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"Objectives: The objective of the study were to determine if there was any (bisphenol A) BPA release from three adhesive brands, to determine the differences of BPA release between three adhesive brands, to determine the genotoxicity from three adhesive brands, and to determine the correlation of BPA release and genotoxicity. Methods: Three branded adhesives materials were polimerized in mold and immersed in pH 7 and 4 artificial saliva from 24 to 720 hours. The artificial saliva was tested with spectrophotometry test to see BPA release at 24, 240, 480, and 720 hours, then freeze dried to get solid extract. Combination of the extract and lymphocite culture (male and female) then tested with in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) assay to see genotoxicity level of three adhesives at 24, 240, 480, and 720 hours as well. Results: The BPA release occured at 720 hours by Adhesive 1: 0.013μg/L; Adhesive 2: 0.11μg/L; Adhesive 3: 0.036μg/L. There was a statistically significant difference between BPA release with time (F = 505.98; p=0.00) and brands (F = 147.65; p = 0.00). Time and BPA release interaction also showed a statistically significant difference (F=13.35; p=0.00). Genotoxicity can be seen at 720 hours on Flowtain LV sample (MN frequency: male: 0.044; female: 0.053). Conclusion: The number of BPA release of all brand can be seen from the first 24 hours, and were increasing from 24 to 720 hours. Genotoxicity can be seen from one of the adhesive brand at 720 hours.There was correlation between BPA leaching and micronucleus frequency."

"Perbedaan nilai sefalometri lateral antara ras Australo-Melanesia dan Deutero-Malay. Sefalometri telah digunakan secara luas untuk mempelajari bentuk fasial yang membantu diagnosis dan rencana perawatan ortodonti. Analisis sefalometri secara benar menggunakan nilai referensi dari populasi yang sama dengan pasien ortodonti sesuai dengan kelompok etnik, jenis kelamin dan usianya. Tujuan: Untuk menganalsis perbedaan nilai pengukuran radiografis sefalometri lateral antara ras Australo-Melanesia dan Deutero-Malay pada subjek yang telah melewati masa pertumbuhan yaitu usia 16 sampai 20 tahun dan memiliki oklusi normal. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional dengan rancangan potong silang. Subjek penelitian sebanyak 200 orang, terdiri dari 100 laki-laki dan 100 perempuan ras Australo-Melanesia dan Deutero-Malay. Hasil: Uji Mann Whitney U pada variabel yang penyebaran datanya tidak normal menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) pada sudut SNA dengan nilai kisaran 84° pada ras Australo-Melanesia dan 83° pada ras Deutero-Malay. Perbedaan bermakna juga ditemukan pada nilai jarak bibir bawah ke garis estetis 3mm pada ras Australo-Melanesia dan 1mm pada ras Deutero-Malay. Uji t independen pada variabel yang penyebaran datanya normal menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) pada sudut FM dengan rata-rata dan standar deviasi 27,45±4,49° pada ras Australo-Melanesia dan 28,14±6,24° pada ras Deutero-Malay dengan sudut I atas ke APg 36,28±4,72° pada ras Australo-Melanesia dan 32,69±6,24° pada ras Deutero-Malay. Simpulan: Australo-Melanesia memiliki maksila yang lebih protrusi terhadap basis kranialis, bidang mandibula yang lebih datar, gigi insisivus atas lebih proklinasi, dan bibir bawah terletak lebih di depan bidang estetik dibandingkan dengan Deutero-Malay.Cephalometric is extensively used to study the facial morphology that supports orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Correct cephalometric analyses need reference values obtained from the same ethnic, gender and age population of orthodontic patients. Objective: To compare the difference of lateral cephalometric values between. Australo-Melanesian and Deutero-Malay race in 16 to 20 years of age subjects with normal occlusion. Methods: An observational with cross sectional design study on 200 subjects (100 males and 100 females) from Australo-Melanesian and Deutero-Malay race was performed. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken, traced and analyzed. Results: Mann Whitney U test showed significant differences on SNA angle with median 84° for Australo-Melanesian race and 83° for Deutero-Malay race. Lower lip distance to aesthetic line 3mm for Australo-Malanesian race and 1mm for Deutero-Malay race also showed significant difference. Independent t-test showed significant differences in FM angle with mean 27.45±4.49° for Australo-Melanesian race and 32.69±6.24° for Deutero-Malay race. Conclusion: The Australo-Melanesian race had more protruded maxilla to cranial base, more flat mandibular plane, more proclined upper incisors, and more frontal lower lip to aesthetic line compared to Deutero-Malay race."

"Efek sistem poles satu tahap dan multi-tahap pada kekasaran email setelah pelepasan bracket orthodonti. Setelah perawatan orthodonti selesai, tahap pekerjaan yang harus dilakukan adalah melepaskan bracket dan membersihkan sisa-sisa bahan perekat. Metode yang sering digunakan adalah dengan membersihkan sisa perekat menggunakan sistem poles bertingkat, yang dikenal sebagai multi-step polishing system. Kekurangan sistem ini adalah lamanya waktu kerja, karena banyaknya tahap pekerjaan. Saat ini produsen material kedokteran gigi telah memperbaiki sistem ini, dengan membuat suatu sistem poles satu tahap. Sistem baru ini disebut sebagai one-steppolishing system. Tujuan: Membandingkan tingkat kekasaran email setelah dilakukan debonding bracket orthodonti menggunakan one-step dan multi-step polishing system. Metode: Pemilihan dan penentuan kelompok sistem poles yang digunakan pada dua puluh delapan gigi premolar rahang atas dilakukan secara acak. Penelitian inimenggunakan one-step OpraPol (Ivoclar, Vivadent) dan multi-step AstroPol (Ivoclar, Vivadent). Setelah dilakukan debonding bracket, sisa bahan perekat dari setiap kelompok dibersihkan selama 90 detik menggunakan sistem yang telah dipilih menggunakan handpiece putaran lambat. Kekasaran email kemudian diukur menggunakanprofilometer, dengan dua parameter (Ra, Rz). Uji t digunakan untuk menganalisis perbedaan rerata kekasaran email dari kedua kelompok. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada rerata kekasaran email antara kedua sistem poles (p>0,005). Simpulan: Debonding bracket dan pembersihan sisa-sisa perekat menggunakan one-step polishing system memberikan kekerasan email yang serupa dengan multi-step polishing system.

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The final procedures of orthodontic treatment are bracket debonding and cleaning the remaining adhesive. Multistep polishing system is the most common method used. The disadvantage of that system is long working time, because of the stages that should be done. Therefore, dental material manufacturer make an improvement to the system, to reduce several stages into one stage only. This new system is known as one-step polishing system. Objective: To compare the effect of one-step and multi-step polishing system on enamel roughness after orthodontic bracket debonding. Methods: Randomized control trial was conducted included twenty-eight maxillary premolar randomized into two polishing system; one-step OptraPol (Ivoclar, Vivadent) and multi-step AstroPol (Ivoclar, Vivadent). After bracket debonding, the remaining adhesive on each group was cleaned by subjective polishingsystem for ninety seconds using low speed handpiece. The enamel roughness was subjected to profilometer, registering two roughness parameters (Ra, Rz). Independent t-test was used to analyze the mean score of enamel roughness in each group. Results: There was no significant difference of enamel roughness between one-step and multi-step polishing system (p>0.005). Conclusion: One-step polishing system can produce a similar enamel roughness to multi-step polishing system after bracket debonding and adhesive cleaning."