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"Depresi merupakan penyakit yang terbanyak didapati baik pada praktik spesialis maupun umum. Gangguan psikiatrik ini dapat bersifat ringan atau penyakit yang berat. Gangguan penyakit yang berat dapat fatal, karena biasanya penderita mencoba untuk bunuh diri (suicidium). Diagnosis penyakit tidak mudah. Gangguan yang ringan, sering bermanifestasi sebagai penyakit fisik, dan gangguan emosional tersamar oleh keluhan somatiknya. Pada masa akut sering gangguan yang berat menyerupai gangguan lain seperti skizofrenia. Banyak sarjana di bidang psikiatri mencari markah biologik sebagai alat untuk membantu diagnosis depresi. Salah satu markah biologik adalah gambaran poligrafik tidur. Hasil yang positif dari laboratorium tidur sulit dipakai di klinik, karena mahal dan sangat memakan waktu, baik penilaian maupun interpretasi. Kelompok Studi Psikiatri Biologik Jakarta (KSPBJ) telah melakukan modifikasi dari teknik standar dengan teknik yang dinamakan Teknik KSPBJ. Pada teknik ini hanya merekam satu menit dari lima menit selama perekaman yang berlangsung tujuh jam. Dari penelitian kami dengan sukarelawan normal dan pasien depresi didapatkan bahwa Teknik KSPBJ mempunyai agreement yang tinggi dengan teknik standar. Lebih lanjut didapatkan bahwa dengan teknik itu, seperti juga pada teknik standar didapatkan markah biologik untuk depresi. Penderita depresi mempunyai latensi REM yang rendah, yang berbeda dengan normal (P<0,001). Selaln itu ternyata pula pada penderita depresi terjadi shifting p-REM ke 1/3 awal malam dan pada perbaikan depresi terjadi shifting ke 1/3 akhir malam. Penelltian ini konsisten dengan hipotesis adanya ketidak-seimbangan sistem kolinergik - noradrenergik pada mekanisme latency REM, dan ketidak-seimbangan noradrenergik-serotonergik pada phasic REM.

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Sleep In Depressed Patient (A Study On Sleep, REM, and Phasic REM In Depressed Patients)Up to 10 % of all patients seeing a doctor are depressed. This conclusion emerged from an enquiry conducted in 1973 by over 10.000 physicians practicing in Austria, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy and Switzerland. Approximately 15% of the severely depressed commit suicide, whereas the moderate and mild forms usually cause reduction in the quality of life of these patients. The diagnosis of depression is not easy. Depressive states often escape diagnosis because these patients are so overwhelmed by the impact of their physical symptoms, particularly since they can more easily accept the idea that their illness is of physical, as opposed to mental origin. By referring only to their physical complaints, and deliberately failing to disclose their slate of mind, they lead the unwary physician up the wrong diagnostic path. In most mental hospitals, or departments of psychiatry, the diagnosis of depression is also not easily made. In the acute and severe forms these condition sometimes are wrongly diagnosed as schizophrenia. Numerous scientists are presently searching for a biological marker of depression. The Ideal biological marker must be sensitive, specific, easy to identify and relatively Inexpensive In its operation. Research over the past two decades has led to the development of a standardized sleep EEG methodology, which has been proven useful for the identification of characteristic sleep abnormalities of depressed patients. Application of REM abnormalities as a biological marker has produced an accurate, reliable and objective laboratory method for a diagnostic aid in the identification of depression. Even though this is proven to be a useful tool, in clinical practice it is not presently practical as a routine screening test in depressed patients. One of the drawbacks of these methods is the limited number of and the access to standard sleep laboratories. Expenses of EEG sleep studies run high, approximately US$ 500.00 per night. The other factor is that it is time consuming to evaluate 1200 pages of EEG sleep records. In 1980 KSPBJ (Study Group for Biological Psychiatry) developed a modification of the Rechtschaffen and Dales method. The KSPBJ technique records only one minute in every five minutes. That is one minute on and four minutes off for a period of seven hours. In this dissertation a comparison was made between the KSPRJ technique and the standard technique. With 18 normal volunteers, 14 new cases of depression, and 13 medicated depressed patients, the conclusion can be made that the KSPBJ technique has a statistically high agreement with the standard technique. (Po m 0.78 - 0.82, Kappa - 0.71 - 0.75). Another result of these studies with 91 depressed patients and 50 normal volunteers is finding that depressed patients have shortened REM Latency (<60 minutes). This shortened REM Latency could be used in predicting the diagnosis of depression with a quite high level of sensitivity (73-76%), and specificity (over 90%). Yet another conclusion with this KSPBJ technique is that in depressed patients, there seem to be a shifting to the left of phasic REM (to one third of initial night), and on recovery a shifting to the right (to one third of terminal night). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis, of choilnergic - noradrenergic balance mechanism in the forming of latency REM, and the balance of noradrenergic - serotonergic mechanism in the forming of phasic REM. When comparing this technique with the standard technique, there is an 80% reduction of the cost of sleep EEG recording, and an 80% saving in time for evaluation. In conclusion, the KSPBJ technique can be considered as a biological marker for depression which is reasonably sensitive and specific, easy to identify, and in addition relatively inexpensive."

"Acetonitrile is an organic, derivative of carboxylic acid, and toxic compound. This compound has been widely used in pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Nowadays, there are more interests in acetonitrile-degrading microbes for their potential in chemical syntheses and biological detoxification of nitrile-containing wastes.The aim of this study were to isolate, select, and characterise the isolate from industrial effluents which has the best degrading capability and its acetonitrile-degrading enzyme. Cultures were grown on mineral medium with microelements and acetonitrile was added as sole source of energy, carbon, and nitrogen. Analysis to characterise the acetonitrile-degrading enzyme had been conducted with whole cells of the selected isolate. Decreasing of acetonitrile concentration and formation of its degrading products were determined by gas chromatography and ammonia analysis was done by Nessler's method.Isolate D5, identified as Corynebacterium sp., was able to grow on high concentration acetonitrile (up to 5 % v/v) and exhibited the highest specific growth rate (p) among 29 isolates which could grow on acetonitrile. When Corynebacterium D5 grew on 2 % (vlv) acetonitrile, the doubling time was 6 hours 40 minutes, the specific growth rate (p.) was 0.1 h-1, and the acetonitrile decreasing rate was 3.99 mM/h. Increasing of acetonitrile concentration would extend the doubling time, decline the maximum growth and specific growth rate (M), and biomass production. The products of acetonitrile degradation by Corynebacterium D5 were acetamide, acetic acid, and ammonia. The highest maximum growth of Corynebacterium D5 showed when 13-aminopropionitrile was used as a substrate.Corynebacterium D5 degraded 5 % (v/v) acetonitrile with degrading rate of 0.906 µmol min-' (mg dry weight cells)-'. Corynebacterium D5 hydrolysed acetonitrile by two-step reaction catalysed by nitrile hydratase and amidase. The acetamide forming rate [0.399 pmol min' (mg dry weight cells)-' ] was higher than acetic acid forming rate [0.198 µcool min-' (mg dry weight cells)'' ] and the maximum acetamide concentration formed (about 239 mM) was also higher than maximum acetic acid concentration formed (about 145 mM). Nitrite hydratase activity of Corynebacterium D5 was found to be higher than amidase activity. Maximum nitrite hydratase activity was found out at pH 6 and at 30 °C, while maximum amidase activity was found out at pH 7 and up to 60 °C the activity still increase. Nitrite hydratase of Corynebacterium D5 was totally inhibited by 5 mM Hg2+, whereas amidase was slightly inhibited by 10 mM Co2+."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai Struktur Komunitas Diatom dari Dinoflagellata di perairan sekitar Pulau Pari, yang termasuk wilayah Kepulauan Seribu, telah dilakukan pada bulan Juni 1997, Oktober 1997, dan Januari 1998. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di 8 (delapan) stasiun. Sampling menggunakan jaring Kitahara bentuk kerucut panjang 1 m, diameter 31 mikrometer dan mata jarinq 20 mikrometer, pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara horizontal. Sampel yang tersaring ditetesi formalin 4 %, dicacah dibawah- mikroskop perbesaran 40-,100 kali. Parameter lingkungan yang diamati adalah suhu, salinitas dan curah hujan.Dari hasil identifikasi ditemukan sebanyak- 68 jenis, 26 marga dan 17 suku. Kelompok diatom melimpah dengan jumlah anggota 31 jenis, 20 marga, dan 14 suku. Frekuensi kehadiran tertinggi ditemukan pada Chaetoceros decipiens (100 %), Thalassiothrix nitzschioides (87,50 %) dan Thrachyneis debyi (75,00 %). Chaetoceros decipiens paling melimpah pada bulan Januari 1998 dengan kepadatan 26.693,3 sell]. Thalassiothrix nitzschioides melimpah pada bulan Juni 1997 dengan kepadatan sel 889,9 sell]. Pada bulan Oktober 1997 Thrachyneis debyi melimpah dengan kepadatan 817,5 sell]. Keanekaragaman jenis diatom berkisar antara-0,31 - 0,73, kemerataan jenis 0,23 - 0,41, kekayaan jenis 0,43 - 0,91.Kelompok dinoflagellata mempunyai jumlah anggota 37 jenis, 6 marga, dan 2 suku. Frekuensi kehadiran tertinggi ditemukan pada Ceratium furca (62,50 %), Prorocentrum micans. (25,00%) dan Peridinium depressum (37,50 %). Ceratium furca melimpah pada bulan Juni 1997 dengan kepadatan 130,4 sell. Prorocentrum micans melimpah pada- bulan Oktober 1997 dengan kepadatan 10,3 sell. Peridinium depressum melimpah pada bulan Januari 1998 dengan kepadatan 33,1 sell: Pengaruh musim turut menentukan komposisi dan kelimpahan jenis diatom dan dinoflagellata.Hasil analisis kluster diatom dengan batas keputusan 50 % dari ke tiga musim pengamatan membentuk 3 --6. kelompok komunitas; diperkirakan karena sangat bervariasinya jumlah jenis di stasiun-stasiun penelitian. Hasil analisis kluster antar stasiun untuk dinoflagellata bulan Juni- 1997, Oktober 1997, dan Januari 1998 tidak membentuk pengelompokan (7 kelompok / komunitas) sehingga terpisah satu-sama lain, kecuali- St4 (Tanah. Miring)-dan- St 5-( Kelapa Tinggi) (Juni 1997), Stasiun 2 ( Goba Kuanji) dan St 7 (Goba Labangan Pasir) (Oktober 1-997) dan St 6 ( Pari Rataan- Terumbu} dan St 8- ( Goba Chris) (Januari 1998).

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ABSTRACT

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates are dominant groups- of marine- phytoplankton, and are important in the marine food chain. Diatoms and Dinoflagellates live in various habitats, freshwater, estuarine and marine; Information about diatoms in Indonesia is especially from reports of Lebour(1925) ; Delsman (1939) ; Zeitzschel (1978) ; and Taylor (1979). information concerning diatoms and dinoflagellates in Pari Islands waters (estuarine) is very limited. The water of Pari Islands is- a unique- ecosystem. This area- has various living organism i.e. diatoms and dinoflagellates. A study on the community Structure of Diatoma and Dinoflagellate in Pari Islands Waters. was conducted in June 1997, October 1997 and January 1998.

The aim of the study is to find out the species diversity and the fluctuation of diatoms and dinoflagellates communities , the relationship of the community structure of diatoms and dinoflagellates related the environmental factors in Pari Islands waters at three seasons.

Sixty-eight species belonging to twenty-six families were recorded. They consist of 31 species of diatoms, 20 families ,14 genus and 37 species of dinoflagellates, 6 families and 2 genus. Two species showed high frequency of occurrence and abundance at dry seasons and wet seasons i.e. Thalassiothrix nitzschioides and Chaetoceros decipiens, Ceratium furca, and Prorocentrum emarginatum at dry seasons and wet seasons. This indicated that two spesies were common and more widely distributed than others. The highest diversity, richness and evennes indices of diatom spesies were found in Kelapa Tinggi (St 5) at three seasons

Cluster analysis resulted one group throughout the study in June 1997, October 1-997 and- January- 1-998. Stations 1.,2,8;5,4,7 had closer relationship than Station 3 and St 6. The- conditions of Pari Islands- waters showed. that the- salinity ranged from 30 - 33 ° loq- the- temperature. ranged from .27 - -29 °C, and the. rainfall ranged from 25,4 - 494 milimetre/month.

The Environmental conditions. were- also monitored. Result showed- than the environmental conditions of the Pari Islands water were still appropriate for nursery grounds. of several. biota- and suitable for spawning ground- of certain spesies . The great varieties of species (phytoplankton) i.e : diatoms and dinoflagellates in- the- Pari Islands- water show that this ecosystem its very productive site for marine biota."

"Tesis ini merupakan gabungan dua makalah hasil penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman jenis rumput laut dan pemanfaatannya oleh masyarakat secara tradisional. Rumput laut atau dikenal dengan nama lain seaweed adalah alga makro yang tumbuh di laut dan digolongkan ke dalam tiga kelas yaitu; Chlorophyceae (alga hijau), Rhodophyceae (alga merah) dan Phaeophyceae (alga coklat). Penelitian keanekaragaman jenis dilakukan di perairan pantai Warambadi dan penelitian pemanfaatan rumput laut dilakukan khusunya di lingkungan masyarakat Suku Sumba dan Sabu di Kampung Warambadi dan sekitarnya, Kabupaten Sumba Timur, mulai bulan April 1997 sampai dengan bulan Maret 1998. Makalah pertama berjudul Keanekaragaman Rumput Laut di Pantai Warambadi : Fenomena Substrat dan Musim. Penelitian ini didasarkan pada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan rumput taut, yang antara lain adalah substrat, salinitas, temperatur, arus dan gelombang serta intensitas cahaya. Sedangkan salinitas, temperatur dan arus dipengaruhi oleh musim yang terjadi. Bahkan untuk beberapa kasus tertentu, kondisi substrat dipengaruhi pula oleh perubahan musim. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat keanekaragaman rumput laut di lokasi penelitian melalui pengukuran indeks keragaman jenis, dengan memperhatikan substrat pasir dan batu karang serta musim kemarau dan musim hujan. Dari pengamatan diperoleh catatan bahwa pada kedua musim dan di kedua substrat, rumput taut yang tumbuh di lokasi penelitian berjumlah 79 jenis Bari 23 genus, yang teridiri dari : 37 jenis alga hijau dari 9 genus, 22 jenis alga merah dad 8 genus dan 20 jenis alga coklat dari 6 genus. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai indeks keanekaragaman jenis pada substrat pasir dan batu karang pada musim hujan maupun kemarau tidak berbeda. Demikian pula sebaliknya bahwa indeks keanekaragaman jenis pada musim hujan dan kemarau pada substrat pasir maupun batu karang tidak berbeda. Hasil analisis menunjukkan pula bahwa nilai indeks keanekaragaman jenis dan jumlah jenis alga tidak dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan tipe substrat dan musim, tetapi sangat dipengaruhi oleh interaksi antara substrat dan musim. Adapun hasil analisis terhadap masing-masing kelas menunjukkan, bahwa indeks keanekaragaman jenis alga hijau dipengaruhi oleh tipe substrat dan musim, tetapi tidak oleh interaksi keduanya. Untuk alga merah, indeks keanekaragaman jenis dipengaruhi oleh musim dan interaksi antara substrat dengan musim, akan tetapi tidak dipengaruhi oleh tipe substrat. Sedangkan indeks keanekaragaman jenis alga coklat dipengaruhi oleh tipe substrat dan musim, tetapi tidak oleh interaksi keduanya. Hasil analisis menunjukkan pula, bahwa jumlah jenis alga hijau, alga merah dan alga coklat dipengaruhi oleh tipe substrat dan musim serta oleh interaksi keduanya. Makalah kedua berjudul Studi Etnobotani : Pemanfaatan Rumput Laut di daerah Warambadi - Panguhalodo, Sumba Timur. Makalah ini sebagai hasiI dari penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan masyarakat setempat, khususnya Suku Sumba dan Sabu mengenai pemanfaatan rumput laut. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa terdapat 55 jenis yang telah dimanfaatkan secara turun temurun sebagai makanan dan/atau obat tradisonal, dan 32 jenis di antaranya adalah jenis yang baru diinformasikan sebagai makanan dan obat. 54 jenis dari 19 genus telah terbiasa dimanfaatkan sebagai makanan, khususnya oleh masyarakat keturunan Suku Sumba dan Sabu. Jenis alga tersebut terdiri dari 17 jenis alga hijau, 17 jenis alga merah dan 20 jenis alga coklat. Diketahui pula bahwa 38 jenis dari 18 genus temyata sudah biasa pula dimanfaatkan sebagai obat tradisional oleh masayarakat, dan terdiri dari 7 jenis alga hijau, 13 jenis alga merah, 18 jenis alga coklat. Rumput laut dikonsumsi secara tradisional dalam berbagai bentuk antara lain; mentah sebagai lalap dan sayur, dibuat acar dengan bumbu rempah dan cuka, dibuat sayur dengan air santan, ditumis dengan minyak kelapa, dimasak dengan air kelapa dan gula dibuat puding atau penganan. Sebagai obat tradisional rumput laut digunakan untuk: kosmetika tradisional (dalam bentuk puderlbedak atau lotion), penurun panas, antiseptik, obat cacingan, obat batuk dan asma, mimisan dan bisul, bawasir, GAKI, gangguan lambung dan pencernaan serta gangguan saluran air kemih. Pengetahuan pemanfaatan rumput laut sebagai makanan dan obat tradisional, sampai saat ini ternyata masih dimiliki oleh masyarakat di daerah Warambadi, Desa Mburukulu Kecamatan Panguhalodo, Kabupaten Sumba Timur, khususnya Suku Sumba dan Sabu. Dengan tidak diketahui asal mulanya, pengetahuan ini telah dimanfaatkan secara turun temurun sejak ratusan tahun lalu dan dari basil wawancara ternyata diketahui pula, bahwa pengetahuan ini berkurang secara gradual sejalan dengan perubahan sosial, ekonomi dan budaya serta kondisi lokasi."

"ABSTRACTGlomalean fungi are natural resources commonly found in different natural ecosystems and associated with different potential forest, agriculture, horticulture and pasture plant. Natural resource exploitation may lead to ecosystem destruction and may affect population status of these fungi. The objective of this study is to determine the diversity of glomalean fungi and their inoculum potential in five land-use types, i.e.: forest, agroforest, "sengon" (Paraserianthes) plantation, cassava plantation and "alang-alang" (lmperata) at Kecamatan Tebo Ulu, Kecamatan Rantau Pandan, Kecamatan Muara Bungo, and Kecamatan Tebo Tengah, Bungo Tebo District, Jambi Province. Fifteen soil samples were collected from the five land-use types at a depth of 0 - 5 cm (K1) and 5 - 15 cm (K2). The glomalean fungi spores were extracted and isolated using wet sieving-decanting technique (Gerdemann, 1971) followed by sucrose centrifugation technique (Setiadi et al., 1992)_ isolated spores were identified by using the Manual for identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi (Schenck & Perez, 1990), and diversity glomalean fungi in each land-use type was analyzed using Shannon-Wiener Index, while their inoculum potential was assessed using most probable number (MPN) following procedure of Felmann & ldczak (1994). Degree of inoculum potential of the five land-use types was analyzed using varian one-way classification (Sakai & Rohlf, 1992). The results show that glomalean fungi population at the five land-use types varied. Among the six genera in the world, four genera of glomalean fungi i.e. (Glomus, Sclerocystls, Acaulospora, and Gigaspora) were found at all land-use types. Glomus spp. were dominant at the five land-use types. Genus of Gigaspora was only found at cassava plantation. Compared with the other land use types, number of species and spores found in cassava (9 species of glomalean fungi with 323 spores/100 g of sample) and in "alang-alang° (11 species with 318 spores/100 g of sample) were the highest at the value of diversity index (1,44) and (1,23) respectively. Spores of glomalean fungi increase gradually from undisturbed forest to degraded "alang-alang". Results also indicate that the inoculum potential of the five land-use types are different. Compared to the other land-use types, inoculum potential of "sengon" (39,5 active propagule/cm3 soil) and cassava plantation (37,75 active propagulelcm3 soil) were the highest. The results also show that the value of inoculum potential is not always positively correlated with the abundance of spores. Further research to determine the relationship between glomalean fungi diversity with their inoculum potential and the soil productivity is recommended. This approach can be used as an alternative strategy to improve sustainable agriculture development using microbial processes. "

"Studi tentang variasi genetik dan truss morphometric telah dilakukan pada dua populasi ikan lele di Sungai Musi dan Bengawan Solo dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan antara keduanya. Populasi yang diamati adalah lele lokal (Clarias batrachus) untuk kedua habitat dan lete keli (Clarias meladerma) di Sungai Musi sebagai pembanding.Sampel ikan lele diambil dari masing-masing habitat sebanyak 100 individul populasi untuk pengukuran truss. Pengukuran morfometrik dilakukan dengan ukuran komersial konvensional yakni panjang total (PT), panjang standar (PS), panjang badan (PB), dan panjang kepala (PK), serta rasio termakan (edible portion). Pengukuran secara truss morfometrik dilakukan dengan mernbagi menjadi 4 truss cell dan 6 titik homologus (dengan 21 variabel truss). Analisis elektroforesis protein (protein electrophoresis) dilakukan pada 12 enzim dari 40 individu masing-masing populasi. Jaringan yang dianalisis berasal dari hati dan otot daging bagian dorso ventral di belakang insang sebelah kid. Waktu yang digunakan untuk proses elektroforesis adalah 4 jam pada kekuatan 80 mA.Dengan menggunakan 21 variabel truss (P < 0,05) populasi Clarias batrachus di S. Musi dengan Clarias meladerma mempunyai kemiripan yang lebih tinggi dan terpisah dengan populasi C. batrachus dari B. Solo. Demikian pula dengan ukuran komersial konvensional yakni PK dan edible portion. Pengetahuan ini dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan mutu genetik terutama untuk budidaya.Dad 12 enzim yang dianalisis diperoleh 16 lokus dan 4 (25%) diantaranya heterozigot. Heterozigositas pada tingkat populasi (H) adalah 0,029 (populasi Bengawan Solo), 0,063 (populasi Sungai Musi), dan 0,167 untuk Clarias meladenna dari Sungai Musi. Jarak genetik C. batrachus dari S. Musi lebih dekat kepada populasi Bengawan Solo daripada populasi C. meladerma yang juga berasal dari Sungai Musi.

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Clarias batrachus, or Catfish, is a popular fish, especially in java, where they serve as a natural food resources in most villages. Catfish comprises several species included in 30 families found world wide, with 7 families widely distributed throughout Asia, including Indonesia. At least four species are known in Indonesia, each having a different local name. Nevertheless, information concerning the genetic variation/diversity and phenotype of C. batrachus in Indonesia is not yet available.

The aim of these study is to established the relationship between morphometric and enzymatic haracters of C. batrachus from different geographic distribution, namely from the Musi river in Sumatra and Bengawan Solo river in Java. The results obtained from these studies will serve as a basic information for further research and development of this species.

The studies were conducted on two different populations of C. batrachus in the Musi and Bengawan Solo river, and a population of C. meladerma of Musi. The truss morphometric study was conducted on 100 fish from each species collected by fishing and trapping. The fish was divided into 6 truss length and 4 truss cells. Fourty fish were then frozen at -24°C for analysis of enzymes polymorphisms.

Genetic variation based on enzyme polymorphisms and multivariate analysis of truss morphometric characters suggest that catfish populations from Bengawan Solo and Musi river do not form panmictic population. Electrophoretic analysis of 12 enzymes using aqueous muscle and liver tissues revealed the product of 16 loci. Genetic variation among these enzymes in this species was observed in 4 loci (Mdh, Pgm, Gpi, and Me) at 25% of the total number of loci. Avarage heterozygosities for C. batrachus was 0.029 (Bengawan Solo) and 0.063 (Musi river), while avarage heterozygosity of C. meladerma (Musi river) was 0.167.

Truss morphometric measurement have successfully shown to be a good technique for distinguishing catfish originated from different geographic areas. Most of the significant variation in morphological shapes of catfish population were found in the anterior (head) rather than the posterior part of the body. The information obtained from these studies may be used in aquaculture for strain improvement through selection and testing."

"Penelitian mengenai Polychaeta di hutan mangrove, perairan Teluk Kotania, Seram Barat telah dilakukan pada bulan Februari 1996. Dari sampel yang telah dikumpulkan diketahui bahwa di lokasi Teluk Kotania terdapat 40 jenis Polychaeta yang digolongkan ke dalam 36 marga dan 13 suku. Dua jenis di antaranya mempunyai frekwensi kehadiran yang tinggi yaitu Pulliella sp dan Armandia intermedia masing-masing (89%). Rata-rata kepadatan individu Polychaeta di lima lokasi berkisar antara 12.102 individu/m3 - 21.307 individu/m3 , keanekaragaman jenis berkisar antara 2,44 - 3,78 dan kemerataan jenis berkisar antara 0,56 - 0,78. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman dan kemerataan jenis di lima lokasi penelitian sangat ditentukan oleh kontribusi Pulliella sp dan Armandia intermedia. Hasil pengukuran terhadap faktor fisik lingkungan diperoleh kisaran nilai rata-rata salinitas 22,50/00 - 27°loo; suhu 29,5°C - 31°C dan pH 7,8 - 8,4. Sedangkan hasil analisis terhadap tekstur sedimen menunjukkan bahwa umumnya lokasi penelitian bersubstrat pasir sangat kasar, kecuali Pulau Burung didominasi oleh pasir sedang. Hasil analisis cluster dan analisis diskriminan di lima lokasi membentuk dua kelompok. Kelompok I terdiri atas Pulau Tatumbu dan Pulau Burung, sedangkan kelompok II terdiri dari Pelita Jaya 2, Pulau Buntal, dan Pelita Jaya I. Pengelompokan tersebut berdasarkan kepadatan jenis dan substrat. Janis Polychaeta yang menyebar pada jarak 0 - 45 m adalah Armandia intermedia, Pulliella sp dan Aphelia sp. Hasil analisis koresponden mendapatkan bahwa pengelompokan terbentuk berdasarkan kepadatan dan spesifikasi jenis di lokasi tertentu.

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Polychaeta is a group of invertebrates which is important in the marine food chain, particularly for demersal fishes, shrimps, and crabs. Polychaeta lives in various habitats, in muddy, sandy, and stony bottoms. Information about Polychaeta in Indonesian waters, especially in Maluku waters, has not yet been known well. Based on those fact, a research on the community structure and distribution of Polychaeta of mangrove forest in the waters of Kotania Bay was conducted in February 1996. Samples were collected from five stations using a transect method. The aim of the study was to find out the relationship of Polychaeta community structure with the environmental factors in Kotania Bay. The distribution of Polychaeta of mangrove forest in Kotania Bay was also studied. Hopefully, the results of this study can be used as basic information for futher research. During the study, 40 species of Polychaeta belonging to 36 genera of 13 families were collected from the locality. Two species showed high frequency of occurrence (89%), i.e. Pa/lie/la sp and Armandia infermedia. This indicated that the two species were common and distributed more widely than the others. The highest' density of Polychaeta was in Burung Island (21.307 indlm3) and the lowest was in Pelita Jaya 1 (12.102.ind/m3). The highest density of Polychaeta in Burung Island was mainly due to the highest density of Pulliella sp, Armandia intermedia, and A. lepfocirrus. The highest diversity and evenness indeces of Polychaeta species were found in Buntal island. Tatumbu Island and Burung Island had the highest similarity index. The water conditions of Kotania Bay showed that salinity ranged from 22,5°100 to 27°1°0, temperature ranged from 29,5°C to 31°C, and pH varied between 7,8 and 8,4. Substrates mostly contained sand with the very high percentage of very coarse sand. Cluster analysis divided the five station into two groups : Group 1, defined by Tatumbu Island and Burung Island, and Group II, defined by Pelita Jaya 2, Buntal Island, and Pelita Jaya 1. Discriminant analysis also divided the stations into two groups. Medium sand in the substrat was responsible in separating the five stations into two different communities. Factorial Correspondence Analysis (CA) classified the species of Polychaeta into four group based on species densities and specification of species in the location."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai struktur komunitas dan sebaran spasial Bivalvia serta hubungannya dengan karakteristik lingkungan di Teluk Katania, Seram Barat, Maluku Tengah. Ada 5 stasiun penelitian yaitu : Pelita Jaya 1, Pelita Jaya 2, Pulau Buntal, Pulau Tatumbu, dan Pulau Burung. Anadara maculafa merupakan jenis Bivalvia yang kepadatannya tertinggi (2,5 individu/m2). Nilai H' (indeks keanekaragaman) Bivalvia tertinggi ada di Pulau Burung (H' = 0,958) dan terendah di Pulau Buntal (H' = 0,624). Indeks kemerataan J' tertinggi (J' = 0,843) terdapat di Pelita Jaya 1. indeks kesamaan Morisita C tertinggi adalah antara Pelita Jaya 2 dan Pulau Buntal (C = 0,92). Kondisi substrat di Pelita Jaya 2 dan Pulau Buntal mempunyai persentase Lumpur yang tinggi. Dengan analisis cluster, 5 stasiun penelitian terbagi menjadi 2 kelompok. Kelompok I terdiri atas stasiun Pelita Jaya 2 dan Pulau Buntal kemudian kelompok II terdiri atas Pelita Jayal, Pulau Tatumbu, dan Pulau Burung. Analisis diskriminan dengan faktor lingkungan substrat pasir halus dan lumpur juga membagi kelima stasiun menjadi dua kelompok yang sama seperti pada analisis cluster. Substrat lumpur mempunyai kontribusi yang tinggi (96,3 %). Tellina sp merupakan jenis yang penyebarannya luas sebab selalu hadir di setiap stasiun penelitian. Hasil analisis faktorial koresponden membentuk enam kelompok. Penyebaran spasial jenis jenis Bivalvia di 5 stasiun dari hasil analisis tersebut berdasarkan pada kepadatan tertinggi dari jenis jenis tertentu (lima kelompok) dan berdasarkan jenis-jenis yang selalu hadir di setiap stasiun (satu kelompok).

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Bivalvia, also known as Pelecypoda, is the second largest class in phylum Mollusca. This group has 28.000 species (Barth & Broshear, 1982) and about 1000 species of Bivalvia live in Indonesian waters (Nontji, 1987). Information about Bivalvia in Kotania Bay has not been known well. Based on those fact, a research on the community structure and spatial distribution of Bivalve in the waters of Kotania Bay was conducted in February 1996. The aim of study was to find out the relationship between Bivalvia community structure with environmental factors in the waters of Kotania Bay. The spatial distribution of Bivalvia in several small islands in Kotania Bay was also studied. Hopefully, the results can be used as basic information for father research.

The research was conducted in five stations, i.e. Pelita Jaya 1, Pelita Jaya 2, Buntal Island, Tatumbu Island, and Burung Island. The sampling method used in the study was belt transact. The water conditions measured were water temperature, salinity, and pH. The substrates were characterized by the sediment fractions. Temperatures in the research stations ranged between 29.5°C and 31 °C, the range of pH is between 7 and 8.4. Water salinities in the research stations varied between 22 % and 30 %. Substrates in the research stations mostly contained sand with the very high percentage of very coarse sand. Silt was the smallest fraction found in the substrate.

In five research stations, 32 species of Bivalvia belonging to 15 families were collected. Anadara maculata had the highest density (2.5 individulm2) of all Bivalvia species found. The highest H' value (diversity index) of Bivalvia was in Burung Island (H' = 0.958) and the lowest was in Buntal Island (H' = 0.624). The highest evenness index J' = 0.843 was found in Pelita Jaya 1. The highest similarity index was shown by Pelita Jaya 2 and Buntal Island. Substrates in Pelita Jaya 2 and Buntal Island were dominated by silt.

Cluster analysis at five research stations divided the stations into two groups. Group I, defined by Pelita Jaya 2 and Buntal Island. Group ii, defined by Pelita Jaya 1, Tatumbu Island, and Burung Island. Discriminant analysis based on two environmental factors, i.e. very fine sand and silts, also divided the stations into two similar groups as cluster analysis did. The silt factor had high contribution (96.3%) in separating the stations.

Factorial correspondence analysis classified the species of Bivalvia into six groups. Based on the highest density of the certain species (five groups) and on the common species found in all stations (one group). Among the species collected Tellina sp was the common species found in the five stations. Spondylus squamosus, Trachydarium subrugosum, and Vulsella vulsella were found only in Pelita Jaya 2. Pitar subpellucidus, Septifer hi/ocular-is, Fimbria fmbriata and Chama pacifica were found only in Burung island. The species of Bivalvia only found in Pelita Jaya 1 were Atrina vexillum, Tellina staurella, Chama ruderalis, Limaria fragilis, and Clycymeris pectunculus."

"There are seven species of marine turtles known throughout international waters. These are Loggerhead turtle/Caretla carelta (Linnaeus, 1758), Green turtle/Chelania mydas (Linnaeus, 1766), Kemp's ridley turtlell.epidochelys kempii (Garman, 1880), Olive ridley turtle/1,epidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829), Flatback turtle/Natator depressus (Garman, 1880), and Leatherback turtle/Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1766).In Indonesian waters, there are six species of marine turtles. Kemp's ridley turtle is the only species from the above, which is not found.The status of the Olive ridley turtle in the Red DataBook-IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is 'Endangered'. CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) categorizes this species in `Appendix I' meaning that the trading of this animal should be limited. In Indonesia, the Olive ridley--along with the Leatherback, Hawksbill, Flatback and Loggerhead turtle--is listed as a protected species, while the Green turtle is the only turtle species not protected by regulation.Compared with other species of turtle, there is still lack of documentation concerning the Olive ridley turtle in Indonesia. So far, there is still relatively little publication about this species. The main reason is probably because of the limited knowledge of the Olive ridley nesting beach's location. For this reason, research was conducted at Pantai Marengan, in Alas Purwo National Park (Alas Purwo NP), Banyuwangi, East Java. This is one of the few known nesting sites of the Olive ridley turtle in Indonesia.The aim of the research was to investigate the nesting of the Olive ridley turtle. A study of morphometrics and captive program in Alas Punvo NP was also made as part of the research. It is hoped that, the results will be useful for the conservation of the turtle and its habitat.The research was performed during the turtle's nesting season, between March and October 1995. During this period, one hundred and sixty-two (162) nests were found. The peak of activity occurred in July, when fifty-one (51) nests were located. The average clutch size was one hundred and four (104) eggs per nest. On average, the nests were located 5.8 m (SD = 6.7) from vegetation and 18.5 m (SD = 11.5) from the highest high tide mark. The morphometric study of thirty (30) nesting turtles showed that the average curved carapace measurements were 67.5 cm in length (SD = 3.2) and 66.7 cm in width (SD 3.9). The results of carapace measurements showed that the carapace length positively correlated with carapace width, i.e., as the carapace length increase, so the carapace width will also increase. No correlation was found between carapace length and the number of eggs in each clutch. There was also no correlation found between the number of eggs laid and the time used for nesting activity.The captive program of Olive ridley turtle in Alas Purwo NP was set-up in 1989. The survival percentage of hatchlings from semi-natural hatching recorded during the 1995 season was 83.7 %. The highest hatching death rate (45.3 %) occurred in August, when temperature in the rearing container fell to 20"C.According to the secondary data, during the 1984/1985 nesting season, only three (3) nesting sites of the Olive ridley turtle were found in Alas Purwo NP. In the period between April and June 1996, however, one hundred and sixty-nine nesting sites were located. Is population of the Olive ridley turtle increasing within the Alas Purwo NP? The question can only be answered more accurately by tagging of individual animals and monitoring the species over a longer term."

"Amphidromus, a genus of arboreal pulmonate land snails belong to the family Camaenidae, is found in Indonesia. The total species of Amphidromus in Indonesia are almost half of the total number of species in the world. Most of these species were described before 1900. The collections of Amphidromus at the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, were collected after 1900.Shell of subgenus Amphidromus rather stout, either dextral or sinistral, usually solid, and with periodical colour-stripes or varix, and shell of subgenus Syndromus always sinistral, usually thin, never marked with varix, the varietals callus usually thin and transparent.The aim of the study is to know the diversity and distribution of Amphidromus in Indonesia based on the specimen of Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, and also to study the difference of morphometric and genitals between subgenus Amphidromus and Syndromus. This study was carried out in the period of May - October 1996 at the Laboratory of Malacology, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor.Each species was measured and described the shell measurement, shell colour, locality and the date of specimen collection. Morphometric data consist of high, diameter, and high of aperture of adult shells. Cluster analysis of morphometric data is primarily dissimilarity index Bray - Curtis's method. The difference of penial complex of genitals is counted based upon the length of epiphalic flagellum and length of epiphallus.The result of this study showed that the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense has 67,57 % (25 species) of total species from Indonesian Amphidromus. One of those species has never been collected, Amphidromus (Syndromus) annae, which might be endemic species located in Selayar island. The specimen from Mount Buntung, East Kalimantan, will be described as a new species in separate publication.The new record for their distribution of Amphidromus javanicus was recognized from Jambi, A. sumatranus from Siberut island, and A. contrarius from Alor island. The subgenus Syndromus in Indonesia is distributed in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Jawa, Bali, NTB, NTT, Timor island, Wetar island, Roma island, and Tanimbar islands. While subgenus Amphidromus dispersed in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Jawa, and Bali. Based on the data collections, Amphidromus palaceus was found through out the years.The epiphallic flagellum of subgenus Amphidromus, is longer than epiphallus, while subgenus Syndromus, is shorter. Cluster analysis showed that only 92 % of subgenus Amphidromus and Syndromus has morphometric differences."