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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Deposit ampas tebu di Indonesia yang mencapai 8,5 juta ton per tahun menjadikan biomassa ini potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai pensubstitusi bahan bakar minyak berbasis crude oil. Gelombang mikro merupakan salah satu metode pemanasan yang lebih efisien untuk mempirolisis biomassa, karena metode ini memanfaatkan prinsip konversi energi dan partikel biomassa mengalami pemanasan volumetrik. Ampas tebu dipirolisis dengan variasi daya gelombang mikro sebesar 380, 620, dan 850 Watt dan variasi bio-char dalam umpan sebanyak 0, 10, dan 20%. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi profil suhu pirolisis, yield produk pirolisis, dan kandungan senyawa di bio-oil dengan metode GC/MS. Peningkatan daya gelombang mikro akan meningkatkan laju pemanasan dan suhu pirolisis ampas tebu, walaupun efeknya tidak terlalu signifikan jika umpannya tidak ditambahkan bio-char. Penambahan bio-char sebagai absorber gelombang mikro secara signifikan meningkatkan laju pemanasan dan suhu pirolisis ampas tebu. Yield bio-oil maksimum, yaitu 42,75 dan 42,40%, diperoleh pada laju pemanasan 805oC/menit dan suhu pirolisis 515oC serta laju pemanasan 59oC/menit dan suhu pirolisis 398oC. Kondisi operasi untuk memperoleh kedua parameter laju pemanasan dan suhu pirolisis tersebut adalah daya gelombang mikro sebesar 380 Watt dengan 20% kandungan bio-char di umpan serta daya gelombang mikro sebesar 850 Watt tanpa kandungan bio-char di umpan. Bio-oil yang diperoleh dari pirolisis ampas tebu yang umpannya mengandung bio-char ternyata mengandung lebih banyak senyawa non-oksigenat dan tidak mengandung PAH. Namun, senyawa non-oksigenat tersebut juga memiliki kandungan rantai karbon panjang (C22+) yang cukup tinggi.

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ABSTRACT
Sugarcane bagasse waste in Indonesia reaching 8.5 million tons per year is potential to be developed as a substituent for petroleum-based fuel oil. Microwave is an efficient heating method for biomass pyrolysis, since this method utilizes the principle of energy conversion and biomass undergoes volumetric heating. Sugarcane bagasse was pyrolyzed at the microwave power variation of 380, 620, and 850 Watt and bio-char loading variation of 0, 10, and 20%. Characterizations were conducted on the pyrolysis temperature profile, pyrolysis products yield, and bio-oil content by GC/MS method. The microwave pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse gave results that increasing microwave power would increase the heating rate and pyrolysis temperature, however this phenomenon was insignificant if the feed contained no bio-char. The addition of bio-char as microwave absorber in the feed significantly increased the heating rate and temperature pyrolysis. The highest bio-oil yields, i.e. 42.75 and 42.40%, were obtained at the heating rate of 805oC/min and pyrolysis temperature of 515oC and heating rate of 59oC/min and pyrolysis temperature of 398oC. Those pyrolysis heating rates and temperatures were achieved at the microwave power of 380 Watt with bio-char loading of 20% and the microwave power of 850 Watt with no bio-char loading. Bio-oil derived from the microwave pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse which had no bio-char loading in fact contained more non-oxygenated compounds and less PAHs. However, those non-oxygenated compounds have a quite high content of long carbon chains (C22+).;Sugarcane bagasse waste in Indonesia reaching 8.5 million tons per year is potential to be developed as a substituent for petroleum-based fuel oil. Microwave is an efficient heating method for biomass pyrolysis, since this method utilizes the principle of energy conversion and biomass undergoes volumetric heating. Sugarcane bagasse was pyrolyzed at the microwave power variation of 380, 620, and 850 Watt and bio-char loading variation of 0, 10, and 20%. Characterizations were conducted on the pyrolysis temperature profile, pyrolysis products yield, and bio-oil content by GC/MS method. The microwave pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse gave results that increasing microwave power would increase the heating rate and pyrolysis temperature, however this phenomenon was insignificant if the feed contained no bio-char. The addition of bio-char as microwave absorber in the feed significantly increased the heating rate and temperature pyrolysis. The highest bio-oil yields, i.e. 42.75 and 42.40%, were obtained at the heating rate of 805oC/min and pyrolysis temperature of 515oC and heating rate of 59oC/min and pyrolysis temperature of 398oC. Those pyrolysis heating rates and temperatures were achieved at the microwave power of 380 Watt with bio-char loading of 20% and the microwave power of 850 Watt with no bio-char loading. Bio-oil derived from the microwave pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse which had no bio-char loading in fact contained more non-oxygenated compounds and less PAHs. However, those non-oxygenated compounds have a quite high content of long carbon chains (C22+)., Sugarcane bagasse waste in Indonesia reaching 8.5 million tons per year is potential to be developed as a substituent for petroleum-based fuel oil. Microwave is an efficient heating method for biomass pyrolysis, since this method utilizes the principle of energy conversion and biomass undergoes volumetric heating. Sugarcane bagasse was pyrolyzed at the microwave power variation of 380, 620, and 850 Watt and bio-char loading variation of 0, 10, and 20%. Characterizations were conducted on the pyrolysis temperature profile, pyrolysis products yield, and bio-oil content by GC/MS method. The microwave pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse gave results that increasing microwave power would increase the heating rate and pyrolysis temperature, however this phenomenon was insignificant if the feed contained no bio-char. The addition of bio-char as microwave absorber in the feed significantly increased the heating rate and temperature pyrolysis. The highest bio-oil yields, i.e. 42.75 and 42.40%, were obtained at the heating rate of 805oC/min and pyrolysis temperature of 515oC and heating rate of 59oC/min and pyrolysis temperature of 398oC. Those pyrolysis heating rates and temperatures were achieved at the microwave power of 380 Watt with bio-char loading of 20% and the microwave power of 850 Watt with no bio-char loading. Bio-oil derived from the microwave pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse which had no bio-char loading in fact contained more non-oxygenated compounds and less PAHs. However, those non-oxygenated compounds have a quite high content of long carbon chains (C22+).]

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah setiap jenis penggunaan Instagram IG Interaction, IG Browsing, dan IG Broadcasting berhubungan dengan kesepian. Penelitian dilakukan pada 383 laki-laki dan perempuan 16-24 tahun . Variabel jenis-jenis penggunaan Instagram diukur dengan Instagram Activities Scale dari Yang 2016 yang diterjemahkan ke Bahasa Indonesia oleh back translators dan dimodifikasi oleh peneliti. Variabel kesepian diukur dengan UCLA Loneliness Scale Versi 3 dari Russell 1996 yang diterjemahkan ke Bahasa Indonesia oleh back translators dan dimodifikasi oleh peneliti. Hasil uji statistik korelasi menunjukkan IG Interaction memiliki hubungan negatif yang lemah dan signifikan dengan kesepian. IG Browsing dan IG Broadcasting masing-masing memiliki hubungan positif yang signifikan dan lemah dengan kesepian. ...... This research aims to seek the correlation between each types of Instagram usage IG Interaction, IG Browsing, and IG Broadcasting and loneliness. The research was conducted to 383 males and females 16 24 years old . The frequency of each types of Instagram usage were measured with Instagram Activities Scale from Yang 2016 which has been translated to Indonesian language by back translators and has been modified by researcher. Loneliness was measured with UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 from Russell 1996 which has been translated to Indonesian language by back translators and has been modified by researcher. The result shows that IG Interaction has a negative, weak, and significant correlation with loneliness. Both of IG Browsing and IG Broadcasting have a positive, weak, and significant correlation with loneliness.

Abstrak :
Deposit ampas tebu di Indonesia yang mencapai 8,5 juta ton per tahun menjadikan biomassa ini potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Perbaikan sifat ampas tebu sebagai bahan bakar padat dilakukan dengan torefaksi, yaitu proses pretreatment termokimia terhadap biomassa yang dilakukan pada suhu 200?300oC, tekanan atmosfer, dan lingkungan yang inert. Ampas tebu ditorefaksi sampai suhu 275oC dengan variasi laju pemanasan sebesar 3, 6, dan 10oC/menit dan variasi waktu penahanan suhu selama 0 dan 15 menit. Analisis yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik fisik ampas tebu adalah kandungan lignoselulosa, distribusi ukuran partikel, sifat hidrofobik, dan kekerasan pellet. Kenaikan laju pemanasan dan waktu penahanan suhu mengurangi kandungan hemiselulosa ampas tebu sampai di bawah 6% dan menaikkan kandungan ligninnya sampai di atas 83%. Seiring peningkatan kandungan lignin, kekerasan pellet ampas tebu juga meningkat, yaitu sampai 29,22 pada skala durometer Shore D. Seiring penurunan kandungan hemiselulosa, ampas tebu bersifat lebih mudah dihancurkan dan hidrofobik. Distribusi partikel yang berukuran lebih kecil dari 105 μm pada ampas tebu yang ditorefaksi adalah sebanyak 67%, sedangkan pada ampas tebu yang tidak ditorefaksi hanya 0,62%. Penyerapan air oleh ampas tebu yang ditorefaksi hanya sebanyak 1,3%, sedangkan pada ampas tebu yang tidak ditorefaksi sampai 8,02%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa torefaksi dapat memperbaiki karakteristik fisik ampas tebu. ...... Sugarcane bagasse waste in Indonesia reaching 8.5 million tons per year is potential to be developed as an alternative energy source. Torrefaction, which is used to improve the properties of sugarcane bagasse as a solid fuel, is a thermochemical pretreatment of biomass carried out at a temperature of 200?300oC, atmospheric pressure, and inert environment. Sugarcane bagasse is torrefied at 275oC with the heating rate variation of 3, 6, and 10oC/minute and hold time variation of 0 and 15 minutes. Characterizations conducted to determine the physical characteristics of sugarcane bagasse are lignocellulosic content, particle size distribution, hydrophobicity, and pellet hardness. The increasing heating rate and hold time will reduce the hemicellulose content of sugarcane baggase to lower than wt-6% and increase the lignin content to higher than wt-83%. As the lignin content increases, the sugarcane bagasse pellet will have better hardness, i.e. 29.22 on a durometer Shore D scale. As the hemicellulose content increases, sugarcane bagasse will have better particle size distribution and stronger hydrophobic tendency. The particle size distribution of torrefied sugarcane bagasse which is smaller than 105 μm is wt-67% while only wt-0.62% in untorrefied sugarcane bagasse. The water absorbtion of torrefied sugarcane bagasse is wt-1.3% while wt-8.02% in untorrefied sugarcane bagasse. The results indicate that torrefaction is able to improve sugarcane bagasse physical characteristics.