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"This study investigates socioeconomic, cultural, demographic and programmatic factors influencing contraceptive choice in Indonesia using the 1987 National Indonesia Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (NICPS) and 1991 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data. The study shows a consistency of factors affecting current method used across the two surveys using Bulatao's conceptual scheme (1989). These factors are the number of living children, fertility intentions, age at survey, duration of marriage, education, current work status, religion, the province and place of residence, whether a programme implementer visits in the six months before the survey; whether a woman has regular access to the mass media and her husband 's occupation. Higher number of living children and not wanting any more children are related to a greater choice of long-term methods and less choice of short-term; and traditional methods-results compatible with a greater need for limiting childbirth rather than spacing. Religiousness is identified with greater preference for short-ten-n methods as these methods can be used by the users themselves without having to see a male doctor. Access is related to preference for long-term methods. The preference in the rural areas for long- term methods in fact is higher than in the urban areas, resulting from the strong promotion and provision of these methods there."

"This paper is housed on contraceptive switching in indonesia. Since a woman might use more than one method of contraception during her reproductive period she can contribute more than one contraceptive use interval to the data. Some studies of contraceptive switching have used statistical techniques which assume independence between switching but this assumption can be violated because the likelihood of switching might be correlated. Hence contraceptive switching varies not only across groups of contraceptive users but also across contraceptive users with the same socioeconomic characteristics. Hence the consequences of this contraceptive users' eject for the relationship between socioeconomic. demographic and contraceptive-related characteristics of users and contraceptive switching in indonesia is analysed through the use of random-ejects logistic models. The data used for the analysis is from the 1991 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The findings confirm the results of previous studies that a number of socioeconomic and demographic factors influence the likelihood of switching contraception. Among these factors. contraceptive-related /actors such as the method being used before switching, the duration of use at switching and the reason for switching, affect contraceptive switching most. The results also indicate that there is correlation between intervals for the same woman. This implies that there are other factors which have not been observed and contribute to the differentials of switching contraception across women with the saute socioeconomic characteristics."

"Reports on mortality levels in Indonesia, in particular the life expectancy at birth. are usually given based on the conventional Coale-Demeny Life Table. It has been realized that it might not depict mortality patterns in Indonesia accurately. Some researchers are aware of the need to have indonesian own 1% table. Therefore the effort was done through this review. The data used are the results of the 1996, 1998, and 1999 National Socioeconomic Survey. The Reed-Merrell method was used to construct the Indonesian life table based on these three surveys. The evaluation of death reporting was done using the Brass growth balance method. The results of the construction of the Indonesian Life Table based on the i 996, 1998. and 1999 .S`fi.'{EN.-I5 show that in 1996 428 out of 10.000 newborn babies in Indonesia won1d die before they reached age one year. The figure declined to 322 in 1999. The life expectancy at birth was 63.31 for males and 65.88 for females in 1996. This means an average the Indonesian males would he expected to live until aged 63.31 years and the Indonesian males would be expected to live until aged 65.88 years. In 1999 this average age increased to 65.23 for mates and to 68.91 for females. Comparison with the Coale-Demeny life table shows that none of the models of the Coale-Demeny life table can exactly depict the Indonesian mortality patterns. Meanwhile, the correction of the quality of death reporting using the Brass method that the completeness of death reporting in the 1996, 1993. and 1999 SUSENAS is between 20 to 43 percent. If it is age this means that the Indonesian life expectancy is far below than it is expected. The figure is about 54 to SS years. it is around iii years lower than if the adjustment factor K is not applied. Based on these results it is suggested not to use the adjustment factor K. It is believed that death reporting based on the 1996, 1998, and 1999 is of good quality. The next effort that would be conducted is to have Indonesian mortality model in depicting Indonesian mortality patterns, that is based on the observed age- pattern of mortality, It means it wifi stiff depend on the results of the population cencuses or surveys."

"The population dynamics in Indonesia have brought several implications on manpower condition. Fertility level that was high in the past still has impact on the high supply of manpower in indonesia today. One consequence is that the Government has to provide job opportunity for working age population that is continually growing in number: However, formal sector occupations can only absorb about one third of manpower in Indonesia. As a result, most working age Indonesians have to create their own job opportunity in informal sector in particular in small and medium scale industry (UKM). The success of 0 UKM depends on many factors. This study aims to investigate the factors that support or impede the non- corporate body UKM in particular informal and small scale and traditional industry (USIT). The study location is in West Jakarta.

For the purpose of the study, a survey was Conducted. The survey collected data through face- to-face interviews to USIT owners using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done descriptively. It is hypothesized that the progress of a USIT depends on the USIT owners demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. business characteristics and other characteristics (whether owns DKI Jakarta's identity card/KTP), the presence of difficulty in doing business, economic crisis effects on business, training, financial assistance and business prospect). There are eight indicators of growing business used in this study: duration of business and the ability to expand the business. The ability to expand the business is viewed from whether there is growth in physical assets, financial capitals, rates, labor and customers from the beginning of business to the time oft he study (October 2002). Results of the study show that the advancement USIT depends on the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of USIT owners, the characteristics of business and other characteristics. Economic stability and financial resources are the two factors stated to affect the growing of a USIT Access to information about financial aid from the Government is inadequate."

"This study focuses on single young Indonesian's attitude and behavior regarding virginity and premarital sex. The transition from a traditional to a modem society has raised concern about changes in Indonesian young people's lives and values. in particular regarding premarital sex. Data used in this paper are based on the survey among 875 single young people age 15-24. in-depth interviews and focus group discussions conducted over a period of seven months (July l997-January l99S) in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Results suggest that young people in Medan are increasingly tolerant of premarital sex. Although for most of them a woman's virginity is a great concern. it is no longer seen as the most important factor in choosing a future spouse. The demise of parental arrangement of marriage and the growing opportunity to know the future spouse long before marriage mean that the potential wife?s personality is now of more significance than her virginity. Losing virginity does not necessarily losing respectability. Ol' 875 unmarried young people being studied. nine percent of women and 2? percent of men reported having had sex; these figures doubled for those who approved of premarital sex."

"Gender based family planning (FP) services implies the improvement of the equity and the role of men/husbands in FP and reproductive health. However, after 30 years of government-supported FP program in Indonesia, the participation of men is tow. Few studies have been conducted in effort to understand the causes of low male participation in FP in wide-diverse regions of Indonesia. To understand these causes in its intervention districts (OKI in South Sumatera, Tasikmalaya in West Java, Singkawang in West Kalimantan and Kupang in East Nusa Tenggara) . The United Nations Population Fund Country Office Indonesia Guided a study of the causes of low male participation in FP. Field data coiiection was conducted during December 2004 through January 2005. The number of reproductive age couples in the study is 639. The results of the study show that the percentage of husbands who were practicing a male FP method was higher among couples whose wives were older, who had no children, whose wives or husbands had senior high school education or higher, who came from higher income families, whose wives were currently working or ever worked and husbands were currently working, who believed that socio-cultural norms or religions values were against FP practice, who had easy access to male sterilization services and to male condom, who lived in urban areas and whose wives approved of male FP practice. After controlling the other factors, the background characteristics that statistically and significantly affect the probability ever or currently practicing a male FP method in the study location are wife's age, husband's education, household income district of residence, access to male condom and wife's attitude toward male FP practice."

"In recent decades, adolescent motherhood lias emergedas an issue of increasing concern through out the developing andthe developed world. There is a growing awareness that earlychildbearing is a health risk for both the mother and the child Also,it usually terminates a girl's educational career, threatening herfuture economic prospects, earning capacity, and overall well-being. Thus, adolescent motherhood has significant ramifications atthe personal, societal and global levels. The aim of this paper is toinvestigate the scenario of earl) marriage and adolescentmotherhood in rural Rajshahi of Bangladesh. Using the data froml96 currently married adolescent girls aged between 15 and l9years it was found that 50% of them gave first birth before l 9 yearsof age. Mean age at marriage and mean age at _first birth of thesecurrently married adolescent was found to be 15.18 and 16. I6 yearsrespectively. Using the most reliable statistical techniquesimultaneous linear probability model was fitted and found thateducation was the single most significant factor that affected bothearly marriage and earlier first birth after getting marriage. Inaddition, the result of the study show that increased education levelincreased the age at first marriage and delayed adolescentmotherhood."

"In a number of studies of the determinants of infant and child health,maternal education emerges as perhaps the strongest socioeconomic predictorof infant and child health (Cochrane et al. 1980; Cleland and van Ginneltin1988; United Nations 1985; Hobcraft et al. 1985). However, e_,@'orts toexplain wig; more educated mothers have healthier children have been largelyinconclusive. if maternal education alters infant and child health risks, it mustaffect [actor directly related to health, such as nutrien intake, exposure topathogens, susceptibility to pathogens, and two dimensions of behavior thatpotentially affect infant and child health and survival: knowledge and use ofhealth services; and characteristics of the home environment that might affectthe transmission of diseases. Our result demonstrate a strong relationshipbetween maternal education and a number of health-related factors: theabsence of trash and waste in the vicinity of the home, adequate ventilation,drinking and bathing water sources inside the home, electrification, ability toidentify specific health prenotal early use of prenatal care and deliveryassistance. The relatioships are robust to controls for household economicstatus, childhood residence, and even to very rigorous controls for residence."

" Since Indonesia does not have a good vita! statistics registrationsystem, fertility rates for the country as a whole and any administrativesubdivisions must be estimated indirectly. This paper summarizes estimatesresulting from the application of four brdu-ect estimation techniques to sevenIndonesian data sets. The own-children method, the last live birth method, thePalmore method and the Rele method were applied to all seven data sets:Estimates were prepared for the whole country and its three major regions for1971 through 1991. Estimates for individual provinces were also calculated forsome dates. In addition, estimates from other methods, available for somedates and subnational areas, are presented The data sets used are the 1971Census, the 1976 Intercensal Survey, the 1980 Census, the 1985 Intercensalway; the 1987 National Indonesia Contraceptive Prevalence Survey; the I 990Census, and the 1991 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The resultsshow that fertility in Indonesia fell by at least thirty-nine percent between 1971and 1991, but the various methods do not agree on the levels of fertility,particularly the earliest dates .By 1991, however; three estimates of the totalfertility rate for Indonesia as a whole are in as a whole are in a small range:from a low estimate of 3.22 to a high of 3.35. Fertility declined rapidly in allof the major regions of the country, although fertility started at higher levelsoutside of Java and Bali and hence remains at higher levels today despiterapid declines."

"The objective of this paper is to assess the extent of STD knowledgeand treatment seeking behavior and condom use among selected high riskgroups of population, notably, sailors and seaport laborers, trackers, andfemale commercial sex workers (CWS), in three seaport cities in 1996: NorthJakarta. Surabaya. and Manado. The survey used a cross-sectional surveydesign with a structured questionnaire to collect. through interview.self-reported behavioral data related to STD/HIV A two-stage cluster samplingwas used to obtain sample of 200 to 400 respondents for each target group foreach city. Most of respondents aged between 20 and 40 years. had loweducational level. Two-rho-d of male respondents were married and themajority of female CSW respondents were in divorced status. Respondents 'ST Dknowledge was limited to syphilis. gonorrhea, and AIDS The knowledgeseemed to refer more to the "word" rather than to the disease, mixing up theword of syphilis or gonorrhea with other STDs. "Pain and hot when urinating"was perceived as a symptom related to .ST D. The practice of ST D self treatmentwas common. More than hay' Of those with STD related symptom soughtmedical treatment, particularlv from private medical practice. Substantialproportion of those with .ST D related symptom did not seen any medicaltreatment About half of male respondents ever visited female CS Hi The result ofever had STD was eight times higher for those who ever visited female CS Wthan those who never visited female CSW. Among male respondents, use ofcondom at last sexual contact with female CSW was very low, below tenpercent. Among female CSW respondents use of condom at their last sexualContact varied between cities and between localization and non-localizationfrom l5 to 50 percent, but consistent condom use was much lower, from oneto 25 percent."