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"ABSTRAKNanopartikel emas telah diteliti untuk sistem penghantaran tertarget obat sitotoksik.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan hasil karakterisasi dan biodistribusi darikonjugat trans-resveratrol-PEG-Asam Folat-Nanopartikel Emas. Nanopartikel emasdisintesis dengan reduksi HAuCl4 menggunakan natrium sitrat. Nanopartikel emasdikonjugasikan dengan PEG-FA dan resveratrol membentuk konjugat resveratrol-PEGAsam Folat-Nanopartikel Emas (rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP). Karakterisasi konjugat rsv-PEG-FAAuNP dilakukan dengan pengukuran partikel, zeta potensial, FTIR, UV, dan TEM. Studi biodistribusi pada tikus Sprague Dawley betina sehat dilakukan setelah 90 menit pemberian injeksi konjugat rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP melalui vena ekor. Hasil karakterisasi rsv-PEG-FAAuNP diperoleh nilai diameter rata-rata nanopartikel dan zeta potensial rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP 249,03 ± 10,31 nm dan -36,33 ± 3,12 mV. Pada uji biodistribusi ditemukan konjugat rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP di ginjal (1,90 ± 0,20 μg/g) dan limfa (2,65 ± 1,18 μg/g) setelah 90 menit pemberian iv, namun resveratrol bebas tidak ditemukan di darah, ginjal, dan limfa setelah 90 menit pemberian iv. Konjugat rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP pada sirkulasi sistemik ditemukan pada waktu yang lebih lama dibandingkan dengan resveratrol bebas dan distribusinya tersebar pada organ otak, ginjal, limpa, hati, dan paru.

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ABSTRACTGold nanoparticles had been studied for active targeting purpose of cytotoxic agent. This study was presenting the result of characterization and biodistribution of trans resveratrol-PEG-Folic Acid-Gold Nanoparticle conjugates rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP. Gold nanoparticles were generated by reduction of HAuCl4 using sodium citric. Rsv-PEG-FA-AuNPs were produced by conjugation of gold nanoparticles with PEG-folic acid and resveratrol.Characterization of rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP conjugates were held by examination of particle size, zeta potential, FTIR, and TEM. Biodistribution study in female Sprague-Dawley rats conducted after 90 minutes i.v tail vein delivery of rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP conjugates. The mean particle size and zeta potential of rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP were 249.03 10.31 and -36.33 3.12 respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed almost spherical shape of rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP conjugates. Rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP conjugates were found in kidney 1.90 0.20 μg/g and spleen 2.65 1.18 μg/g after 90 minutes i.v. delivery in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Resveratrol-PEG-FA-AUNP conjugates have longer systemic circulation than free resveratrol and restrained throughout brain, spleen, kidney, lung, and liver after distribution."

"Sejak dikeluarkannya kebijakan pemerintah tahun 1993 tentang deregulasi dibidang kefarmasian terutama sektor apotek, persaingan bisnis apotek menjadi sangat ketat terutama di Jakarta. Untuk memenangkan persaingan tersebut Apotek Kimia Farma sebagai apotek jaringan terbesar di Indonesia telah mencanangkan visi menjadi perusahaan jaringan layanan Farmasi yang terkemuka di Indonesia dan misi di antaranya memberikan jasa layanan prima bagi pelanggannya dengan cara meningkatkan kepuasan terhadap pelanggannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepuasan pelanggan terhadap kualitas layanan yang diberikan Apotek Kimia Farma Jakarta, khususnya Apotek Kimia Farma-1 Kemayoran, Apotek Kimia Farma-48 Matraman, dan Apotek Kimia Farma-147 Duren Sawit.Penelitian ini juga dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui sejauhmana visi, misi Apotek Kimia Farma telah tercapai dengan baik atau belum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey dengan pendekatan Single Cross Sectional Study memakai instrumen kuesioner. Model yang dipakai untuk mengukur tingkat kepuasan pelanggan adalah model SERVQUAL (Service Quality) yang dikembangkan oleh Parasuraman, Zeithaml dan Berry menggunakan 5 dimensi kualitas layanan yaitu tangible (aspek fisik), reliability (konsistensi), responsiveness (daya tanggap), assurance (jaminan) dan emphaty (perhatian).Tingkat kepuasan pelanggan diukur dengan analisis Gap (kesenjangan), yaitu selisih antara ekspektasi terhadap kualitas layanan yang diharapkan dan persepsi setelah pelanggan menerima layanan; dan analisis diagram Kartesius, yaitu dengan cara memetakan atribut kualitas layanan pada diagram Kartesius yang terbagi dalam 4 (empat) kuadran, dimana kuadran A (ekspektasi > rata-rata dan persepsi < rata-rata) yang menunjukkan pelanggan kurang puas, kuadran B (ekspektasi dan persepsi pelanggan > rata-rata) yang menunjukkan pelanggan puas, kuadran C (ekspektasi dan persepsi < rata-rata) yang menunjukkan pelanggan biasa saja, dan kuadran D (ekspektasi < rata-rata dan persepsi > rata-rata) yang menunjukkan apotek berlebihan dalam melayani pelanggan. Sedangkan perbedaan tingkat kepuasan pelanggan antar apotek digunakan analisis varian (Anova).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari lima dimensi Servqual yang diteliti, dimensi yang memiliki tingkat kepuasan tertinggi adalah dimensi emphaty (kesenjangan -0,37 atau tingkat kepuasan 91,66 %); atribut yang memiliki tingkat kepuasan tertinggi, bangunan apotek memiliki desain interior/eksterior yang baik dan menarik (kesenjangan -0,14 atau tingkat kepuasan 96,4 %); dan atribut yang terpetakan pada diagram Kartesius terbanyak adalah pada kuadran B yang berarti kualitas layanan Apotek Kimia Farma yang diteliti menunjukkan cukup baik. Hasil uji hipotesis penelitian menyatakan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna tingkat kepuasan pelanggan antar apotek yang diteliti (alpha>0,05).Kesimpulan : secara umum tingkat kepuasan pelanggan Apotek Kimia Farma yang diteliti mendekati ?Puas?, sedangkan tingkat kepuasan pelanggan antar Apotek Kimia Farma yang diteliti tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna.

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Since policy sector pharmaceutical affairs 1993 by government about deregulations sector community pharmacy, competition business community pharmacy in Jakarta was very strict. For win something this competitions, Kimia Farma community pharmacy as the biggest community pharmacy network in Indonesia have propagandized vision be the foremost business networking community pharmacy in Indonesia and mission first-rate services for customers with customer satisfaction. The objective of this research is detect satisfaction level of service quality of Kimia Farma community pharmacy Jakarta, in particular Kimia Farma community pharmacy -1 Kemayoran, Kimia Farma community pharmacy-48 Matraman, Kimia Farma community pharmacy-147 Duren Sawit.Beside This research also objective for knowed vision, mission of Kimia Farma community pharmacy was reached. This research using survey method with quisionaire Single Cross Sectional Study approaches. Research using Servqual (Service Quality) model was discovered by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry use five dimensions of service quality, that was tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and emphaty.Satisfaction level measured with Gap analysis that was difference expectation before customer receiving the service and perception after that; and Cartesian Diagram analysis, that was mapping atribut service quality on Cartesian Diagram that divided into four quadrant, A quadrant (expectations > average and perceptions < average) means customers are not satisfy; B quadrant (expectations and perceptions > average) means customers are satisfy; C quadrant (expectations and perceptions < average) means customers are common; D quadrant (expectations < average, perceptions > average) means the community pharmacy is over service. Analysis difference on customer satisfaction within community pharmacy used analysis varian (Anova).Result: dimension that highest satisfaction level was emphaty (gap -0.37 or satisfactions levels 91.88 %); attribute that highest satisfaction level was well designed interior/exterior building (gap -0.14 or satisfaction levels 96.4 %). Mapping attribute on Cartesian Diagram majority on quadrat B, means service quality Kimia Farma community pharmacy was sufficient. Based on hypothesis test, was not difference significant satisfactions level Kimia Farma community pharmacy was research (alpha > 0.05).Conclusions: generally satisfactions level of Kimia Farma community pharmacy that researched nearly satisfy, with satisfaction levels within community pharmacy was not significant difference."

"Cacao bean Processing into its products may affect catechin and epicatechin contents in the final products. Temperature treatments during cacao processing can induce epimerization reaction of (-)-epicatechin to be (-)-catechin. The aims of this study were : (1) to obtain the valid analytical method which can be used to analyze catechin and epicatechin in cacao bean and cacao products by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and (2) to know the influence of temperature during Processing of cacao beans, especially concentration of catechin and epicatechin.Experiment was conducted in three steps, i.e.: optimization of analytical method, validation of selected method, and studying the influence of temperature to catechin and epicatechin concentration during cacao bean processing. Optimization of analytical method was carried out by varying solvents (acetonitrile and methanol) composition using gradient elution. Mobile phase flow rate was set at 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 ml/min. Catechin and epicatechin in cacao samples was detected by mass spectrometry. Condition of mass spectrometer was run by varying ESI voltage, nebulizer pressure, desolvation temperature, and desolvation gas. Validations test included some parameters such as specificity/ selectivity, linearity of calibration curve, limit of detection and limit of quantitation, precision and recovery test. Samples taken during the process were cacao nib, cacao mass, cacao powder and cacao butter.The results of this study showed that analytical conditions for catechin and epicatechin were using mobile phase A (0.1 % formic acid in deionized water) and mobile phase B (acetonitril-methanol - 50:50) at flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Gradient elution were set at 0 minutes (10% B), 15 minutes (35% B), 20 minutes (40% B), 30 minutes (50% B), 35 minutes (60% B), and 35.1 minute (10% B). Mass spectrometer was set at ESI voltage (-) 3500 volt, desolvation temperature 300 °C, nebulizer pressure 50 psi, desolvation gas 10 L/min, and fragmentor voltage (-) 160 volt. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation of catechin were 0.28 and 0.93 ppm, respectively, while epicatechin were 7.15 and 23.84 ppm, respectively. Based on concentrations of catechin and epicatechin, heat treatment during cacao mass Processing showed a decrease tendency of catechin and epicatechin ratios."

"Kitin merupakan salah satu polimer alam yang banyak tersedia dialam sesudah selulosa. Kitin dan turunannya telah banyak digunakan diberbagai bidang diantaranya pertanian, tekstil, khususnya farmasi dan kesehatan. Limbah kulit udang yang merupakan sumber bahan baku pengolahan kitin menghasilkan kualitas kitin yang lebih baik apabila diolah dengan cara biologi dibandingkan cara kimia. Pengolahan kitin secara biologi menggunakan asam laktat untuk demineralisasi dan enzim protease hasil fermentasi bakteri untuk proses deproteinasi. Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap kemampuan sel amobil Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC116 dan Bacillus licheniformis F11.4 dalam proses demineralisasi dan deproteinasi limbah kulit udang dalam ekstraksi kitin dengan tujuan untuk efisiensi proses fermentasi. Proses amobilisasi kedua jenis bakteri ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metoda penjerapan sel di dalam matrik natrium alginat 2% yang selanjutnya direaksikan dengan CaCl2 0,2M. Proses demineralisasi limbah kulit udang menggunakan sel amobil Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC116 30% dan medium yang terdiri dari 6% glukosa, 1,5% yeast, 0,003% MnSO4, 0,003% FeSO4.7H2O, 0,02% MgSO4.7H2O mampu menghasilkan asam laktat sampai 2,24% dan mampu menurunkan kadar abu dalam kulit udang sampai dengan 1,18%. Sel amobil Bacillus licheniformis F11.4 pada fermentasi menggunakan medium yang terdiri dari 0,5% yeast, 0,5% NaCl 0,05% MgSO4.7H2O 0,1% CaCl2.2H2O mampu menghasilkan enzim protease dengan aktivitas tertinggi sebesar 25,18 U/ml. Proses deproteinasi limbah kulit udang menggunakan sel amobil Bacillus licheniformis F11.4 30% mampu menurunkan kadar protein dalam kulit udang sampai 2,73% dengan aktivitas protease tertinggi 50,61 U/ml. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan, sel amobil Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC116 dan Bacillus licheniformis F11.4 mampu menurunkan kadar abu dan kadar protein kulit udang dalam tahapan pengolahan kitin secara biologi.

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Chitin, a homopolimer, is the most abundant renewable natural resources after cellulose. Chitin and its derivatives hold many applications in agriculture, textile, pharmacy and medic. Chitin that extracted from waste shrimp shells by biological fermentation has better quality than chemical procees. Demineralization of chitin by biological procees use lactic acid as product of fermentation. Deproteinization of chitin use proteolytic activity of enzyme that produce by bacteria in fermentation.

Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC116 and Bacillus licheniformis F11.4 has been immobilized by entrapment methods and 2% sodium alginate in 0,2 M CaCl2 as the matric. The ability of immobilized Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC116 cell in fermentation was tested. The fermentation that was carried out in medium which consist of 6% glukosa, 1,5% yeast extract, 0,003% MnSO4 0,003% FeSO4.7H2O, 0,02% MgSO4.7H2O and has been producted 2,24% lactic acid. Demineralization of waste shrimp shell with 30% immobilized Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC116 cell has successfully decreased ash content tol 1,18% and produced lactic acid maximum 2.24%.

Immobilized Bacillus licheniformis F11.4 cell in fermentation produced protease enzyme with maximum activity 25.18 U/ml. Deproteinization of waste shrimp shell with 30% immobilized Bacillus licheniformis F11.4 cell can decreased protein content to 2,73% and reached highest protease activity 50,61 U/ml. Immobilization of Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC116 cell and Bacillus licheniformis F11.4 cell promised an efficient method in bioproceesing of chitin recovery. "

"Tesis ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan respon imunologi dan faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhinya, dengan menilai kenaikan CD4 pasien yang diperiksa dalam rentang waktu 3-4 bulan dari empat kombinasi obat lini I yang digunakan oleh pasien HIV/AIDS di Rumah Sakit Dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Bogor. Penelitian secara retrospektif dari data Catatan Medik (MR) bulan Maret 2006- Maret 2010. Diperoleh 335 pasien untuk analisis deskriptif dan 73 pasien untuk analisis statistik.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa empat kombinasi Antiretroviral yang terdiri dari Lamivudin + Zidovudin+ Nevirapin, Lamivudin + Zidovudin + Evapirenz, Lamivudin + Stavudin + Nevirapin dan Lamivudin+ Stavudin + Evapirenz dengan uji analisis statistik Anova berdasarkan kenaikan CD4 tidak menunjukkan perbedaan respon imunologi yang bermakna. Dan kenaikan CD4 tidak dipengaruhi oleh umur pasien, infeksi oportunistik, CD4 awal pasien dan obat yang digunakan bersama untuk meredakan infeksi oportunistik.

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This Thesis was done for knowing the differencies of immunology respon and its factors influenced, based on assessing the increase of CD4 patient which was evaluated in range time 3 to 4 months for four fisrt line drug combination, to HIV/ AIDS patient in Dr. H Marzoeki Mahdi Hospital - Bogor. The restrospective study came from the Medical Record for Maret 2006 to Maret 2010 period. Given 335 patient for descriptive analysis and 73 patient for statistical analysis.The Results showed that four ARV Combination which were consist of Lamivudin + Zidovudin+ Nevirapin, Lamivudin + Zidovudin + Evapirenz, Lamivudin + Stavudin + Nevirapin and Lamivudin + Stavudin + Evapirenz, with the statistic analysis using Anova reveales that the differencies of immunological respon based on CD4 was not signifinace. The increasing CD4 count were not influenced by patient age, opportunistic infection, first time CD4 patient and the drug which were used together for decreasing opportunistic infection."

"Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L) Swartz. yang termasuk genus Caesalpinia banyak tumbuh di Indonesia sebagai tanaman hias, sedangkan di negara Mexico tanaman ini secara tradisonal digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi gigi dan mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif dari fraksi aktif antimikroba penyebab infeksi gigi dan mulut secara in vitro dari tanaman Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L) Swartz. Bahan tanaman (bunga, batang, buah dan daun) Caesalpinia pulcherrima masing-masing dimaserasi dengan etanol 70% dan 96%, rendeman dengan jumlah yang besar dihasilkan maserasi menggunakan etanol 70%. Ekstrak etanol dari masing-masing bagian dilakukan uji aktivitas antimikroba terhadap dua bakteri gram positif (Streptococcus mutans dan Enterococcus faecalis ), Gram negatif anaerob (Porphyromonas gingivalis), dan fungi (Candida albicans). Ekstrak yang memberikan zona hambat terhadap keempat mikroba uji dan memiliki rendemen yang besar adalah ekstrak bagian bunga. Ektrak etanol bagian bunga diekstraksi secara bertingkat dengan menggunakan tiga macam pelarut (n-heksan, etil asetat, dan metanol) sehingga diperoleh tiga ekstrak. Uji aktivitas antimikroba 3 ekstrak ini dilakukan terhadap keempat mikroba uji dengan metode difusi agar. Ekstrak yang memberikan zona hambat, dilakukan uji aktivitas antimikroba kembali dengan metoda difusi agar pada konsentrasi 20.000 ppm ektrak dalam DMSO. Ekstrak yang memberikan zona hambat pada konsentrasi 20.000 ppm dilakukan uji konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) menggunakan metode dilusi dan kemudian difraksinasi menggunakan kromatografi kolom. Fraksi-fraksi yang memberikan penghambatan terhadap Porphyromanas gingivalis dan Streptococcus mutans adalah fraksi D, E, F, G, J, dan L. Fraksi E memberikan penghambatan paling tinggi terhadap kedua mikroba uji, terhadap P.gingivalis 5000 ppm dan terhadap S.mutans 1250 ppm. Fraksi E kemudian dilakukan isolasi dengan menggunakan kromatografi kolom, HPLC prep, kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif (KLTP), dan direkristalisasi. Pemurnian dilakukan pada fraksi E2. Hasil pemurnian fraksi diperoleh isolat E2-16. Isolat yang diperoleh diidentifikasi menggunakan FTIR, spektrofotometri UV-Vis, Spektrofotometer 1HNMR, CNMR, HMBC, dan LCMS (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spektrofotometry). Hasil identifikasi struktur senyawa dari isolat adalah metil galat. Metil galat memberikan aktivitas antimikroba terhadap Porphyromanas gingivalis pada konsentrasi 625 ppm dan Streptococcus mutans pada konsengtrasi 312,5 ppm lebih aktif dari fraksinya.

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Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L) Swartz. which belongs to the genus Caesalpinia is widely grown in Indonesia as ornamentals, while in Mexico this plant used to treat the dental and oral infection. This study aims to isolate and identify of antimicrobial active compounds against that cause dental and oral infection by in vitro from Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L) Swartz. Each plant material (flowers, stems, fruits, and leaves) were macerated by 70 % ethanol and 96% ethanol, a large amount of yield produced by maceration using 70% ethanol. Antimicrobial test of each ethanol extracts was performed on two gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis), gram-negative anaerobic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis), and fungi (Candida albicans). Extracts of flower that provide inhibit zone of the four test microbes and have a large yield. Extracts of a flower were extracted successively by using three kinds of solvent (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, dan methanol) to obtain three extracts. Antimicrobial tests of 3 extracts were performed on four test microbes. Extracts that provide inhibit zone, retard zone test conducted using 20.000 ppm extract in DMSO by the diffusion method. Extracts that gave the drag zone at 20.000 ppm concentration were tested for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) using the dilution method and then fractioned using column chromatography. The fractions that gave inhibition on Porphyromanas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans are D, E, F, G, J, and L. The fraction E that gave inhibition on Porphyromanas gingivalis at 5000 ppm and Streptococcus mutans at 1250 ppm and then isolated using chromatography columns, preparative HPLC, preparative thin layer chromatography (P-TLC), and recrystallization. Further purification and isolation were carried out at fraction E2. the purification result of the fraction was obtained compound E2-16. The isolates obtained were identified using FTIR, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, 1HNMR spectrophotometry, CNMR spectrophotometry, HMBC, and LCMS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry). The result of the structure of the compound is methyl gallate. The MIC of Metil Galat against Porphyromanas gingivalis was 625 ppm and Streptococcus mutans at 312 ppm, more active than a fraction."

"Akar Morus alba (murbei) mengandung oksiresveratrol yang memiliki aktivitas pencerah kulit yang potensial. Aplikasi metode ekstraksi ultrasonik dengan urea-gliserin merupakan metode green extraction yang dikembangkan karena metode ekstraksi akar murbei dengan metode konvensional maserasi memiliki kadar oksiresveratrol yang rendah pada penelitian sebelumnya, selain itu perlu dilakukan uji iritasi dan efikasi pencerah kulit karena keamanan dan efektivitas lotion ekstrak akar murbei belum terbukti secara klinis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan kondisi ekstraksi ultrasonik urea-gliserin untuk menghasilkan kadar oksiresveratrol paling tinggi dalam ekstrak mengetahui keamanan dan efektifitas sediaan lotion ekstrak akar murbei sebagai pencerah kulit. Metode ekstraksi menggunakan dua parameter yaitu rasio molar urea:gliserin dan waktu ekstraksi. Aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase diuji secara in vitro. Stabilitas fisik lotion diuji selama 12 minggu. Uji iritasi kulit dilakukan pada 30 wanita dan pengamatan selama 48 jam. Uji efikasi pencerah kulit dilakukan pada 29 wanita, yang mengaplikasikan lotion ekstrak akar murbei selama 28 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi ekstraksi akar murbei dengan rasio molar urea-gliserin (1:3) dan waktu ekstraksi 15 menit menghasilkan ekstrak mengandung oksiresveratrol tertinggi yaitu 2,42 mg/g serbuk simplisia. Nilai IC50 aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase ekstrak akar murbei adalah 178,43 μg/mL. Lotion ekstrak akar murbei stabil secara fisik selama 12 minggu. Lotion ekstrak akar murbei tidak menyebabkan iritasi kulit serta memberikan penurunan signifikan terhadap indeks melanin (p<0,05) setelah 28 hari penggunaan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah metode ekstraksi ultrasonik menghasilkan ekstrak dengan oksiresveratrol lebih tinggi dari metode konvensional pada penelitian sebelumnya, serta lotion ekstrak akar murbei aman dan efektif sebagai pencerah kulit.

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Mulberry (Morus alba) roots contains oxyresveratrol which has potential skin lightening activities. The application of urea-glycerin-based Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) was developed due to the low concentration of oxyresveratrol from mulberry roots extract using conventional extraction, besides that, it is necessary to do an irritation test and efficacy of skin lightening because the safety and effectiveness of mulberry root extract lotion has not been clinically proven. The purpose of this study was to obtain ultrasonic extraction conditions to produce the highest levels of oxyresveratrol in the extract, to determine the safety and effectiveness of mulberry root extract lotion as skin lightening. The extraction method used two parameters, molar ratio of urea:glycerin and extraction time. Tyrosinase inhibition activity was tested in vitro. Physical stability of lotion was tested for 12 weeks. Skin irritation test were performed on 30 women and observed for 48 hours. The efficacy test was performed on 29 women who applied mulberry roots extract lotion for 28 days. The results showed that mulberry root extraction conditions with urea-glycerin molar ratio (1: 3) and 15 minutes extraction time produced extract containing the highest oxyresveratrol which was 2.42 mg / g powder. The IC50 value of tyrosinase inhibitory activity from mulberry roots extract was 178.43 μg/mL. Mulberry roots extract lotion was physically stable for 12 weeks. The skin irritation and efficacy test result indicated that the mulberry roots extract lotion did not cause any skin irritation and significantly decreased the melanin index (p<0.05) after 28 days of use. The conclusion of this study is the UAE method produced mulberry extract with higher oxyresveratrol than conventional method on previous study and lotion of mulberry roots extract was safe and effective as a skin lightening agent."

"Peran apoteker dalam upaya peningkatan kepatuhan pengobatan dan perbaikan luaran klinis pasien di Indonesia perlu dievaluasi. Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh konseling apoteker terhadap peningkatan kepatuhan pengobatan, mengontrol kadar kontrol glikemik, profil lipid dan tekanan darah pasien DM tipe 2 di RSUD Kota Depok dari April-Oktober 2018. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain kuasi-eksperimental dengan pretest-posttest pada 77 responden terdiri atas kelompok intervensi (KI) (n=39 orang) mendapatkan konseling dan buklet dari apoteker dan kelompok kontrol (KK) (n=38 orang) yang hanya diberikan buklet saja, dengan alat ukur Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ) untuk kepatuhan, pemeriksaan darah untuk gula darah puasa (GDP), gula darah dua jam post prandial (GDPP), glycosylated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1c) dan profil lipid serta pengukuran tekanan darah. KI mengalami perbaikan parameter kepatuhan, HbA1c dan profil lipid sedangkan pada KK tidak ada perubahan yang bermakna pada parameter klinis bahkan mengalami peningkatan ketidakpatuhan (p=0,008) posttest dibandingkan pretest. Hasil uji beda rerata antara KI dan KK menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna pada parameter kepatuhan, GDP, GDPP dan HbA1c. Berdasarkan uji kai kuadrat, KI menunjukkan perubahan signifikan pada GDP (p=0,05) dan HbA1c (<0,0001) terkontrol dibandingkan KK. Hasil analisis multivariat, konseling apoteker memberikan pengaruh 2,0 kali (95% CI: 0,603-7,059) dan 3,5 kali (95% CI: 0,880-14,045) pada kondisi terkontrol GDP dan HbA1c. Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan konseling apoteker merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan GDP dan HbA1c menjadi lebih terkontrol.

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The role of the pharmacist to improve medication adherence and clinical outcome of patients in Indonesia needs to be evaluated. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of pharmacist counseling on improving medication adherence, controlling the level of glycemic control, lipid profile and blood pressure of type 2 DM outpatient at RSUD Kota Depok from April-October 2018. The study was conducted with quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest on 77 respondents divided into intervention groups (IG) (n = 39 people) getting counseling and booklets from pharmacists and control groups (CG) (n = 38 people) who were given booklets only, with a MAQ questionnaire for medication adherence, blood tests for fasting blood glucose (FBG), post prandial blood glucose (PPBG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1c) and lipid profiles and blood pressure measurements. IG improved adherence parameters, HbA1c and lipid profile whereas in CG there were no significant changes in clinical parameters and even increased non-adherence (p = 0.008) on posttest. Mean Whitney test between IG and CG showed significant differences in parameters of medication adherence, fasting blood glucose (FBG), post prandial blood glucose (PPBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1c). Based on the chi square test, IG shows a significant change in controlled GDP (p = 0.05) and HbA1c (<0,0001) compared to CG. Based on multivariate analysis, counseling of pharmacists had an effect of 2,0 times (95% CI: 0,603-7,059) and 3,5 times (95% CI: 0,880-14,045) on changes in FBG and HbA1c. Pharmacist counseling is a factor that affects changes in FBG and HbA1c to be more controlled. "

"Peresepan antibiotika yang tidak tepat akan meningkatkan kejadian resistensi. Resistensi antimikroba telah menjadi masalah kesehatan yang mendunia dengan dampak meningkatkan morbiditas, mortalitas, dan biaya kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien pediatri dan pengaruh rekomedasi apoteker dalam meningkatkan kualitas penggunaan antibiotik, menurunkan lama rawat, serta biaya pengobatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi pra eksperimen dengan pendekatan prospektif. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dari rekam medik pasien dan dianalis dengan uji chi square serta uji korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rekomendasi apoteker dapat menurunkan masalah ketidaktepatan dosis (29,73%) menjadi 0%), ketidaktepatan lama pemberian (51,35% menjadi 5,41%), dan ketidaktepatan pemilihan obat (18,92% menjadi 5,41%). Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ACER) terhadap lama rawat kelompok rekomendasi (R) adalah Rp 2.481.456 lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok non rekomendasi (NR) adalah Rp 2.640.703, sedangkan ACER terhadap hasil terapi (sembuh) kelompok rekomendasi (R) Rp 9.369.404 lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok non rekomendasi (NR) Rp 17.985.054. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan antibiotik di RSUP Fatmawati tepat dan bijak, rekomendasi apoteker dapat meningkatkan kualitas penggunaan antibiotik, menurunkan lama rawat dan biaya pengobatan.

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Inaccurate prescribing of antibiotic will increase the incidence of resitance. Antimicrobial resistance has became a worldwide health problem with the impact of increasing morbidity, mortality and health cost. This study aims to know the the quality of antibiotic use on pediatric and the influence of pharmacist recommendation in improving the quality of antibiotic use, reducing the length of stay and cost. This study used pra eksperiment with prospective approach. Data was collected from medical records, it was analyzed by chi square and correlation test. The results showed that pharmacist recommendation could reduce dosing inaccuracy problems (29,73% to 0%), inaccuracy of duration (51,35% to 5,41%), and drug selection (18,92% to 5,41%). Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ACER) to length of stay in recommendation group (R) was IDR 2.481.456 lower than the non recommendation group (NR) was IDR 2.640.703, while ACER to therapeutic results in recommendation group (R) was IDR 9.369.404 lower than non recommendation group (NR) was IDR 17.985.054. Based on the results it can be conculded that antibiotic use at RSUP Fatmawati is accurate and wise, pharmacist recommendation can improve the quality of antibiotic use, to reduce length of stay, and cost of treatment."