang menggunakan dan tidak menggunakan formaldehida dalam proses kerjanya.Metode penelitian: Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang komparatif dilakukan pada 108 responden laki-laki sehat yang bekerja di dipping dan weaving unit selama minimal satu tahun. Data dikumpulkan dari wawancara, kuisioner, pemeriksaan fisik dan pemeriksaan laboratorium (jumlah leukosit, hitung jenis dan morfologi darah tepi). Kriteria eksklusi penelitian ini adalah pekerja dengan riwayat keganasan, kemoterapi/radioterapi, dan infeksi. Pengukuran formaldehida lingkungan dilakukan dengan metode NIOSH 3500 dan NIOSH 2541. Pengukuran jumlah leukosit dan hitung jenis leukosit dilakukan dengan menggunakan Hematology Analyzer ABX PENTRA 6, sementara pemeriksaan morfologi darah tepi dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan sediaan apus darah tepi.Hasil: Walaupun pajanan formaldehida lingkungan di dipping unit menunjukkan nilai < 0,032 ppm, kelompok dipping unit memiliki risiko 4,74 kali lebih tinggi untuk mengalami gangguan morfologi leukosit dibandingkan responden kelompok weaving unit. Tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara unit kerja dengan jumlah dan hitung jenis leukosit. Hasil serupa ditemukan pada variabel faktor perancu seperti usia, indeks massa tubuh, masa kerja, kebiasaan merokok, dan penggunaan alat pelindung diri.Kesimpulan: Pajanan kronis formaldehida dosis rendah dapat menyebabkan kelainan morfologi leukosit yang dapat menjadi penanda gangguan leukosit yang lebih serius., Background: Formaldehyde is an irritant and carcinogenic agent. Nasopharynx carcinoma is the most frequent cancer caused by formaldehyde exposure, but many studies showed that formaldehyde exposure can lead to leukocyte disorders. The aim of this study was to find the relationship between formaldehyde exposure with leukocyte changes among workers who worked with formaldehyde compared to workers who did not work with formaldehyde.Methods: A comparative cross sectional study was conducted, involving 108 male respondents who worked in dipping and weaving unit for a minimal of one year. Data collected by interview, questionnaire, physical and laboratory examination (leukocyte count, differential count, morphology). Exclusion criteria for this study were respondents with malignancy, chemotherapy/radiotherapy, and infection. Environmental formaldehyde was measured using NIOSH 3500 and NIOSH 2541 methods. Leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count was analyzed using Hematology Analyzer ABX PENTRA 6, while leukocyte morphology was conducted by peripheral blood smear.Results: Eventhough the environmental formaldehyde level at dipping unit was < 0,032 ppm, dipping unit respondent group has a 4,74 times higher risk to get leukocyte morphology abnormality than worker from weaving unit’s. There were no significant relationship between working unit and leukocyte count and differential count. The same results were found with confounding factor variables such as age, body mass index, working duration, smoking, and personal protective equipment variabels.Conclusion: This study showed chronic low exposure of formaldehyde can cause leukocyte morphology abnormality which in turn can lead to more serious leukocytes disorder.]"

"[Latar belakang : Formaldehida sebagian besar diinhalasi melalui saluran pernafasan bagian atas dan mempengaruhi mukosa hidung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan pajanan formaldehida yang ada di industri kain ban terhadap eosinofil dan neutrofil swab hidung.Metode : Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang komparatif. Analisis yang dilakukan menggunakan uji regresi logistik. Responden berjumlah 100 orang laki-laki, terdiri dari 50 responden di bagian dipping dan 50 responden di bagian weaving. Metode pengukuran formaldehida dengan menggunakan metode NIOSH 3500. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan total population pada bagian dipping dan simple random sampling pada bagian weaving.Hasil : Kadar formaldehida lingkungan di bagian dipping adalah 0,032 mg/m3. Prevalensi eosinofil positif pada pekerja weaving dan dipping didapatkan 30% sedangkan neutrofil positif didapatkan sebesar 80 %. Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pajanan formaldehida dengan eosinofil dan neutrofil swab hidung. Variabel independent yang paling berpengaruh terhadap neutrofil positif adalah kebiasaan merokok dengan OR 4,680; 95% CI 1,52 – 14,44; p = 0,007.Kesimpulan : Formaldehida tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan eosinofil dan neutrofil swab hidung, namun pengaruh formaldehida terhadap eosinofil swab hidung belum dapat disingkirkan mengingat adanya gambaran degranulasi eosinofil sehingga diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut di tingkat seluler., Background : Most of formaldehyde exposure is inhaled in upper respiratory track which affecst the nasal mucosa. This study aims at exploring the correlation between formaldehyde exposure in tire cord industry with nasal swab eosinophil and neutrophil.Methods : The design of the study is comparative cross sectional. Analysis conducted was logistic regression. Total respondents are 100 male consisting of 50 respondents from dipping area and 50 respondents from weaving area. The method for formaldehyde level used NIOSH 3500. The method for collection sample used totalpopulation in dipping area and simple random sampling in weaving area.Results : Formaldehyde level in dipping area was 0,032 mg/m.3. The results of the study showed that eosinophils positive at weaving and dipping area were 30% and neutrophils positive were 80%. No significant correlation was found between formaldehyde exposure and eosinophils and neutrophils nasal swab. Independentvariable that mostly influence positive neutrophils was smoking with OR 4.680, 95% CI 1.52–14.44, p = 0.007.Conclusions : Formaldehyde has no significantly correlation with eosinophils and neutrophils nasal swab, but the effect of formaldehyde on eosinophil nasal swab can not be ignored because of eosinophils degranulation, so further research is still needed at the cellular level.]"

"[Latar belakang : Hasil pada penelitian hewan coba yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya, salah satunya menyatakan pajanan formaldehida dapat menimbulkan nefrotoksisitas. Cystatin c merupakan penanda endogen laju filtrasi glomerulus yang mendekati ideal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara pajanan formaldehida dan faktor risiko lain dengan kadar cystatin c serum pada pekerja industri kain ban yang bekerja dengan formaldehida (dipping) dan tidak bekerja dengan formaldehida (weaving).Metode penelitian : Desain studi adalah potong lintang komparatif. Melibatkan 144 pekerja secara total, masing-masing 72 orang laki-laki dari bagian dipping dan weaving. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara wawancara, kuisioner, pemeriksaan fisik dan data sekunder pekerja dari data hasil MCU 2012. Cystatin c serum diukur dengan menggunakan metode PENIA.Hasil : Total sampel dalam penelitian ini yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi sebanyak 119 orang. Hasil pengukuran cystatin c serum menunjukkan rata-rata masih dalam batas normal. Variabel unit kerja dengan formaldehida, perokok sedang, obese dan masa kerja >15-29 tahun memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kadar cystatin c serum. Dari hasil regresi linear bahwa kekuatan asosiasi paling dominan dengan kadar cystatin c serum adalah unit kerja dengan formaldehida (β=0,293, p=0,001).Kesimpulan : Rata-rata kadar cystatin c serum pada bagian dipping lebih tinggi dibandingkan bagian weaving, meskipun masih dalam batas normal. Didapatkan hasil kadar cystatin c serum diatas normal dengan kadar 0,986 mg/L pada 1 responden dari bagian dipping yang telah bekerja pada unit dengan formaldehida selama 27 tahun, namun pekerja tersebut juga memiliki faktor risiko lainnya yaitu obese grade 1 dan perokok ringan. Unit kerja dengan formaldehida memiliki hubungan paling dominan dengan kadar cystatin c serum., Background : Review of literature from previous animal studies, showed that exposure to formaldehyde can increase the risk of nephrotoxicity. Cystatin c is a nearly ideal endogenous marker of glomerular filtration rate. This study aims to determine that relationship between formaldehyde exposure and other risk factors with levels of serum cystatin c in the fabric tire industry among workers who worked with formaldehyde (dipping department) and those who worked without formaldehyde (weaving department).Methods : A comparative cross-sectional design was used. A total of 144 workers were included, 72 men from each department. Data collection conducted was by interview using a standardized questionnaire, physical examination and collecting secondary data from 2012 MCU data. Cystatin c was measured by PENIA method.Results : Workers who met inclusion criteria were 119 people. Formaldehyde exposure, moderate smokers, obese and lenght of work >15-29 years had a meaningful relationship with levels of serum cystatin c. Result of linear regression showed that the dominant associated factor with levels of serum cystatin c is the workplace that used formaldehyde (β=0,293, p=0,001).Conclusion : Mean levels of serum cystatin c among workers of the dipping department was higher than weaving department, although still within normal limits. Only one respondent showed at a level of serum cystatin c above normal with 0,986 mg/L from the dipping department who has been working 27 years, he also had other factors like obese grade 1 and is a light smoker. Working with formaldehyde showed the most dominant relationship with levels of serumcystatin c.]"

"[Latar belakang: Perilaku penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) pada pekerja sektor konstruksi di Indonesia masih kurang baik, ditandai dengan masih tingginya angka kematian dan disabilitas akibat kecelakaan kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mengapa dan bagaimana fenomena tersebut terjadi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan APD pada pekerja konstruksi.Metode: Studi kualitatif menggunakan Fokus Grup Diskusi (FGD) dan wawancara mendalam dengan pedoman wawancara semi-struktur pada 13 informan pekerja konstruksi, 3 orang mandor, 4 orang manajemen proyek serta 2 orang manajemen perusahaan sebuah perusahaan jasa konstruksi nasional. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan fenomenologis.Hasil: Pekerja konstruksi mengakui bahwa tidak atau tidak selalu memakai APD, khususnya yang rutin harus digunakan. Sikap pekerja yang kurang baik dipengaruhi oleh pengetahuan terbatas, konsep diri rendah (persepsi, intensi dan pengalaman), status pekerja serta tingkat pendidikan yang rendah.Manajemen proyek hingga manajemen perusahaan berperan dalam penyediaan, inventarisasi APD yang kurang memadai, peraturan yang tidak dijalankan dengan ketat, pelatihan yang tidak diberikan kepada pekerja. Manajemen proyek dan mandor juga bertanggung jawab terhadap pengawasan, namun implementasi di lapangan masih longgar.Kesimpulan: Perilaku pekerja konstruksi dalam penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) terutama dipengaruhi oleh tingkat pendidikan yang rendah dan status kerja. Kurangnya pengawasan, pelatihan serta regulasi dari manajemen berkontribusi terhadap perilaku penggunaan APD pada pekerja., Backgrounds: Construction workers’ lack of good behavior towards Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) usage, marked by high incidence of mortality and disability caused by occupational accidents in Indonesia. This research aim is to study why and how this phenomenon occured among construction workers and factors infulencing workers’ behavior on PPE usage.Method: Qualitative study was conducted ,consisted of focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with semi-structured quidelines involving 13 construction workers, 3 supervisors, 4 project management staffs and 2 company management staffs from a national construction company . Conceptual framework used was phenomenological study.Results: Construction workers admitted that PPE did not always used at work, particularly those routinely have to be used. Lack of good PPE usage behavior caused by limited knowledge of PPE functions, workers’ low self concept (perception, intention, and experience), low educational level, labor status,. Project management to company management took part in lack of PPE supply, inventory, regulations and training that did not meet the requirements. Project management and supervisors also contributed to supervision, although the implementation still loose.Conclusion: Construction workers behavior of PPE usage particularly caused by low educational level and labor status. Management’s lack of supervision, training, and regulation contributed to workers’ PPE usage behavior.]"

"[Latar Belakang: Jumlah kecelakaan kerja yang masih tinggi dan belum ada studi epidemiologi kasus kecelakaan kerja yang ditangani Instalasi Gawat Darurat Rumah Sakit di Indonesia. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui distribusi kasus kecelakaan kerja di tempat kerja yang ditangani di Instalasi Gawat Darurat RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta dan faktor di tempat kerja yang berhubungan dengan kefatalan cedera.Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan cross-sectional dengan cara wawancara dan data sekunder status rekam medis. Didapatkan 131 sampel dengan convenient sampling dari 23 April sampai dengan 16 Desember 2013. Analisis yang digunakan univariat, bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square dan Exact Fisher’s Test serta analisis multivariat regresi logistik. Variabel yang diteliti faktor sosiodemografi, riwayat kecelakaan kerja sebelumnya, waktu terjadinya kecelakaan, perilaku kerja tidak aman, kondisi fisik pekerja tidak aman, lingkungan kerja tidak aman dan kinerja manajemen keselamatan tidak aman.Hasil: Distribusi berdasarkan klasifikasi kecelakaan kerja didapatkan jenis kecelakaan terbanyak adalah tertumbuk atau terkena benda, penyebab kecelakaan terbanyak adalah mesin, sifat luka terbanyak adalah luka superfisial, lokasi luka terbanyak adalah ekstremitas atas, bidang pekerjaan terbanyak adalah bidang konstruksi dan pemeliharaan gedung serta jenis pekerjaan terbanyak adalah kelompok pekerja kasar. Persentase cedera fatal 7,6 % dari 131 kasus kecelakaan kerja di tempat kerja. Faktor sosiodemografi pekerja bukan formal didapatkan mempunyai resiko 12 kali mengalami cedera fatal dibanding pekerja formal. Adapun faktor sosiodemografi lain, riwayat kecelakaan kerja sebelumnya, waktu terjadinya kecelakaan, perilaku kerja tidak aman, kondisi fisik pekerja tidak aman, lingkungan kerja tidak aman dan kinerja manajemen keselamatan tidak aman didapatkan tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan kefatalan cedera.Kesimpulan: Faktor utama yang berhubungan dengan kefatalan cedera kasus kecelakaan kerja di tempat kerja adalah pekerja bukan formal., Background: The number of workplace accident still high and epidemiological study about workplace accident cases that treated in emergency department in Indonesia has not yet been available. This study is to determine workplace accident cases that was treated in emergency department of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital distribution and association between workplace factors with injury fatality.Methods: Research design was cross-sectional with interview and secondary data from medical records. Sample size was obtained 131 through convenient sampling from April 23 to December 16, 2013. Analysis that conducted are univariate analysis, bivariate analysis using Chi-square and Fisher's Exact Test and multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Variables that examined were sociodemographic factors, history of previous workplace accident, the time of the accident, unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, unsafe management performance, physical condition of the workers.Results: Distribution of workplace accident classification showed the highest number of workplace accident type was striking against or struck by objects, agency type was machine, injury nature type was superficial wound, injury bodily location type was upper limb, job field type was construction and occupation type was blue-collar workers. Percentage of fatal injury was 7.6 % from 131 workplace accidents and non-formal workers have 12 times risk of fatal injury than formal workers. The other sociodemographic factors, history of previous work accident, the time of the accident, unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, unsafe management performance, physical condition of the workers were found no significant relationship with the fatality injury.Conclusion: Main factor that associated with injury fatality of workplace accident is non-formal workers.]"

"[Latar Belakang : Pelarut organik, Toluena luas digunakan dalam industri dan dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada berbagai organ termasuk hati. Tujuan dari studi ini untuk meneliti efek pajanan inhalasi akut toluena pada berbagai dosis rendah terhadap hati tikus Wistar jantan.Metode : Tiga puluh ekor hewan coba dibagi menjadi lima kelompok. Satu kelompok sebagai kelompok kontrol dan empat kelompok diberikan pajanan toluena masing-masing 1,6 cc, 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc, 12,8 cc selama 4 jam/hari selama 14 hari terus menerus. Pada hari ke 14, hewan coba didekapitasi, untuk pemeriksaan Malondialdehid (MDA) Hati, MDA Plasma (metode Will’s) dan Histopatologi Hati (pewarnaan Hematoxilin Eosin).Hasil : Rerata kadar MDA Hati antar kelompok pajanan berbeda bermakna (p=0,009). Perbedaan bermakna terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc dan 12,8 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok pajanan 1,6 cc dan 3,2 cc. Perbedaan bermakna juga terlihat pada kelompok 6,4 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Rerata kadar MDA Plasma antar kelompok pajanan tidak berbeda bermakna (p=0,118). Rerata skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati antar kelompok pajanan berbeda bermakna (p<0,001). Perbedaan bermakna terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc dan 12,8 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol dan kelompok pajanan 1,6 cc. Perbedaan bermakna juga terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok pajanan 3,2 cc dan pada kelompok pajanan 12,8 cc dibandingkan kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc. Pajanan toluena berkorelasi bermakna positif dengan kadar MDA Hati, kadar MDA Plasma dan gambaran Histopatologi Hati (r=0,415: p=0,025, r=0,416: p=0,025, r=0,719: p<0,001).Kesimpulan : Pajanan akut toluena dosis rendah pada tikus Wistar jantan menunjukkan kerusakan sel yang ditandai dengan kenaikan kadar MDA Hati, skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati yang bermakna masing-masing mulai pada dosis pajanan 6,4 cc (setara dengan 50 ppm), 3,2 cc (setara dengan 25 ppm) dan menunjukkan korelasi positif kuat antara pajanan toluena dengan skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati., Background: An organic solvent, Toluene is widely used in industry and can cause disordes in various organs including the liver. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of acute inhalation exposure to toluene at various low doses of the male Wistar rat liver.Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. One group as a control group and four groups were exposed to toluene 1.6 cc, 3.2 cc, 6.4 cc, 12.8 cc respectively for 4 hours/day for 14 days continuously. On the 14th day, the animals were decapitated, for examination of Liver Malondialdehyde, Plasma Malondialdehyde (Will's method) and Liver Histopathology (Haematoxylin-eosin staining).Results: The mean Liver MDA levels between exposure groups were significant differences (p=0,009). The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc and 12,8 cc exposured group compared to the 1,6 cc and 3,2 cc exposure group. The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc exposure group compared to the control group also. The mean Plasma MDA levels between groups were not significant differences (p=0.118).. The mean Liver Histopathology feature between groups were significant differences (p<0,001). The significant differences were observed in the 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc and 12,8 cc exposure group compared to the control group and 1,6 cc exposure group. The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc exposure group compared to 3,2 cc and in the 12,8 cc exposure group compared to 6,4 cc exposure group also. Toluene exposure was positively significantly correlated with Liver Malondialdehyde level, Plasma Malondialdehyde level and Liver Histopathology feature (r = 0.415: p = 0.025, r = 0.416: p = 0.025, r = 0.719: p <0.001).Conclusions: Low doses toluene acute exposure in male Wistar rats showed cell damage characterized by increased Liver Malondialdehyde level, Liver Histopathology feature score that statistically significant started at exposure dose of 6.4 cc (equivalent with 50 ppm), 3.2 cc (equivalent with 25 ppm), respectively and showed strong positive correlation between toluene exposure and Liver Histophatology feature score.]"

"[Latar Belakang. Prevalensi UE-WRMSDs pada populasi pekerja masih tinggi dan kondisi ini menyebabkan kerugian bagi pekerja atau perusahaan serta menurunkan produktivitas kerja. Aspek terpenting pengendalian UE-WRMSDs adalah deteksi dini risiko pajanan di tempat kerja dengan menggunakan metode OCRA sebagai salah satu instrumen penapisan risiko. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat hubungan antara faktor individu pekerja, faktor lingkungan kerja, faktor biomekanika kerja berbasis OCRA dengan kejadian UE-WRMSDs pada kelompok pekerja pengrajin logam informal.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain potong lintang dan dilaksanakan pada Maret – Juni 2014 terhadap pengrajin logam informal Citeureup-Kabupaten Bogor. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner yang meliputi karakteristik sosiodemografi, analisis rekaman proses kerja dengan metode OCRA, pengukuran bising ambien dengan Sound Level Meter, pengukuran vibrasi segmental dengan Accelerometer serta stresor kerja dengan Survey Diagnosis Stres. Hasil. Prevalensi UE-WRMSDs pada pengrajin logam informal sebesar 59.1%. Faktor pajanan di tempat kerja yang berisiko terhadap kejadian UE-WRMSDs adalah pajanan vibrasi segmental instrumen kerja (OR 5.79, 95% CI 1.14-29.49). Tidak didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara kejadian UE-WRMSDs dengan usia, IMT, kebiasaan aktivitas fisik, kebisingan ambien, kebiasaan merokok, skor indeks OCRA dan stresor kerja.Simpulan dan Saran. Penanggulangan UE-WRMSDs ditentukan melalui deteksi dini, tatalaksana yang tepat dan kesadaran pekerja untuk segera berobat saat mengalami keluhan. Diperlukan suatu analisis menyeluruh selama waktu kerja menggunakan instrumen OCRA terhadap jenis pekerjaan yang bervariasi untuk hasil yang lebih akurat. , Background. UE-WRMSDs prevalence of working population is quite high and this condition causes harm to workers or the company as well as decreasing productivity. The most important aspect of UE-WRMSDs management is early detection of risk exposure in the workplace by using OCRA as risk screening instrument. This study examines the relationship between worker’s individual factors, working environment factors and biomechanical factors with UE-WRMSDs incidence of the metalworkers informal groups.Method. This study used a cross-sectional design involving metalworkers informal groups in Citeureup-Bogor from March - June 2014. Data is collected using questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, analysis of recorded-working process with OCRA method. Measurements of ambient noise, segmental vibration and work stressors were using Sound Level Meter, accelerometer and Stress Diagnosis Survey questionnaire respectively.Result. UE-WRMSDs prevalence on metal workers informal groups is 59.1%. The risk of workplace exposure for UE-WRMSDs is segmental vibration exposure of working instrument (OR 5.79, 95% CI 1.14-29.49). There were no statistically significant results between the incidence of the UE-WRMSDs with age, BMI, physical activity habits, ambient noise, smoking habits, OCRA index score and work stressors.Conlusion and Recommendation. Management of UE-WRMSDs is determined through early detection and worker’s awareness to seek proper medical treatment immediately when experiencing complaints. Complete analysis of working process for various type of work using OCRA instrument are required for obtaining more accurate results.]"

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi dari fenomena perilaku merokok pada pekerja konstruksi di kantor pusat Jakarta dan dermaga pelabuhan Tanjung Priok menggunakan teori Health Belief Model. Informan di pilih yang merokok, pernah mencoba berhenti merokok dan mantan perokok. Saturasi data dicapai pada pertemuan manajemen 2 kali dan buruh 4 kali melalui diskusi kelompok terfokus dan wawancara mendalam pada 33 orang. Data direkam dan dianalisa secara induktif serta validitas menggunakan metode triangulasi. Enam tema sentral meliputi faktor modifikasi, persepsi kerentanan dan keparahan sakit akibat rokok, persepsi hambatan, persepsi manfaat dan self efficacy. Mantan perokok pada manajemen mampu menolak rokok disebabkan (1) kuatnya dukungan keluarga; (2) merasakan sendiri ancaman sakit akibat rokok; (3) tingginya self efficacy. Informan buruh yang merokok tidak pernah berpikir menolak rokok karena (1) rendahnya persepsi ancaman sakit akibat rokok karena baru saja merasakan nikmatnya rokok; (2) rendahnya pengawasan perusahaan. Perokok yang pernah mencoba berhenti merokok dan akhirnya gagal disebabkan tingginya persepsi hambatan. Role model akan berpengaruh pada suatu kelompok jika memiliki kesamaan kelas sosial. Penerapan reward lebih bermanfaat dibandingkan punishment. Institusi pendidikan dapat berperan pada faktor modifikasi melalui promosi kesehatan dan preventif.

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ABSTRACTThis study was aimed to obtain information from phenomenon smoking behavior of construction workers in central office at Jakarta and Tanjung Priok harbor using Health Belief Model theory. Informants selected were current smokers, smokers who have tried quitting, and former smokers. Data saturation was obtained on two-times management meeting and four-times labor focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in 33 people. Data were recorded and analyzed inductively and validated using triangulation method. Six central themes including modification factors, perceptions of vulnerability and severity of illness because of smoking, perceived barriers, perceived benefits and self efficacy. Former smokers from the management group was able to refuse due to (1) good family support; (2) self perceiveness of illness due to tobacco menace; (3) high self-efficacy. Labor who smoke never thought of quitting because (1) low perception of illness due to tobacco because of ?feel good? sensation; (2) lack of company supervision. Smokers who had tried to quit smoking and ultimately were usually failed because of high perceived barriers. Role model will have an effect with similar social classes. Implementation of reward was more helpful than punishment. Educational institutions can play role in the modification factor through health promotions and preventives. ;This study was aimed to obtain information from phenomenon smoking behavior of construction workers in central office at Jakarta and Tanjung Priok harbor using Health Belief Model theory. Informants selected were current smokers, smokers who have tried quitting, and former smokers. Data saturation was obtained on two-times management meeting and four-times labor focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in 33 people. Data were recorded and analyzed inductively and validated using triangulation method. Six central themes including modification factors, perceptions of vulnerability and severity of illness because of smoking, perceived barriers, perceived benefits and self efficacy. Former smokers from the management group was able to refuse due to (1) good family support; (2) self perceiveness of illness due to tobacco menace; (3) high self-efficacy. Labor who smoke never thought of quitting because (1) low perception of illness due to tobacco because of ?feel good? sensation; (2) lack of company supervision. Smokers who had tried to quit smoking and ultimately were usually failed because of high perceived barriers. Role model will have an effect with similar social classes. Implementation of reward was more helpful than punishment. Educational institutions can play role in the modification factor through health promotions and preventives. , This study was aimed to obtain information from phenomenon smoking behavior of construction workers in central office at Jakarta and Tanjung Priok harbor using Health Belief Model theory. Informants selected were current smokers, smokers who have tried quitting, and former smokers. Data saturation was obtained on two-times management meeting and four-times labor focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in 33 people. Data were recorded and analyzed inductively and validated using triangulation method. Six central themes including modification factors, perceptions of vulnerability and severity of illness because of smoking, perceived barriers, perceived benefits and self efficacy. Former smokers from the management group was able to refuse due to (1) good family support; (2) self perceiveness of illness due to tobacco menace; (3) high self-efficacy. Labor who smoke never thought of quitting because (1) low perception of illness due to tobacco because of ”feel good” sensation; (2) lack of company supervision. Smokers who had tried to quit smoking and ultimately were usually failed because of high perceived barriers. Role model will have an effect with similar social classes. Implementation of reward was more helpful than punishment. Educational institutions can play role in the modification factor through health promotions and preventives. ]"

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan menguji hubungan antara locus of control dengan kejadian stres kerja, serta peran faktor risiko stres lainnya terhadap kejadian stres kerja.Penelitian dilakukan di instansi pemerintahan bidang pengawasan keuangan dengan subjek penelitian 150 pekerja. Penelitian berlangsung November sampai Desember 2014. Penelitian dilakukan dengan kuesioner Survey Diagnostic Stress (SDS), Self Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20), Work Locus of Control dan pengukuran Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Stres kerja ditentukan dari hasil penggabungan SRQ-20, HRV dan SDS. Analisis univariat dilakukan untuk variabel bebas. Analisis bivariat dengan uji Chi-Square untuk menetapkan variable bebas dengan kandidat yang ditentukan pada uji multivariate berdasarkan nilai p < 0.25. Faktor determinan berdasarkan korelasi antar variable bebas dengan stres kerja didapatkan dengan analisis regresi logistik ganda.Distribusi responden locus of control internal sebanyak 39,3% dan eksternal 60,7%. Risiko LoC eksternal dapat menyebabkan terjadinya stres kerja lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan LoC internal (RR = 0,950; p = 0,459). Data tingkat stres kerja menunjukkan 72,7% responden tidak terdapat stres kerja. Tingkat pendidikan ditemukan sebagai faktor determinan kejadian stres kerja (RR = 1,504; p 0,000). Locus of control tidak berperan banyak dalam terjadinya stres kerja di instansi pemerintahan bidang pengawasan keuangan. Tingkat pendidikan mempunyai hubungan bermakna dalam menentukan stres kerja, dimana tingkat pendidikan tinggi memiliki korelasi dengan tingkat stres yang rendah.

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ABSTRACTThis study was aimed to determine the relationship between LoC and incidence of occupational stress, as well as examine the relationship of other stress risk factors with the incidence of occupational stress. This research was conducted during November-December 2014 in a government financial institution with 150 workers as research subjects. The research was using Survey Diagnostic Stress (SDS), Self Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20), Work Locus of Control and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) measurement. Occupational stress was determined by combination of SRQ-20, HRV and SDS. Univariate analysis was performed for independent variables. Bivariate analysis using Chi-square test was done to determine independent variables with the defined candidates in the multivariate analysis based on p < 0.25. Determinant factors based on the correlation between the independent variables with occupational stress were obtained by using multiple logistic regression analysis. The LoC respondents distribution was 39.3% in the internal group and 60.7% in the external group. The result also showed that the risk for external LOC group is higher for incidence of occupational stress when compared to internal LOC group (RR = 0.950; p = 0.459). Occupational stress level data showed 72.7% of respondents did not have occupational stress. Level of education was found to be the sole determinant factor of occupational stress (RR = 1.504; p = 0.000).LoC did not have a significant role in the onset of occupational stress in government financial institution. Level of education has a significant correlation with occupational stress, where high level of education is associated with low level of occupational stress., Introduction: Occupational stress can be caused by many factors, from external as well as from internal perspectives. In dealing with occupational stress, LoC is an individual characteristic that could serve as determiningfactor for occupational stress. Aim: This study was aimed to determine the relationship between LoC and incidence of occupational stress, as wellas examine the relationship of other stress risk factors with the incidence of occupational stress. Methods: This research was conducted during November-December 2014 in a government financial institution with150 workers as research subjects. The research was using Survey Diagnostic Stress (SDS), Self ReportingQuestionnaire 20 (SRQ-20), Work Locus of Control and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) measurement. Occupationalstress was determined by combination of SRQ-20, HRV and SDS. Univariate analysis was performed forindependent variables. Bivariate analysis using Chi-square test was done to determine independent variables withthe defined candidates in the multivariate analysis based on p < 0.25. Determinant factors based on the correlation between the independent variables with occupational stress were obtained by using multiple logistic regressionanalysis. Results and Discussions: The LoC respondents distribution was 39.3% in the internal group and 60.7% in theexternal group. The result also showed that the risk for external LOC group is higher for incidence of occupationalstress when compared to internal LOC group (RR = 0.950; p = 0.459). Occupational stress level data showed 72.7%of respondents did not have occupational stress. Level of education was found to be the sole determinant factor ofoccupational stress (RR = 1.504; p = 0.000). Conclusion: LoC did not have a significant role in the onset of occupational stress in government financialinstitution. Level of education has a significant correlation with occupational stress, where high level of education is associated with low level of occupational stress. ]"