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"Banization is one of the causes of dietary changes creating dual form malnutrition. Susilowati (1997) discovered this condition occurred at national level and within households in East Jakarta. Lower energy expenditure and higher energy intake were predicted as potential risk of overweight, opposite to underweight status. This cross sectional survey aimed to explore the dietary intake and physical activity which resulted dual form malnutrition by comparing overweight mothers having underweight children and their normal counterparts. In this study, 81 pairs of mothers and their under fives were recruited for dietary intake, nutritional status and physical activity assessment and divided into two groups: the case group consisting of overweight or obese mothers with their underweight children, and the normal grove comprised of normal mothers with their normal children. Repeated 3 days.24-hour recall food intake of mothers and children, as well as physical activity of mothers but only one day of physical activity data for the children, were collected followed by ale day 24-hour recall plus observation from 08.00 to 16.00 for activities of sub sample children. Mean energy and macronutrients intake of the case mothers was higher than their normal peers, but there was no statistical significant difference between groups, which might be due to under reported energy intake. Estimated BMR and energy expenditure of the case mothers were significantly higher than their normal counterparts, though there was no difference in their PAL. Notorious energy balance was discovered after subtracting energy intake and expenditure, which might be due to under-reported energy intake. After adjustment by age and sex, statistical significant difference was found in energy intake and PAL. BMR and energy expenditure of the underweight children was lower significantly in contrasted to the others. Negative energy balance was discovered among the case children, opposite to positive energy balance of the normal peers. This research was part of a Multi-center study, Dietary Transition and Health in Asia."

"Micronutrient supplementation is one approach that could correct the child impairment of development caused by micronutrient deficiencies. However micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries usually associated with marginal deficiency of several micronutrients. Therefore, it was assumed that supplementation with multiple micronutrients would be more effective.

In the previous Indonesia study, a randomized placebo controlled trial study has been done in 17 villages of Magelang district, Central Java for 6 mo among children aged 6-12 mo (n=284) who randomly assigned into four experimental groups: 1 RDA daily multi-micronutrient, 2 RDA weekly multi-micronutrient, iron daily supplementation and a placebo group. Nutritional status, development, and hemoglobin concentration was no difference between treatment groups at the end of supplementation. To answer the possibility of age responsiveness and manifestation of treatment effect on development and nutritional status, this present follow up study has been done at 6-mo after supplementation commenced when children aged 18-24 mo. At 6-mo follow up, there was difference between group in height for age Z-score and psychomotor development index (PDI). The scores differences are may be due to treatment differences."

"Aging is closely associated with physical disability that mostly causes by the onset of degenerative diseases. Due to the increasing mean age in most of the societies, the relationship between nutrition and aging is growing interest. The study aims to investigate the association of diet and biological age. A cross sectional study was conducted amongst male elderly (60 years and over) living in Jakarta. Eighty-four subjects were selected randomly. Biological age was determined by measuring skin wrinkling using skin microtopograph and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). Data collection was done using interviewer-administrated structured questionnaire and semi quantitatvive food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). After adjustment for age, elderly with high sosioeconomic status had higher energy, protein, meat, fish, and egg intakes. Low sosioeconomic class ad more extensive hand skin wrinkling and although not significant, arm sites. Serum DHEAS level was similar, respectively for high and low socioeconomic class. Serum DHEAS was positively correlated with the vitamin c intake and negatively correlated with cereal consumption. Skin wrinkling was positively collerated with cereal consumption. Since the design of this study was cross sectional, further studies are recommended to elaborate the protective effect of vitamin C and damaging effect of high cereal consumption on biological age as indicated by serum DHEAS levels and skin wrinkling."

"It is well accepted that dietary imbalances inflict a substantial burden of illness on Filipinos. Persistent nutritional problems in the Philippines such as protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and other nutritional deficiencies greatly affect many infants and young children (Florentino, 1996). Results of the Philippine Nationwide Nutrition Survey in 1998 revealed various degrees of malnutrition assessed through clinical, anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Iron-deficiency anemia is highly prevalent especially among infants, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. The incidence of anemia is 56.6% for infants, 50.3% and 45.7% for pregnant and lactating women, respectively and 49.1% and 39.2% for elderly male and female, respectively. Prevalence rate of anemia for all age groups is 30.6% which is higher than the 1993 rate of 28.9%. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is still a public health problem in the country. Vitamin A deficiency among children is widespread throughout the country. The most greatly affected groups by vitamin A deficiency are the children and pregnant women. About 8 out of every 10 children are vitamin A-deficient. About 7 out of every 100 pregnant women are vitamin A .-deficient This prevalence is higher than the 1993 V AD rate of 3 out of every 100 pregnant women. About one-third of the Filipino population is at risk to iodine deficiency disorders (MD). While the overall prevalence of iodine deficiency in the Philippines is mild, 40% of children have moderate to severe iodine deficiency disorders. About 3 out of every 10 children have moderate to severe iodine deficiency disorders. Over the years, the Filipino diet is composed mainly of rice and fish with some vegetables. Changes in the consumption amounts of these foods and the corresponding nutrient intake of Filipinos have been observed through the years. (Villavieja, 1993). In the Philippines, the nutrition concern is a matter of national policy. The Philippine Government is committed to ensuring the nutritional adequacy among its population. The history of the recommendation to increase the variety of foods in Filipino diets as means to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients dates back in the late 40s. This was the first set of dietary guidelines for Filipinos known as the "Basic Six Food Groups" formulated by the then Institute of Nutrition (IN), now the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI). Later, the Basic Six Food Groups was revised into "Your Guide to Good Nutrition" same six groups were re-grouped according to the three basic functions of food in the body, namely: energy-giving foods, body-building foods, and regulating foods. This guide was essentially the practical translation of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in the form of functional groupings of foods together with the recommended amounts designed to supply all the nutrients that the body needs. In 1990, the first Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos was formulated by a committee spearheaded by FNRL The Nutritional Guidelines was not intended to replace the Guide to Good Nutrition but to offer a broader guideline for nutritional health. For broader guidance on nutrition and health, the FNRI initiated the development of a new food guide " the Philippine Food Guide Pyramid". "

"Exclusive breastfeeding means giving a baby no other food or drink, not even water, apart from breast milk (including expressed breast milk), with the exception of drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements or medicines (WHO, 2001), Exclusive breast feeding is the best way to feed an infant in the first 6 months. On April 7, 2004 the government of Indonesia launched that exclusive breastfeeding to infants up to 6 months should be promoted to all Indonesian mothers.In Indonesia breastfeeding practice is high in general. However, the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia is decreasing from time to time. While breastfeeding is a natural act, it is also a learned behavior. To be successful in breastfeed, mother needs accurate information and support within their family, community and health providers.Many studies had been conducted to assess factors influence breastfeeding practices including exclusive breastfeeding practices but limited study assessed about the practice and attitude of midwives toward exclusive breastfeeding particularly after new policy on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding is in effect. Therefore, this study has attempted to explore the practice and attitude of midwives toward the current exclusive breastfeeding policy up to 6 months in Jakarta.This research report is divided into three parts. Part 1 consists of background of study, review of related literature, research problem, rationale, research question, general objective, specific objectives, conceptual framework and variable-indicator matrix.Part II contains the manuscript for publication, entitled "Practice and attitude of midwives toward the current exclusive breastfeeding policy up to 6 months: a qualitative study in North Jakarta, Indonesia." The manuscript is written following the requirement for submission to Journal of Nutrition.Part III encloses the appendices including detailed methodology, detailed results, questionnaires, ethical approval, grant approval, references and curriculum vitae."

"Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important indicator for physical, mental and social well-being of adolescents. Health risk behaviors, including poordietary behavior, physical inactivity, and underweight or overweight, areassociated with low HRQoL among adolescents. There is limited data regardingthe health-related quality of life among students in Islamic boarding school, whichseen as a strategic place to promote healthy living behavior. This study aimed toassess eating behavior, physical activity, nutritional status and HRQoL among thestudents, and determine whether eating behavior, physical activity, and nutritionalstatus are the associated factors of HRQoL. A cross-sectional approach was usedin this study in which two schools in South Tangerang City of Banten Provincewere purposively selected. The study was conducted in July 2020. There were 302students aged 15-18 years completed this study, which included the measurementof eating behavior using the Adolescent Food Habit Checklist (AFHC), physicalactivity using Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A),anthropometry, and HRQoL using the Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) 4.0Generic Core Scales. Multiple linear regression was used to determine theassociated factors of HRQoL. The results showed that most of students hadunhealthy eating behavior (76.5%) and physically inactive (64.6%). Theprevalence of overweight among the students was 22% and about half of thestudents were having impaired HRQoL (48.3%) that particularly shown in thedimensions of emotional and school functioning. Gender differences occurredwhere girls reported lower HRQoL than boys. This study found that eatingbehavior, physical activity, and nutritional status were not associated factors ofHRQoL after adjusted for gender and mental health as confounding factors.However, it is suggested to improve eating behavior, physical activity, nutritionalstatus, and HRQoL among the students.

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Kualitas hidup terkait kesehatan merupakan salah satu indikator penting untuk

kesehatan fisik, mental, dan sosial remaja. Perilaku yang berisiko bagi kesehatan,

seperti perilaku makan yang buruk, kurang aktivitas fisik, dan memiliki berat

badan kurang atau berlebih, memiliki hubungan dengan kualitas hidup terkait

kesehatan yang rendah pada remaja. Terdapat keterbatasan data mengenai kualitas

hidup terkait kesehatan pada siswa di sekolah Islam berasrama yang merupakan

tempat strategis untuk mempromosikan perilaku kesehatan. Penelitian ini

bertujuan untuk mengukur perilaku makan, aktivitas fisik, status gizi, dan kualitas

hidup terkait kesehatan pada siswa di sekolah Islam berasrama, serta menentukan

apakah perilaku makan, aktivitas fisik, dan status gizi merupakan faktor yang

berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup terkait kesehatan. Metode potong lintang

digunakan pada penelitian ini, di mana dua sekolah yang berlokasi di Kota

Tangerang Selatan, Provinsi Banten, dipilih secara purposive. Penelitian ini

dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli 2020. Terdapat 302 siswa berumur 15-18 tahun yang

mengikuti penelitian ini secara lengkap mulai dari pengukuran perilaku makan

menggunakan kuesioner Adolescent Food Habit Checklist (AFHC), aktivitas fisik

menggunakan kuesioner Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQA),

antropometri, dan kualitas hidup terkait kesehatan menggunakan kuesioner

Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL). Regresi linier berganda digunakan untuk

menentukan faktor yang berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup terkait kesehatan.

Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar siswa memiliki perilaku makan yang

tidak sehat (76.5%) dan kurang aktivitas fisik (64.6%). Terdapat 22% siswa

dengan berat badan berlebih dan hampir setengah dari seluruh responden memiliki

kualitas hidup terkait kesehatan yang buruk, terutama pada fungsi emosional dan

sekolah. Siswa putri memiliki kualitas hidup terkait kesehatan yang lebih rendah

daripada siswa putra. Perilaku makan, aktivitas fisik, dan status gizi bukan

merupakan faktor yang berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup terkait kesehatan pada

penelitian ini setelah disesuaikan dengan faktor perancu, yaitu jenis kelamin dan

kesehatan mental. Meskipun demikian, perilaku makan, aktivitas fisik, status gizi,

dan kualitas hidup terkait kesehatan pada siswa dalam penelitian ini perlu untuk

ditingkatkan."

"The purpose of the study was to compare the nutritional status of children receiving supplementary food from the high and low performing health centers in East Sumba District, Indonesia.

Assessment of all 15 health centers was the first stage to determine the performance level using input output process approach, and 568 selected households from two performance categories was the second stage to investigate nutritional status. A Scoring system was used to determine the performance level, and anthropometry was used to assess nutritional status. SPSS 10.0 and Epilnfo 6.04b were used for data analyses. The study was conducted from February to March 2001.

All input-process-output and personnel capability variables between the two performance levels were significantly different. The supplementary feeding package fulfilled optimally the standard requirement, but the method and frequency of distribution did not The prevalence of malnutrition was significantly different between the two performance levels.

Lack of transportation and small number of personnel might have influenced the improper nutrition service management."

"Anemia remains health problem in developing countries including Indonesia especially the Eastern part despite many to efforts to solve the problem. Anemia has cost lives of many people by its complex mechanism in the body and health of individual in general. The consequences of anemia are not only life loss but also reduction of intellectual ability especially in school children. The magnitude of anemia among school children needs to be understood to optimize clinical and public health programs to improve nutritional and health status of children in developing countries. The objective of the study was to find the association between anemia and malaria together with other determinant factors among school children 6-10 years of Alor district.This report was prepared to partially fulfill the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Community Nutrition at the Faculty of Medicine Postgraduate Pro gram. University of Indonesia.This report is divided into three parts as follows:The first part is introduction-explaining background of the study, problem statement, literature review, causal model, hypothesis, objectives as well as variable-indicator-matrix. The literature review intentionally focused magnitude of anemia and causes of anemia such as malaria infection, worm infestation, chronic diseases, dietary intake and socioeconomic factors."