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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Salah satu opsi manajemen risiko bagi perusahaan asuransi adalah dengan membagi atau mentransfer risiko yang ditanggungnya kepada perusahaan asuransi lain, yang disebut reasuransi. Konsep reasuransi ini memberikan banyak keuntungan bagi perusahaan asuransi, sekaligus membebani perusahaan dengan biaya tertentu. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor yang memengaruhi kebutuhan jasa reasuransi pada perusahaan asuransi di Indonesia dengan melihat aspek loss ratio, gearing ratio, tingkat debt to equity ratio, volatilitas biaya klaim, volatilitas hasil investasi, jenis organisasi, dan konsentrasi lini pertanggungan perusahaan. Dari hasil penelitian kepada perusahaan asuransi kerugian sebanyak 64 perusahaan dari tahun 2010-2013, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa kebutuhan reasuransi: sebanding dengan tingkat loss ratio, volatilitas biaya klaim, gearing ratio, dan ukuran perusahaan; berbanding terbalik dengan DER; berbanding terbalik dengan derajat konsentrasi lini pertanggungan, dan dipengaruhi oleh jenis organisasi perusahaan.

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ABSTRACT
An option for risk management in insurance company is to transfer or divide their risk to other insurance company, this called reinsurance. The concept of reinsurance is very helpful for insurance company with some benefits, yet causes some expenses. This study aimed to analyze what factors influence the demand of reinsurance in Indonesia by considering loss ratio, gearing ratio, debt to equity ratio, claim cost volatility, investment return volatility, organizational form, and business concentration. From the study of 64 insurance company in Indonesia during 2010 ? 2013, it can be concluded that the need of reinsurance is: in line with degree of loss ratio, claim cost volatility, gearing ratio, and company?s asset; inversely with DER and business concentration; also influenced by organizational form.;An option for risk management in insurance company is to transfer or divide their risk to other insurance company, this called reinsurance. The concept of reinsurance is very helpful for insurance company with some benefits, yet causes some expenses. This study aimed to analyze what factors influence the demand of reinsurance in Indonesia by considering loss ratio, gearing ratio, debt to equity ratio, claim cost volatility, investment return volatility, organizational form, and business concentration. From the study of 64 insurance company in Indonesia during 2010 ? 2013, it can be concluded that the need of reinsurance is: in line with degree of loss ratio, claim cost volatility, gearing ratio, and company?s asset; inversely with DER and business concentration; also influenced by organizational form.;An option for risk management in insurance company is to transfer or divide their risk to other insurance company, this called reinsurance. The concept of reinsurance is very helpful for insurance company with some benefits, yet causes some expenses. This study aimed to analyze what factors influence the demand of reinsurance in Indonesia by considering loss ratio, gearing ratio, debt to equity ratio, claim cost volatility, investment return volatility, organizational form, and business concentration. From the study of 64 insurance company in Indonesia during 2010 ? 2013, it can be concluded that the need of reinsurance is: in line with degree of loss ratio, claim cost volatility, gearing ratio, and company?s asset; inversely with DER and business concentration; also influenced by organizational form.;An option for risk management in insurance company is to transfer or divide their risk to other insurance company, this called reinsurance. The concept of reinsurance is very helpful for insurance company with some benefits, yet causes some expenses. This study aimed to analyze what factors influence the demand of reinsurance in Indonesia by considering loss ratio, gearing ratio, debt to equity ratio, claim cost volatility, investment return volatility, organizational form, and business concentration. From the study of 64 insurance company in Indonesia during 2010 ? 2013, it can be concluded that the need of reinsurance is: in line with degree of loss ratio, claim cost volatility, gearing ratio, and company?s asset; inversely with DER and business concentration; also influenced by organizational form.;An option for risk management in insurance company is to transfer or divide their risk to other insurance company, this called reinsurance. The concept of reinsurance is very helpful for insurance company with some benefits, yet causes some expenses. This study aimed to analyze what factors influence the demand of reinsurance in Indonesia by considering loss ratio, gearing ratio, debt to equity ratio, claim cost volatility, investment return volatility, organizational form, and business concentration. From the study of 64 insurance company in Indonesia during 2010 ? 2013, it can be concluded that the need of reinsurance is: in line with degree of loss ratio, claim cost volatility, gearing ratio, and company?s asset; inversely with DER and business concentration; also influenced by organizational form., An option for risk management in insurance company is to transfer or divide their risk to other insurance company, this called reinsurance. The concept of reinsurance is very helpful for insurance company with some benefits, yet causes some expenses. This study aimed to analyze what factors influence the demand of reinsurance in Indonesia by considering loss ratio, gearing ratio, debt to equity ratio, claim cost volatility, investment return volatility, organizational form, and business concentration. From the study of 64 insurance company in Indonesia during 2010 – 2013, it can be concluded that the need of reinsurance is: in line with degree of loss ratio, claim cost volatility, gearing ratio, and company’s asset; inversely with DER and business concentration; also influenced by organizational form.]

Abstrak :
Transformator merupakan komponen utama dalam sistem distribusi tenaga listrik ke konsumen, jika terjadi kerusakan pada transformator maka penyaluran tenaga listrik menuju konsumen akan terhenti sehingga SAIDI dan SAIFI dari PLN akan meningkat. Tingginya suhu pada transformator dapat menyebabkan degradasi pada isolasi transformator. Ketika suhu pada kumparan naik sampai batas 110 C maka akan terjadi degradasi pada isolator dan sisa umur dari transformator akan berkurang. Kerusakan transformator dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada sistem tenaga listrik dan menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi yang sangat besar. Sebelum transformator mengalami kerusakan harus dilakukan penggantian secara efisien hingga transformator benar-benar dikategorikan tidak efisien lagi untuk digunakan, hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan mengganti transformator yang akan mengalami kerusakan. Prediksi rentang waktu transformator beroperasi secara efisien dan normal sebelum terjadi kerusakan dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan pemodelan termal. Standar pemodelan termal yang digunakan merupakan standar yang dikeluarkan oleh IEEE (IEEE std C57.91-1995). Parameter utama yang digunakan dalam memprediksi umur ini adalah Hot Spot Temperature (HST). Nilai perolehan HST dihitung menggunakan software MATLAB dengan standar perhitungan Annex G yang sesuai dengan standar IEEE. Dengan memperoleh HST usia pakai transformator dapat ditentukan. Penelitian ini melihat pengaruh dari pembebanan, suhu hot-spot, dan suhu ruang terhadap umur pakai transformator. Semakin nilai dari ketiga faktor tersebut maka semakin cepat transformator akan rusak, dengan persen pengurangan umur transformator yang akan meningkat secara eksponensial. Pemberian nilai pembebanan, suhu hot-spot, dan suhu ruang tertinggi pada penelitian ini memberikan persentase pengurangan umur sebesar 0.0888332, 0.0193394, dan 0.020753 secara berurutan.

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Transformer is one of the main components in distribution system of electrical power system towards the consumers, thereby any damage to the transformers will hinder the distribution of electricity towards the consumers, and in turn will make the SAIDI and SAIFI levels go up. High temperature in transformers can cause degradation in the insulation of transformers which in turn will cause failure in transformers. When the temperature in winding reaches or goes beyond the limit of 110 C, a degradation in insulation will start happening and the remaining life of transformers will decrease. Damage in transformers will cause disturbance in electrical power system and result in a major economic loss. Before damages occur, transformers need to be changed up until it is deemed to be no longer efficient, this can be done by replacing the transformer that is about to be damaged. To predict when a transformer is about to break, a calculation is made based on thermal modelling according to IEEE Std C57.91-1995 with its most prominent variable being Hot Spot Temperature (HST). HST is obtained by MATLAB programming using Annex G of IEEE Std. C57.91-1995. By obtaining HST thus the remaining lifetime of transformers can be predicted. This research analysed the effect of loading, hot-spot temperature, and ambient temperature on the remaining lifetime of a transformer. The higher those three factors are, the quicker the transformer will break, with loss of life percentage increasing exponentially. The highest loading, hot spot temperature, and ambient temperature given in this research gives percent loss of life 0.0888332, 0.0193394, 0.020753 respectively.