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"Terak timah merupakan residu peleburan timah yang memiliki potensi sebagai sumber sekunder untuk mendapatkan critical metals, seperti niobium, tantalum dan logam tanah jarang LTJ. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi larutan NaOH, yaitu 6 M dan 8 M, pada proses pelindian NaOH selama 1 jam diikuti pelindian HClO4 dengan konsentrasi 0.8 M selama 2 jam, terhadap peningkatan kadar niobium, tantalum dan LTJ dalam terak timah. Pada penelitian ini digunakan terak timah yang melalui pemanggangan pada temperatur 900? diikuti pendinginan cepat. Hasil pemanggangan dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan SEM Scanning Electron Microscope dan sebagian lainnya dilakukan proses pelindian. Residu setiap pelindian dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRF X-Ray Fluorescence , sedangkan filtrat setiap pelindian dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan ICP-OES Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry dan AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy . Dari hasil pelindian NaOH, pada konsentrasi 8 M NaOH terjadi penurunan kadar niobium di dalam terak timah sebesar 6.25 . Namun, perolehan kadar tantalum dan cerium tertinggi terdapat pada konsentrasi 8 M yaitu sebesar 0.21 dan 4.01 , secara berurutan. Dari hasil pelindian HClO4, larutan HClO4 diketahui dapat meningkatkan kadar niobium dan tantalum. Sedangkan LTJ mengalami penurunan kadar di dalam residu setelah pelindian HClO4. Pelindian HClO4 mampu menurunkan kadar unsur ikutan seperti aluminium dan kalsium.

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Tin slag, the residue from tin smelting process, has big potential as alternative sources to obtain critical metals, such as niobium, tantalum and rare earth elements REEs . The aims of this study is to discover the effect of NaOH leaching, in various leaching concentations of 6 M and 8 M for 1 hour, followed by HClO4 0.8 M leaching for 2 hours on the enhancement grades of niobium, tantalum and REEs. In this process, tin slag was roasted at 900 in 2 hours, followed by water quenching, then sieved. One part of roasted tin slag was characterized by SEM Scanning Electron Microscope , and the other part was used for leaching process. Each residues characterized with XRF X Ray Fluorescence , while each filtrates characterized with ICP OES Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry and AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy . From NaOH leaching process, at concentration of 8 M NaOH there was a decrease of niobium grades in tin slag residue of 6.25 . However, the highest tantalum and cerium grades was found at 8 M concentrations of 0.21 and 4.01 , respectively. From HClO4 leaching process, it is known that HClO4 can increase niobium and tantalum grades in leaching residue. While REEs tend to decrease in leaching residue and it is known to decrease the grades of aluminium and calcium in leaching residue."

"Kesehatan merupakan hak dasar manusia yang harus dipenuhi dan terus ditingkatkan kualitasnya. Untuk menjaga kualitas layanan kesehatan bagi masyarakat merupakan tantangan besar. Salah satu aktivitas untuk menjaga kualitas layanan kesehatan adalah memastikan ketersediaan obat. Di Indonesia, sejak tahun 2010, pemerintah mewajibkan penggunaan obat generik dalam layanan kesehatan pemerintah. Dengan demikian, pasokan obat generik harus dapat memenuhi permintaan pada waktu, jumlah dan kualitas yang tepat. Namun, dalam praktiknya, pasokan obat generik dalam sistem pengadaan pemerintah melalui e-catalogue belum 100% memenuhi permintaan obat generik dari fasilitas kesehatan. Kekosongan obat generik dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor termasuk risiko dalam aktivitas rantai pasoknya. Risiko rantai pasok dapat memengaruhi kontinuitas aliran informasi, material dan produk dari pemasok awal hingga proses pengiriman ke pembeli sehingga dapat menghambat ketersediaan pasokan obat generik. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan model manajemen risiko rantai pasok obat generik di Indonesia sehingga dapat mengidentifikasi, menilai, memprioritaskan serta menyusun strategi mitigasi risiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi di setiap aktor rantai pasok obat generik. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah MCDM (Multiple-criteria decision analysis) DANP (DEMATEL based ANP) dan ISM (Interpretive Structural Modelling). DANP digunakan untuk menilai serta mempriotitisasikan risiko sedangkan ISM digunakan untuk menyusun strategi mitigasi risiko yang sudah diprioritaskan.

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Health is a basic human right that should maintain and continuously improve in quality. To maintain the quality of health services for the citizen is a big challenge. One of the activities to support the preservation of the quality of health services is the supply continuity of medicines. In Indonesia, since 2010, the government has been encouraging the prescription of medicines by their generic names in all public facilities and pharmacists are allowed to choose the generic substitution for the prescribed non-generic medicines. Then, generic medicines supply chain should be able to meet the demand at the right time in the right quantity and the right quality. In practice, the supply of generic medicines in the government purchasing system of health services, which has been done in online system, has not 100% met the demand of health facilities. Generic medicines shortages can be caused by many factors, including the risks in generic medicines supply chain activities. Risks, which occur in supply chain activities, can affect the flow continuity of information, materials, and products, from the initial pemasok to the delivery of the products, which can hinder the supply of generic medicines. For this reason, supply chain risk management of generic medicines are important to keep the generic medicines supply. However, study about generic medicines supply chain risk in Indonesia are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify, priotize and mitigate the supply chain risks of general medicines. The results showed that supply chain risks of generic medicines that involve in the activities are demand risks, pemasok risks, transportation risks, information flow risks, financial risks, quality risks, inventory risks, production risks, and environment, social and regulation risks. Multi-criteria decision making methods which used in thise study were DANP (DEMATEL based ANP) and ISM (Intrepretive Strucural Modelling). DANP was used to priotize risks, meanwhile ISM was used to obtain hierarchy model of mitigation strategy."