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"Latar BelakangMerokok telah menjadi bagian dari gaya hidup global, termasuk di Indonesia. Meskipun terjadi penurunan angka perokok secara global1, survei Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 2021 oleh Kementerian Kesehatan Indonesia melaporkan peningkatan jumlah perokok di Indonesia, dari 60,3 juta pada tahun 2011 menjadi 69,1 juta pada tahun 2021.2 Merokok merupakan faktor risiko utama penyakit kardiovaskular dan pernapasan, yang menjadi penyebab utama kematian di seluruh dunia.4 Sebaliknya, aktivitas fisik teratur dapat mengurangi risiko tersebut.5 Salah satu gejala penyakit pernapasan adalah dispnea, atau sesak napas,8 yang dapat dinilai menggunakan kuesioner modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC).9MetodePenelitian ini menerapkan desain studi cross-sectional untuk meneliti hubungan antara level aktivitas fisik dan skor mMRC pada populasi mahasiswa perokok aktif intensitas sedang di Universitas Indonesia.HasilAnalisis data menunjukkan hubungan terbalik yang signifikan (p=0,008) antara tingkat aktivitas fisik dan dispnea, serta perbedaan signifikan (p=0.001) dalam skor mMRC di antara perokok aktif dengan tingkat aktivitas fisik berbeda. Partisipan yang melakukan aktivitas fisik tingkat tinggi melaporkan tingkat dispnea yang lebih rendah, sementara aktivitas fisik tingkat rendah memiliki prevalensi dispnea yang lebih parah.KesimpulanAktivitas fisik tingkat tinggi yang teratur berkaitan dengan penurunan sesak napas pada perokok, menunjukkan efek positif aktivitas fisik pada kesehatan pernapasan. Namun, aktivitas fisik tidak sepenuhnya mengatasi kerusakan pernapasan dan kardiovaskular akibat merokok. Menggabungkan aktivitas fisik tingkat tinggi secara teratur dengan program penghentian merokok penting untuk mengatasi dan mengurangi masalah kesehatan ini serta mencegah penurunan fungsi organ seiring bertambahnya usia.

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Introduction

Smoking has become part of the global lifestyle, including in Indonesia. Despite a global decline in smoking rates,1 the 2021 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) by the Indonesian Ministry of Health in the number of smokers in Indonesia, growing from 60.3 million in 2011 to 69.1 million in 2021.2 Smoking is a significant contributor to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, leading causes of death worldwide.4 In contrast, regular physical activity reduces the risk of these diseases.5 One symptom of respiratory disease is dyspnea, or shortness of breath,8 which can be assessed using the modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) questionnaire.9

Method

This study uses a cross-sectional design to examine the association between physical activity levels and mMRC scores in the population of active smokers with moderate intensity at Universitas Indonesia.

Results

Data analysis revealed a significant inverse association (p=0.008) between physical activity levels and dyspnea levels, as well as a significant difference (p=0.001) in mMRC scores among active smokers with different levels of physical activity. Participants engaged in high-level physical activity reported lower levels of dyspnea, while those with low-level physical activity had a higher prevalence of severe dyspnea.

Conclusion

Regular high-level physical activity is associated with reduced breathlessness in smokers, indicating its positive effects on respiratory health. However, it does not fully counteract the respiratory and cardiovascular damage caused by smoking. Therefore, combining regular high-level physical activity with a smoking cessation program is essential to effectively address and reduce respiratory and cardiovascular issues, thereby preventing the decline in organ function as individuals age."

"Infeksi parasit usus pada anak prasekolah di Indonesia dapat meningkatkan risiko malnutrisi akibat adanya kerusakan barier dan peningkatan permeabilitas mukosa usus. Studi ini meneliti hubungan antara infeksi parasit usus, permeabilitas usus (diukur dengan konsentrasi alfa-1 antitripsin/AAT), dan status gizi pada 108 anak prasekolah (usia 12-59 bulan) di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Kabupaten Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Sampel feses anak diperiksa secara mikroskopis untuk konfirmasi diagnosis infeksi parasit, sementara status gizi ditentukan berdasarkan z-score WHO Anthro 2006. Sebanyak 68 sampel feses diperiksa untuk konsentrasi AAT menggunakan ELISA. Infeksi terbanyak disebabkan oleh B. Hominis (27,8%). Prevalensi underweight, stunted, dan wasted masing-masing adalah 20,4%, 21,3%, dan 6,5%. Infeksi tunggal T. trichiura berhubungan dengan underweight (p=0,026), sedangkan koinfeksi T. trichiura-A. lumbricoides berkaitan dengan malnutrisi (p=0,018). Mayoritas anak (95,6%) mengalami peningkatan AAT, tetapi konsentrasi AAT lebih tinggi pada kelompok tanpa infeksi. Meskipun infeksi parasit berhubungan negatif dengan AAT, hubungan signifikan antara AAT dan status gizi tidak ditemukan. Studi lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengeksplorasi faktor lain yang mempengaruhi hubungan antara infeksi parasit dan malnutrisi.

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Intestinal parasitic infections in preschool children in Indonesia can increase the risk of malnutrition due to damage to the intestinal barrier and increased mucosal permeability. This study investigates the relationship between intestinal parasitic infections, intestinal permeability (measured by alpha-1 antitrypsin/AAT concentration), and nutritional status in 108 preschool children (ages 12–59 months) in Nangapanda District, Ende Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Children’s stool samples were microscopically examined to confirm parasitic infection, while nutritional status was determined based on WHO Anthro 2006 z-scores. A total of 68 stool samples were tested for AAT concentration using ELISA. The most common infection was B. hominis (27.8%). The prevalence of underweight, stunted, and wasted children was 20.4%, 21.3%, and 6.5%, respectively. T. trichiura infection alone was associated with underweight (p=0.026), while T. trichiura-A. lumbricoides coinfection was associated with malnutrition (p=0.018). Most children (95.6%) had elevated AAT, but AAT concentrations were higher in the non-infected group. Although parasitic infection was negatively associated with AAT, no significant relationship was found between AAT and nutritional status. Further research is needed to explore otherfactors that may influence the relationship between parasitic infections and malnutrition."

"Infeksi parasit usus pada anak prasekolah di Indonesia dapat meningkatkan risiko malnutrisi akibat adanya kerusakan barier dan peningkatan permeabilitas mukosa usus. Studi ini meneliti hubungan antara infeksi parasit usus, permeabilitas usus (diukur dengan konsentrasi alfa-1 antitripsin/AAT), dan status gizi pada 108 anak prasekolah (usia 12-59 bulan) di Kecamatan Nangapanda, Kabupaten Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Sampel feses anak diperiksa secara mikroskopis untuk konfirmasi diagnosis infeksi parasit, sementara status gizi ditentukan berdasarkan z-score WHO Anthro 2006. Sebanyak 68 sampel feses diperiksa untuk konsentrasi AAT menggunakan ELISA. Infeksi terbanyak disebabkan oleh B. Hominis (27,8%). Prevalensi underweight, stunted, dan wasted masing-masing adalah 20,4%, 21,3%, dan 6,5%. Infeksi tunggal T. trichiura berhubungan dengan underweight (p=0,026), sedangkan koinfeksi T. trichiura-A. lumbricoides berkaitan dengan malnutrisi (p=0,018). Mayoritas anak (95,6%) mengalami peningkatan AAT, tetapi konsentrasi AAT lebih tinggi pada kelompok tanpa infeksi. Meskipun infeksi parasit berhubungan negatif dengan AAT, hubungan signifikan antara AAT dan status gizi tidak ditemukan. Studi lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengeksplorasi faktor lain yang mempengaruhi hubungan antara infeksi parasit dan malnutrisi.

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Intestinal parasitic infections in preschool children in Indonesia can increase the risk of malnutrition due to damage to the intestinal barrier and increased mucosal permeability. This study investigates the relationship between intestinal parasitic infections, intestinal permeability (measured by alpha-1 antitrypsin/AAT concentration), and nutritional status in 108 preschool children (ages 12–59 months) in Nangapanda District, Ende Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Children’s stool samples were microscopically examined to confirm parasitic infection, while nutritional status was determined based on WHO Anthro 2006 z-scores. A total of 68 stool samples were tested for AAT concentration using ELISA. The most common infection was B. hominis (27.8%). The prevalence of underweight, stunted, and wasted children was 20.4%, 21.3%, and 6.5%, respectively. T. trichiura infection alone was associated with underweight (p=0.026), while T. trichiura-A. lumbricoides coinfection was associated with malnutrition (p=0.018). Most children (95.6%) had elevated AAT, but AAT concentrations were higher in the non-infected group. Although parasitic infection was negatively associated with AAT, no significant relationship was found between AAT and nutritional status. Further research is needed to explore otherfactors that may influence the relationship between parasitic infections and malnutrition."