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"Diabetics occasionally need enteral nutrition-either as supplement or in situations necessitating total dependency on enteral nutrition to fulfill their energy requirements. Enteral nutrition specifically designed fordiabet-ics is not yet available in our hospital, as sugar is often added to enteral nutrition preparations, subsequently affecting the blood glucose profiles of the patients.

This study was done to determine the glycemic index of 4 kinds of enteraf feeding formulas, conducted among ambulatory diabetics attending the Diabetic Clinic of the Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Central National Hospital.

Twenty samples were purposively chosen among the Diabetic Clinic attendees. They were well-controlled non-pregnant diabetics; none of them were having either kidney or liver problems, and were otherwise healthy. Each of the diabetic studied was given 50-g glucose syrup (200 Kcal) as a standard load. With a 3 to 4 days interval, the patients were consecutively given several enteral feeding formulas, i.e., the standard hospital enteral feeding formula (MC-FRS I), a newly developed diabetic formula (MC-FRS II), a frequently-used commercially avai 1-ablepredigested/elemental enteral feeding formula {MC-FK I = Isocal), and a new predigested/elemental enteral feeding formula specifically designed for diabetics (MC-FK II=Diabetasol). All of the formulas tested contained energy equal to 50-g glucose (200 Kcal). Blood glucose was measured with an Accutrend-Ames® glucometer in fasting condition and subsequently 30,60,90 and 120 minutes after the load. Any glucose/enteral feeding loading was given 30 minutes after. Data were presented as a blood glucose curve and glycemic index were calculated as area under the blood glucose curve of each food load compared to the standard glucose load, presented as percentage.

In all the enteral feedings studied, the blood glucose response curves went up and the peaks achieved in 60 minutes, thereafter declined to points above the initial fasting blood glucose values. The glycemic index of the MC-FRS I, MC-FRS II, MC-FK I and MC-FK II were 39.6%, 25%, 45% and 52.1% respectively.

The sugar that was added to the MC-FRS I and MC-FK I did not give rise to higher blood glucose levels as compared to the other non-glucose-added food. All of the enteral feeding formula tested showed low glycemic index (Miller, less than 55%). The difference glycemic index among the formulas studied might be due to different food composition (predigested/elemental component in the commercial enteral feeding formula; no sugar added and higher fiber in MC-FRS II as compared to MC-FRS I; higher fat content in MC-FK 1 as compared to MC-FK II). Glycemic index of enteral feeding formula was particularly determined by the total carbohydrate, total fat and total protein content of the food, as well as the presence of fiber and antinutrient in the food studied."

"Diabetes mellitus is a serious longstanding disease, which will cause chronic complications in several target organs throughout the body if left untreated. Subsequently, death might ensue. Prevention againts the occurrence of such a grave outcome should be done in the first priority at all levels of health authority. Several large-scale epidemiological studies (Diabetes Complication Control Trial = DCCT in Type 1 DM and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Survey = UKPDS in Type 2 DM) have given proof that chronic complications of diabetes could be prevented through an effort to keep blood glucose within desirable optima) levels. In UKPDS, the incidence of retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy were significantly lower in the intensively treated group (HbAl c 7.1 %) as compared to the conventionally treated group (HbAlc 7.9%)."

"ABSTRAKDiabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan suatu penyakit menahun yang merupakan problem kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, terutama di kota-kota besar, yang meningkat menyertai adanya perubahan pola hidup masyarakat. Di Jakarta, penelitian epidemiologis pada penduduk yang dilakukan pada tahun 1982 mendapatkan prevalensi DM penduduk usia > 15 tahun sebesar 1,7 %, dan pada penelitian tahun 1993 meningkat menjadi 5,7 %. Jika tidak dikelola dengan baik, DM dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi kronik, baik komplikasi mikrovaskular yang dapat mengenai mata dan ginjal, maupun komplikasi makrovaskular yang terutama mengenai pembuluh darah jantung, otak, dan pembuluh darah tungkai bawah. Keadaan hiperglikemia kronik disangka merupakan dasar terjadinya komplikasi kronik, antara lain melalui proses glikasi berbagai macam protein. Terbentuknya produk akhir glikosilasi lanjut (advanced glycation end product) yang ireversibel akan berpengaruh terhadap fungsi protein terkait.Komplikasi kronik DM terjadi balk pada pasien DM yang tidak tergantung insulin (DMTTI non insulin dependent DM = NIDDM = DM tipe 2) maupun DM yang tergantung insulin (DMTI = insulin dependent DM = IDDM = DM tipe 1), walaupun ada perbedaan dalam kekerapan jenis komplikasi yang terjadi. Komplikasi makrovaskular lebih sering ditemukan pada DM tipe 2, sebaliknya pada DM tipe 1, komplikasi mikrovaskular yang terjadi pada ginjal dan mata tampak lebih menonjol.Di antara komplikasi menahun makrovaskular DM, "kaki diabetes" merupakan komplikasi yang paling mengesalkan, baik bagi pasien maupun bagi dokter yang mengelolanya. Kasus ulkus/gangren diabetes merupakan kasus DM yang terbanyak dirawat. Diperkirakan sebanyak sepertiga dari seluruh pasien DM akan mengalami masalah pada kakinya. Hari perawatan yang lama dan biaya pengobatan yang mahal merupakan salah satu persoalan yang harus mendapat perhatian sebaik-baiknya. Belum lagi dihitung tenaga yang hilang akibat kecacatan, dan ketidakhadiran di tempat kerja, serta biaya yang diperlukan untuk pengelolaan kecacatan tersebut. Apalagi kalau dilihat nasib pasien pasca amputasi, 30 - 50 % pasien yang telah diamputasi akan memerlukan tindakan amputasi untuk kaki sisi lainnya dalam kurun waktu 1 - 3 tahun setelah amputasi. Suatu nasib yang sungguh sangat suram."