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"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai implementasi asas cabotage dalam hukum positif Indonesia terhadap kapal penunjang Migas (Migas) atau anjungan Migas yang beroperasi di wilayah lepas pantai yang termasuk dalam wilayah laut zona ekonomi ekslusif (ZEE) maupun landas kontinen dimana ketentuan hukum internasional berlaku, kesesuainnya dengan ketentuan WTO yaitu ketentuan General Agreement on Trade In Services (GATS) dan schedule of commitment Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif yang di dukung oleh penelitian empiris. Dengan rumusan pengertian kapal yang meliputi juga floating platforms di lepas pantai (dalam hal ini termasuk rig-rig, anjungan Migas lepas pantai) sepanjang berada dalam yuridiksi dan kedaulatan Indonesia yaitu berada di laut teritorial Indonesia beserta perairan kepulauan dan perairan pedalaman maka asas cabotage berlaku terhadap kapal dan floating platforms tersebut. Sedangkan menurut hukum positif Iindonesia asas cabotage tidak berlaku di landas kontinen dan ZEE namun dalam pelaksanaannya berlaku karena dalam operasional tersebut harus melalui Pelabuhan, laut teritorial, perairan kepulauan dan perairan pedalaman. Implementasi asas cabotage belum dapat dilaksanakan sepenuhnya karena pemerintah masih memberikan dispensasi terhadap penggunaan kapal asing untuk usaha Migas lepas pantai melalui Permenhub No.46 Tahun 2019, namun peraturan ini secara substansi tidak sejalan atau bertentangan dengan asas hukum lex superior derogate legi inferiori. Pengaturan asas cabotage merupakan bagian dari prinsip yang diatur dalam GATS tentang domestic regulation, dan WTO tetap mengakui eksistensi kedaulatan negara anggotanya. Hasil penelitian menyarankan perlu menyempurnakan hukum positif Indonesia sebagai peraturan domestik untuk menyesuaikan dengan perkembangan liberalisasi jasa angkutan laut khususnya penggunaan kapal asing untuk menunjang usaha Migas lepas pantai di Indonesia dan memberikan kelonggaran bagi armada angkutan laut asing pada kegiatan Migas lepas pantai.

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This focus of this study is assesed implementation of the cabotage principle in Indonesian positive law to offshore oil and gas supporting vessels or oil and gas platforms operating in offshore areas that are included in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) sea area or the continental shelf where international law provisions apply, the compliance with WTO provisions namely the provisions of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Indonesias schedule of commitment. This research applies a normative juridical approach which is supported by empirical research. With the formulation of the definition of a vessel which includes offshore floating platforms (in this case including rigs, offshore oil and gas platforms) as long as it is within the jurisdiction and sovereignty of Indonesia, which are in the territorial sea of Indonesia, archipelagic waters and inland waters, the cabotage principle applies to vessel and floating platforms. Meanwhile, according to positive Indonesian law the cabotage principle does not apply to vessel and floating platforms on the continental shelf and EEZ, but in practice the cabotage principle also applies because vessel and floating platforms in these operations must go through ports, territorial seas, archipelagic waters and inland waters. Implementation of the cabotage principle cannot yet be fully implemented because the government is still giving dispensation for the use of foreign vessel for offshore oil and gas business through Permenhub No.46 of 2019, but this regulation is substantially not in line with or against the legal principle of the lex superior derogate legi inferiori. Implementation of the cabotage principle is part of the principles that is regulated in GATS regarding domestic regulation, and the WTO continues to recognize the existence of the sovereignty of its member countries. The results suggest that it is necessary to improve Indonesias positive law as a domestic regulation to adjust to the development of liberalization of sea transportation services, especially the use of foreign vessels to support offshore oil and gas businesses in Indonesia and to provide leeway for foreign marine transportation fleets in offshore activities."

"ABSTRAKBeberapa negara memiliki ketentuan domestik di bidang Antidumping yangmengharuskan otoritas penyelidiknya melakukan evaluasi terhadap penerapan tindakanantidumping guna kepentingan umum yang lebih besar (kepentingan nasional). Dengankata lain, sebelum tindakan Antidumping dikenakan, harus dipertimbangkan lebihdahulu dampaknya terhadap berbagai kelompok lain selain industri dalam negeri yangmengajukan petisi serta untuk menjamin kepentingan yang lebih besar secarakeseluruhan. Otoritas penyelidik dapat memutuskan untuk tidak mengenakan tindakanAntidumping apabila berdasarkan temuan diketahui akan bertentangan dengankepentingan umum atau kepentingan nasional, meskipun telah terbukti adanya injury,dumping, dan hubungan kausal di antara keduanya.Selama Putaran Uruguay, beberapa negara anggota WTO telah mencobamenegosiasikan klausul kepentingan umum atau kepentingan nasional menjadi klausulwajib dalam Perjanjian Antidumping, namun usaha tersebut gagal. Selama PutaranDoha beberapa negara anggota WTO kembali mengusulkan masalah ini, namun tetapsaja tidak tercapai kesepakatan.Tesis ini secara singkat membahas analisis pertimbangan National Interestdalam penyelidikan Antidumping, baik dalam level hukum domestik maupuninternasional pada saat ini, masalah dan solusi yang memungkinkan untuk memperkuatketentuan National Interest dalam penyelidikan Antidumping. Untuk mencapai tujuantersebut, penulis melakukan kajian historis, analitis, dan studi banding. Singkatnya,Tesis ini mendukung dicantumkannya klausul National Interest dalm PerjanjianAntidumping Indonesia, karena menjunjung tinggi prinsip-prinsip proporsionalitas,proses hukum, dan keadilan. Disamping itu, tujuan dari WTO sebagaimanadidefinisikan dalam Mukadimah the Marrakesh Agreement akan tercapai. Bagian akhirTesis menyimpulkan bahwa penguatan hak-hak prosedural perlu diberikan kepada parapengguna industri, organisasi konsumen, dan pihak lain yang terkena dampak negatifdari pengenaan tindakan Antidumping. Juga diharapkan adanya perbaikan terhadapketentuan National Interest dalam Antidumping untuk menjamin terlindunginyakepentingan nasional yang lebih besar.

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Abstract Some countries have provisions in their domestic Antidumping laws obliging theinvestigating authorities to evaluate whether the application of Antidumping measures isin the public or greater national interest. In other words, before imposing the measure,its impact on groups other than domestic industry and the country?s overall interestshould be studied. The investigating authorities may decide not to impose theAntidumping measure based on the finding that such a measure is in contradiction withpublic or national interest, notwithstanding an affirmative injury, dumping, andcausation.During the Uruguay Round some GATT Contracting Parties tried to negotiate amandatory public or national interest clause in the Antidumping Agreement, but failedto do so. During the Doha Round several WTO Members again raised this issue, but theagreement has not been reached so far.This thesis will shortly explore the legal concept of national interest inAntidumping disciplines, its use in current domestic and international laws, problemsand possible solutions for strengthening international disciplines on public interest. Inachieving these objectives, historical, analytical, comparative, and case study methodsof analysis are used. The thesis, in short, supports the idea to include national interestconsideration clause into Indonesian Antidumping Agreement, which would respect theprinciples of proportionality, due process, and fairness as well as the objectives of theWTO as defined in the preamble of the Marrakesh Agreement. The thesis concludes thatthe strengthening of procedural rights granted to industrial users, consumerorganizations and other negatively effected parties. It also desired to develop substantialrules on national interest pursuant to greater public interest (national interest) in future."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini meneliti tentang implementasi pengenaan tindakan pengamanan (safeguard) dalam melindungi industri dalam negeri terhadap impor produk canai lantaian dari besi atau baja bukan paduan. Kebijakan ini dikeluarkan seiring melonjaknya impor produk tersebut sehingga mengakibatkan terjadinya kerugian serius atau ancaman kerugian serius pada industri dalam negeri. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Penerapan Bea Masuk Tindakan Pengamanan (BMTP) telah sesuai dengan aturan di dalam Agreement on Safeguards dan memenuhi kriteria: adanya lonjakan impor, adanya kerugian atau ancaman kerugian, dan adanya hubungan sebab akibat antara lonjakan impor dengan kerugian atau ancaman kerugian. Berdasarkan data impor tahun 2014 ? 2015 dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan BMTP bagi produk tersebut telah memberikan dampak yang cukup signifikan dalam menahan lonjakan impor.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis analyzes the implementation of safeguard measures in protecting domestic industry against import of product flat-rolled of iron or non-alloy steel. This policy is issued as soaring imports of these products that result in serious injury or threat of serious injury on the domestic industry. These results indicate that the adoption of Safeguard Measures Import Duty (BMTP) in accordance with the rules in the Agreement on Safeguards and following the criteria: increase imports, serious injury or threat of serious injury, and the causal link between increase imports and serious injury or threat of serious injury. Based on data imports in 2014 ? 2015, it can be concluded that the application of BMTP for these products have a significant impact in restraining the increase in imports;This thesis analyzes the implementation of safeguard measures in protecting domestic industry against import of product flat-rolled of iron or non-alloy steel. This policy is issued as soaring imports of these products that result in serious injury or threat of serious injury on the domestic industry. These results indicate that the adoption of Safeguard Measures Import Duty (BMTP) in accordance with the rules in the Agreement on Safeguards and following the criteria: increase imports, serious injury or threat of serious injury, and the causal link between increase imports and serious injury or threat of serious injury. Based on data imports in 2014 ? 2015, it can be concluded that the application of BMTP for these products have a significant impact in restraining the increase in imports;This thesis analyzes the implementation of safeguard measures in protecting domestic industry against import of product flat-rolled of iron or non-alloy steel. This policy is issued as soaring imports of these products that result in serious injury or threat of serious injury on the domestic industry. These results indicate that the adoption of Safeguard Measures Import Duty (BMTP) in accordance with the rules in the Agreement on Safeguards and following the criteria: increase imports, serious injury or threat of serious injury, and the causal link between increase imports and serious injury or threat of serious injury. Based on data imports in 2014 ? 2015, it can be concluded that the application of BMTP for these products have a significant impact in restraining the increase in imports, This thesis analyzes the implementation of safeguard measures in protecting domestic industry against import of product flat-rolled of iron or non-alloy steel. This policy is issued as soaring imports of these products that result in serious injury or threat of serious injury on the domestic industry. These results indicate that the adoption of Safeguard Measures Import Duty (BMTP) in accordance with the rules in the Agreement on Safeguards and following the criteria: increase imports, serious injury or threat of serious injury, and the causal link between increase imports and serious injury or threat of serious injury. Based on data imports in 2014 – 2015, it can be concluded that the application of BMTP for these products have a significant impact in restraining the increase in imports]"

"[ABSTRAKIndustri tekstil merupakan sektor strategis dalam perekonomian suatu negara.Industri tekstil di Indonesia saat ini belum mampu memenuhi kebutuhan domestikakan produk tekstil, sehingga masih diperlukan impor produk tersebut. Namun,banyak dari produk impor tersebut dijual dengan harga dumping sehinggamenimbulkan unfair trade. Salah satu tindakan trade remedies akibat adanyaunfair trade dapat dilakukan melalui pengenaan bea masuk anti dumping.Pengenaan Bea Masuk Anti Dumping untuk produk tekstil sampai saat ini masihsedikit sekali dibandingkan dengan produk-produk dalam negeri lainnya.Pengenaan Bea Masuk Antidumping terhadap produk tekstil yang baru sajaditetapkan oleh Indonesia di tahun 2015 ini ialah terhadap produk Spin DrawnYarn dari Malaysia. Pengenaan bea masuk antidumping tersebut akan dianalisissecara deskriptif dengan melihat kesesuaiannya dengan Antidumping Agreementdan nantinya akan di kaitkan dengan kerugian yang terjadi pada industri tekstil diIndonesia.

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ABSTRACTThe textile industry is a strategic sector in the economy of a country. The textileindustry in Indonesia has not been able to fulfill their domestic demand that is stillnecessary to import these products. However, many of these imported productssold at dumping prices, giving rise to unfair trade. One of the trade action as aresult of unfair trade remedies can recover through the imposition of anti-dumpingduties. Imposition of Anti-Dumping Duty on textile products is still very littlecompared with the products in other countries. Imposition of Antidumping Dutieson textile products newly set by Indonesia in 2015, is against Malaysia for theSpin Drawn Yarn. The imposition of anti-dumping duties will be analyzeddescriptively with the Antidumping Agreement conformity and will be inassociate with the injury incurred in the textile industry in Indonesia;The textile industry is a strategic sector in the economy of a country. The textileindustry in Indonesia has not been able to fulfill their domestic demand that is stillnecessary to import these products. However, many of these imported productssold at dumping prices, giving rise to unfair trade. One of the trade action as aresult of unfair trade remedies can recover through the imposition of anti-dumpingduties. Imposition of Anti-Dumping Duty on textile products is still very littlecompared with the products in other countries. Imposition of Antidumping Dutieson textile products newly set by Indonesia in 2015, is against Malaysia for theSpin Drawn Yarn. The imposition of anti-dumping duties will be analyzeddescriptively with the Antidumping Agreement conformity and will be inassociate with the injury incurred in the textile industry in Indonesia, The textile industry is a strategic sector in the economy of a country. The textileindustry in Indonesia has not been able to fulfill their domestic demand that is stillnecessary to import these products. However, many of these imported productssold at dumping prices, giving rise to unfair trade. One of the trade action as aresult of unfair trade remedies can recover through the imposition of anti-dumpingduties. Imposition of Anti-Dumping Duty on textile products is still very littlecompared with the products in other countries. Imposition of Antidumping Dutieson textile products newly set by Indonesia in 2015, is against Malaysia for theSpin Drawn Yarn. The imposition of anti-dumping duties will be analyzeddescriptively with the Antidumping Agreement conformity and will be inassociate with the injury incurred in the textile industry in Indonesia]"

"Waralaba merupakan salah satu bentuk distribusi yang memiliki peran pentingdalam perluasan pasar, termasuk perluasan pasar ke luar negeri. Waralaba menjadisalah satu subsektor yang termasuk dalam sektor distribusi yang diatur dalamOrganisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO), yaitu dalam General Agreement of Tradein Services (GATS). Masing-masing negara memiliki hak untuk membentukregulasi domestik terkait dengan perdagangan jasa untuk diterapkan di negaranyamasing-masing. Namun, setiap negara anggota WTO memiliki kewajiban untukmenyesuaikan aturan-aturan terkait perdagangan jasa sesuai dengan komitmenyadalam prinsip-prinsip perdagangan jasa yang telah disepakati dalam GATS.Sehingga, sebagai salah satu negara anggota WTO, Indonesia juga diwajibkanuntuk menyesuaikan aturan domestiknya agar sesuai atau tidak bertentangandengan prinsip-prinsip perdagangan jasa yang diatur dalam GATS. Indonesiamerupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki aturan khusus mengenai waralabadalam bentuk peraturan pemerintah, yaitu Peraturan Pemerintah No. 42 Tahun2007 tentang Waralaba dan diatur lebih lanjut dalam Peraturan MenteriPerdagangan (Permendag) No. 71 Tahun 2019 tentang PenyelenggaraanWaralaba. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa untuk menentukan apakah suatu negara telahmenerapkan prinsip-prinsip perdagangan jasa, harus pula mengacu padakomitmen spesifik masing-masing negara anggota. Sehingga, untuk menilaibagaimana pengaturan penyelenggaraan waralaba di Indonesia dikaitkan denganprinsip-prinsip yang diatur dalam GATS, harus tetap mengacu pada komitmenspesifik Indonesia dalam sektor-sektor perdagangan jasa.

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A franchise is one of the distributions methods that have an important role inexpanding markets, including expanding markets overseas. A franchise is one ofthe subsectors that is classified in the distribution sector stipulated in the WorldTrade Organizations (WTO), namely in General Agreement of Trade in Services(GATS). Each country has the right to form domestic regulations related to tradein services to be implemented in their respective countries. However, each WTOmember country has an obligation to adjust any domestic regulations relating totrade in services with the principles of trade in services agreed in the GATS.Therefore, as a member of the WTO, Indonesia is also required to adjust anydomestic regulation relating to trade in services with the principles of trade inservices set out in the GATS. Indonesia is one of the countries that have specificregulation regarding franchising in the form of government regulations, namelyGovernment Regulation No. 42 of 2007 concerning Franchising and regulatedfurther in the Minister of Trade Regulation (Permendag) No. 71 of 2019concerning the Implementation of Franchising. It should be noted that todetermine whether a country has applied the principles of trade in services, itmust also refer to the specific commitments of each member country. Therefore, inorder to assess the regulation of the implementation of franchising in Indonesiarelated to the principles set out in the GATS, it must still refer to Indonesia'sspecific commitments in the service trade sectors."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai tinjauan yuridis pertanggungjawaban Uni Eropa terhadap sengketa kelapa sawit yang terjadi di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang bersifat yuridis normatif, yakni mengkaji pelaksanaan atau implementasi ketentuan hukum atau aturan secara faktual pada suatu peristiwa hukum tertentu yang terjadi di dalam masyarakat untuk mencapai tujuan yang ditentukan. Kali ini Indonesia dihadapkan dengan sengketa perdagangan Internasional dengan Uni Eropa yaitu terkait dengan produk kelapa sawit. Uni Eropa dalam kebijakan RED II akan menghentikan pemakaian minyak sawit sebagai bahan bakar nabati pada tahun 2030, karena isu pengrusakkan lingkungan. Hal ini tentu berdampak pada perdagangan Indonesia, terutama dengan adanya penurunan ekspor minyak kelapa sawit atau CPO ke Eropa secara bertahap dari tahun 2021 sampai di hilangkan pada tahun 2030. Hal ini akan mengakibatkan kerugian pada pendapatan negara Indonesia, pengurangan tenaga kerja, stok yang berlebihan, pengurangan devisa negara, dan mengurangi kesejahteraan petani dan pengusaha sawit Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Indonesia telah mengajukan gugatan ke WTO lewat badan penyelesaian sengketa WTO atas tindakan diskriminasi produk kelapa sawit. Kebijakan RED II dianggap telah membatasi akses pasar minyak sawit ke Eropa dengan regulasi dan persyaratan-persyaratannya. Berdasarkan kesimpulan penulisan tesis ini kebijakan RED II telah melanggar ketentuan dalam perjanjian perdagangan internasional, bahwa kebijakan RED II tidak sesuai dengan aturan WTO, khususnya tentang perjanjian Technical Barriers to Trade, dan GATT 1994. Hasil penelitian menyarankan perlunya merevisi atau mengubah kebijakan RED II Uni Eropa untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan perkembangan liberalisasi perdagangan sesuai dengan aturan WTO, sehingga tidak menimbulkan kerugian terhadap produk minyak kelapa sawit dan produk produk lain kedepannya.

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This thesis discusses the juridical review of the EU's responsibility for oil palm disputes in Indonesia. The research method used is a descriptive normative juridical study, which examines the factual implementation or implementation of legal provisions or rules on a certain legal event that occurs in society to achieve specified goals. This time Indonesia is faced with an international trade dispute with the European Union, which is related to palm oil products. The European Union in the RED II policy will stop the use of palm oil as a biofuel by 2030, due to issues of environmental destruction. This certainly has an impact on Indonesia's trade, especially with the gradual decline in exports of palm oil or CPO to Europe from 2021 until it is eliminated in 2030. This will result in losses to Indonesia's state income, reduction of labor, excessive stock, reduction of foreign exchange, and reduce the welfare of Indonesian palm oil farmers and entrepreneurs. Based on the results of the research, Indonesia has filed a lawsuit to the WTO through the WTO dispute resolution agency for discrimination against palm oil products. The RED II policy is considered to have limited market access for palm oil to Europe with its regulations and requirements. Based on the conclusion of this thesis, the RED II policy has violated the provisions in the international trade agreement, that the RED II policy is not in accordance with the WTO rules, especially regarding the Technical Barriers to Trade agreement, and GATT 1994. The results of the study suggest the need to revise or change the EU RED II policy to adapt to the development of trade liberalization in accordance with WTO rules, so as not to cause harm to palm oil products and other products in the future."

"Dokter adalah profesi yang terikat pada prinsip dalam etika kedokteran dan prinsip dasar yang tidak mengambarkan nilai atau tujuan komersil dari profesi kedokteran dalam melakukan praktik kedokteran. Akan tetapi tidak dipungkiri permintaan akan pelayanan jasa kedokteran semakin meningkat sehingga jumlah fakultas kedokteran maupun rumah sakit di Indonesia juga meningkat. Dalam lingkungan ASEAN profesi jasa kedokteran dalam perdagangan jasa dibentuk melalui MRA Praktisi Medis, yang dasar pembentukannya adalah Artikel VII GATS, yang lalu diatur kembali dalam Artikel V AFAS perihal pengakuan atas pendidikan dan pengalaman seseorang yang telah ditempuh atau diterima di suatu negara anggota oleh negara anggota lainnya yang menjadi negara tujuan. Meski MRA Praktisi Medis telah diakomodir oleh Perkonsil 157/2009 tentang Tata Cara Registrasi Dokter Warga Negara ASEAN yang akan Melakukan Praktik di Indonesia, UU 29/2004 tentang Praktik Kedokteran, UU 44/2009 tentang Rumah Sakit dan aturan terkait lainnya di Indonesia, tidak semata-mata menyatakan bahwa Pemerintah Indonesia membuka akses pasar bagi jasa kedokteran terutama dalam Modus 4 jasa kedokteran. Masing-masing negara anggota ASEAN telah mengatur persyaratan dan kualifikasi untuk mendapatkan registrasi bagi praktisi medis asing untuk melakukan praktik kedoteran di negara tujuan dengan mengacu kepada MRA Praktisi Medis dengan menambahkan persyaratan tambahan yang dirasa perlu (necessary) berdasarkan prinsip domestic regulation. Hal ini dapat menjadi hambatan dalam pelaksanaan MRA Praktisi Medis di Indonesia terutama kendala kemampuan bahasa. Akan tetapi diluar dari hambatan tersebut terdapat peluang pelaksanaan MRA Praktisi Medis yaitu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tenaga kesehatan di wilayah-wilayah Indonesia dan lapangan pekerjaan di dalam maupun luar negeri.

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Doctor is a profession that is bound by principles in medical ethics and basic principles that do not reflect the value or commercial objectives of the medical profession in practicing medicine. However, it is undeniable that the demand for medical services is increasing so that the number of medical faculties and hospitals in Indonesia is also increasing. In the ASEAN environment, the medical services profession in the service trade is formed through the MRA of Medical Practitioners, the basis of which is Article VII GATS, which is then rearranged in Article V AFAS regarding the recognition of one's education and experience that has been taken or received in a member country by member countries. others which are the destination countries. Although the MRA of Medical Practitioners has been accommodated by Perkonsil 157/2009 concerning Procedures for the Registration of Doctors for ASEAN Nationals to Practice in Indonesia, Law 29/2004 on Medical Practice, Law 44/2009 on Hospitals and other related regulations in Indonesia, are not simply stated that the Indonesian government opens market access for medical services, especially in Mode 4 of medical services. Each ASEAN member country has regulated the requirements and qualifications to obtain registration for foreign medical practitioners to perform medical practice in the destination country by referring to the MRA of Medical Practitioners by adding additional requirements deemed necessary based on the principle of domestic regulation. This can be an obstacle in the implementation of MRA Medical Practitioners in Indonesia, especially language skills constraints. However, apart from these obstacles, there are opportunities for the implementation of MRA for Medical Practitioners, to meet the needs of health workers in Indonesian regions and employment opportunities at home and abroad."