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Abstrak :
In South Korea, policy tools and priorities are set at the national level and are controlled through both budget allocations and audits conducted on an annual basis. I look at the degree to which local officials adapt their budget allocations to address local rather than national concerns in securing better air quality, using three different theoretical models: principal-agent, representative bureaucracy, and democratic responsiveness. I raise questions about the degree of control a unitary state can exercise over local problems and how this is reflected in local policy choices, especially in areas where the national government?s zone of indifference is large, such as environmental policy. Panel data across 5 years (2007 to 2012) and from 9 geographically and socioeconomically diverse areas within South Korea indicates that local officials respond to local environmental conditions by allocating more resources when needed. I discuss the implications for autonomy in a local policy space.

Abstrak :
This study aims to examine the concept of media organizations? performance and the factors that influence their level of performance. Media organizations are often private profit-seeking enterprises but at the same time also have a public side that realizes freedom of speech, which is a core value of democracy. Therefore, a theory of media organizations? organizational performance needs to reflect this duality. We divide media organizations? organizational performance into two categories: economic-industrial and sociocultural. Economic-industrial performance can be defined as how media organizations perform in the market. A typical indicator is how much sales revenue they bring in. In addition, because their revenue heavily depends on advertisements, newspaper subscriptions or television viewer ratings, which are directly connected to advertisement revenue, can be used as performance indicators. Sociocultural performance refers to how media organizations perform with respect to their content. A media organization?s sociocultural performance primarily depends on whether it has accomplished the goals indicated by relevant laws. In addition, sociocultural performance depends on how the contents of a media organization are received by its readers or viewers, which can be identified by media credibility measures that are conducted by many organizations. Factors that influence media organization?s performance include independence, diversity and openness. The present study is a preliminary attempt to provide a conceptual analysis as groundwork for empirical research. We hope this preliminary examination builds a foundation for comparative studies of diverse public organizations such as public hospitals, universities, and public enterprises and can contribute to further theoretical and conceptual discussions about organizational performance.

Abstrak :
E-government has been referred to as the use of ICTs to transform government by making it more accessible, effective and accountable, the Nepal government has taken some positive initiatives for its development. However, according to the UN evaluation, the current E-government level in Nepal is still very poor. This paper raised two research questions: what the major problems of E-government implementation in Nepal are and which problem(s) should be solved first. For this purpose, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to rank the problems in hierarchical order. This study finds that among the various problems of E-government implementation in Nepal, a lack of strong leadership and government will, political-administrative instability, and resistance to change within organizations were again highlighted as the most severe ones by experts.

Abstrak :
In the context of regulatory decisions, the political conflict between executive and legislative branches has been significant. The relative ideological stances and power resources of federal agencies and Congress determines regulation outcomes. In particular, when agencies earn sufficient political support from policy stakeholders by relying on procedural justice, they are able to secure the regulatory outcomes they desire without congressional intervention. Because legislators are highly concerned about their reelection prospects, policy stakeholders? political support is an important power resource for agencies. Legislators are likely to embrace regulatory decisions made by agencies supported by policy stakeholders even if they disregard congressional preferences. This article provides evidence for this proposition by reviewing media concentration regulation policies of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission.

Abstrak :
The huge popularity of Korean pop culture overseas, labeled Hallyu, otherwise known as the Korean Wave, is an unprecedented event in the cultural history of Korea. Many foreign observers tend to see it as the result of the Korean government?s policy efforts. This paper claims that Hallyu in essence is an unintended ?success without design.? No one, including the Korean government, intentionally planned it. There were five key factors that made it possible: the competitiveness of Korean culture industries, political economic changes in East Asian countries, entrepreneurs in show business, fragmentary governmental support, and global digital networks. Each of these factors has independently contributed in its own way to the success of Hallyu. The fact that Hallyu is not a product of any deliberate plan has some important implications for cultural policy and culture industries.

Abstrak :
This study explores whether teenagers? traditional media use time has been affected by smartphone use time. Drawing on the Korean Media Panel Survey from 2011 to 2014, we specify two models?a two-stage least squares (2SLS) and a two-stage least squares with individual fixed effects (2SLS-FE)? and compare the estimates. The estimates from the 2SLS model show that teenagers? smartphone use time has a substitution effect on book reading time, computer use time, and TV watching time, while the estimates from the 2SLSFE model show that teenagers? smartphone use time has a substitution effect on teenagers? book reading time and computer use time but no significant effect on their TV watching time.