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"ABSTRACTIonic liquids are considered as an ideal alternative to volatile organic solvents and chemical industries in the future, because they are non-volatile. Ionic liquids are also considered as new novel chemical agents and widely regarded as a greener alternative to many commonly used solvents. Ionic liquids have been studied for a wide range of synthetic applications and have attracted considerable interest for use as electrolytes in the areas of organic synthesis, catalysis, solar cell, fuel cells, electrodeposition and supercapacitors. However, some ionic liquids suffer from more or less somedrawbacks such as toxicity, preparation and high cost in the process for use. Most recently, three types of ionic liquids are attracted much attentions specifically traditional ionic liquid, protic ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent, where their preparation, mechanism and limitation were differentiated. However, those liquids are having their own advantages and limitations based on applications. Traditional ionic liquid and protic ionic liquid are highly cost and toxic for applied engineering research, but they consist of micro-biphasic systems composed of ionic compounds whichhave more varieties in the applications. The deep eutectic solvent is very economic for large-scale possessing but there are only limited ionic mixtures to certain application such as electrochemistry."

"ABSTRAKThis article takes as its starting point the early observation that describes the vastness of the research corpus on the cultural history of Indonesia. The vastness of this corpus is, among other things, contributed to by the writings of Western scholars. Among those that are considered classics and frequently used as important references are De Hindoe-Javaansche Tijd by N.J. Krom (1950), Nusantara: A History of Indonesia by Bernard H.M. Vlekke (1959), and Indonesia: Trade and Society by J.C. Van Leur (1955). Initial readings find that these Western scholars? writings often raise the question of the role and contribution of Hinduism and Islam in Indonesia. This draws attention to their viewsand standpoint as Westerners on the history of Indonesian culture, especially in the context of comparison between Hinduism and Islam. This article is written with the purpose of discussing the role and contribution of Islam and Hinduism in the history of Indonesia according to the perspective of three Western scholars, namely N.J. Krom, BernardH.M. Vlekke and J.C. Van Leur in the writings mentioned above. This discussion finds that these writings studied are more inclined to acknowledge the significance of the role and contribution of Hinduism in the history of Indonesian culture, with the presence of Islam said to have not reduced the influence of Hinduism."

"This article takes as its starting point the early observation that describes the vastness of the research corpus on thecultural history of Indonesia. The vastness of this corpus is, among other things, contributed to by the writings ofWestern scholars. Among those that are considered classics and frequently used as important references are De Hindoe-Javaansche Tijd by N.J. Krom (1950), Nusantara: A History of Indonesia by Bernard H.M. Vlekke (1959), andIndonesia: Trade and Society by J.C. Van Leur (1955). Initial readings find that these Western scholars’ writings oftenraise the question of the role and contribution of Hinduism and Islam in Indonesia. This draws attention to their viewsand standpoint as Westerners on the history of Indonesian culture, especially in the context of comparison betweenHinduism and Islam. This article is written with the purpose of discussing the role and contribution of Islam andHinduism in the history of Indonesia according to the perspective of three Western scholars, namely N.J. Krom, BernardH.M. Vlekke and J.C. Van Leur in the writings mentioned above. This discussion finds that these writings studied aremore inclined to acknowledge the significance of the role and contribution of Hinduism in the history of Indonesianculture, with the presence of Islam said to have not reduced the influence of Hinduism."

"Lead selenide thin films were prepared by chemical bath deposition method using aqueous of lead nitrate, sodium selenate and sodium tartrate. The influence of bath temperature towards the properties of the thin films was studied. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The XRD results confirmed the polycrystalline cubic structure of PbSe films. The intensity of major peak at 2Θ= 25.1° which belonged to (111) plane of PbSe, increased with bath temperature from 40 to 80 °C. The SEM micrographs showed that the most homogeneous surface and larger grain sizes could be seen for the films deposited at 80 °C as compared with other bath temperatures."

"Alliance is becoming an essential feature in today's intensely competitive market as a means of facilitating market entry, acquiring new technology, leveraging economies of scale, and enhancing new product development capabilities. Recently, alliances have been linked to the organizational learning literature where alliances create environments for learning and knowledge transfer. This phenomenon is the main purpose of this paper, where it will define and discuss the key facilitating learning elements in strategic alliances. The study used an in-depth case study method. Two respondent organizations were used to gather data for the purpose of the study. One case was from the manufacturing sector and the other is from the service sector. Both entered into alliances with learning from foreign parent partner as one of the key objectives. The final part of the paper will summarize the findings and suggest key elements promoting learning from foreign parent partner to the ?child businesses in the case of international strategic alliance which include learning as one of their alliance objectives."

"Objective: Garcinia xanthochymus extract has been reported to have several pharmacological properties. This studywas conducted to evaluate cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of G. xanthochymus extracts on cell lines.Methods: The roots and stem barks of plant were extracted using maceration method with n-hexane, dichloromethaneand methanol, successively. Cytotoxic activity of the extracts was tested against MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma usingMTT assay. Anti-inflammatory study was evaluated using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. The nitric oxideproduction in LPS-stimulated cells was measured using Griess reagent. Results: The results of cytotoxic and antiinflammatorystudy showed that dichloromethane and n-hexane extracts of root and stem bark exhibited cytotoxicactivity in dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, for anti-inflammatory study, all root extracts together with stem barkdichloromethane and n-hexane extracts reduce NO production in LPS-stimulated cells in dose dependent manner.Conclusions: This finding indicated that G. xanthochymus extracts might become interesting candidate for treatment ofcancer and inflammation."