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"Tesis ini membahas mengenai penyelamatan General Motors oleh pemerintahan Obama pada saat resesi ekonomi terjadi di Amerika Serikat tahun 2008 silam melalui pemberian dana bailout bernama TARP. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah menunjukkan bahwa dalam upaya penyelamatan ini, terdapat faktor-faktor yang menjadi bargaining power General Motors, sehingga membuat korporasi ini tidak mungkin dibiarkan collapse. Faktor tersebut antara lain kekuatan SDM General Motors serta kekuatan ekonomi GM. Buruh yang tergabung dalam UAW ini merupakan salah satu pressure group yang berpengaruh. Dari sisi politik, buruh GM adalah basis dukungan bagi demokrat. Sedangkan dari segi ekonomi, GM merupakan industry otomotif iconic yang menopang perekonomian Amerika dengan ratusan ribu buruh yang dipekerjakan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyelamatan GM merupakan hal yang harus dilakukan pemerintah Obama untuk menyelamatkan kepentingan pereknomian nasional, serta kepentingan politik Obama dan demokrat secara khusus.

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This thesis discusses the rescue of General Motors by the Obama Administration during the economic recession in the United States in 2008 through bailout called TARP. The focus of this study is to show that in this rescue effort, there are factors that became General Motors bargaining power, thus making these corporation may not be allowed to collapse. These factors include the strength of human resources and the strength of economic that own by General Motors. GM labor who are members of the UAW is one of the influential pressure groups in America. From the political side, the GM workers is a base of support for the Democrats. From the economy side, GM as iconic automotive industry, supporting American economy with hundreds of thousands of workers employed. It can be concluded that the GM rescue is something that must be done by Obama administration in order to save national economic interest, and in order to save political interests of Obama and democrats in particular."

"Die soldering merupakan hasil dari reaksi interface antara aluminium cair dengan material cetakan. Akibat tingginya afinitas aluminium terhadap besi, unsur besi dari material cetakan berdifusi menuju aluminium cair membentuk lapisan intermetalik pada permukaan cetakan. Kemudian, aluminium cair menempel pada permukaan cetakan dan tertinggal setelah pelepasan hasil pengecoran. Fenomena ini mengakibatkan terjadinya kegagalan cetakan dan menurunnya kualitas permukaan hasil coran, sehingga mengarah kepada penurunan produktivitas dan peningkatan biaya produksi pengecoran. Untuk mencegah terjadinya die soldering, pembentukan lapisan intermetalik pada permukaan cetakan harus diminimalisir. Mangan merupakan unsur yang dapat meningkatkan kekuatan produk pengecoran dan dapat mengurangi pengaruh buruk Fe dengan membentuk suatu fasa kesetimbangan. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, belum ada korelasi yang jelas mengenai pengaruh unsur mangan dalam pembentukan lapisan interemetalik. Untuk itu, dilakukan penelitian guna mempelajari morfologi, ketebalan dan sifat mekanis lapisan intermetalik akibat penambahan unsur mangan.Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah baja H13 yang dicelupkan dalam paduan Al-7%Si dan AI-12%Si yang mengandung 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, dan 0.7%Mn dengan waktu kontak 20, 40, dan 60 menit pada temperatur 700°C.Dalam penelitian ini dihasilkan pembentukan dua lapisan intermetalik pada permukaan baja H13, yaitu compact layer yang merupakan fasa padat, dan broken layer yang merupakan fasa semi padat.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kondisi efektif untuk mengurangi kecenderungan cacat die soldering dengan meminimalisir pembentukan pembentukan compact layer adalah pada kondisi penambahan 0.3% Mn dalam paduan Al-7%Si dengan waktu kontak 20 menit Kemudian penambahan Mn hingga 0.7% pada paduan Al-12%Si akan menurunkan ketebalan compact layer pada permukaan baja H13, dengan kondisi ketebalan lapisan intermetalik tertipis adalah saat waktu kontak 40 menit Namun penambahan unsur Mn pada Al-7%Si dan Al-12%Si tidak berpengaruh pada ketebalan broken layer, fasa yang terkandung dalam lapisan interemetalik dan sifat mekanis lapisan intermetalik......Die soldering is the result of an interface reaction between the molten aluminum and the die material. Due to high affinity of aluminum for iron, the iron element ftom die diffuses into aluminum melt resulting in intermetalic layers on the die surface. Molten aluminum “welds” to the die surface and remains there after the ejection of the part. This phenomenon resulting in damage to the die and poor surface quality of the casting, lead to decreasing productivity and increasing production cost. In order to alleviate or mitigate die soldering, the forming of intermetallic layer on die surface has to be minimized. Mangan is an element which increase the strength of cast product and reduce the detrimental effect of Fe by form of equilibrium phase. Based on previous stuJies, the correlation between manganese element and the formation of intermetallic layer not yet clearly understood. Hence, this research i s done to study the morphology, thickness, and mechanical properties of intermetallic layers in influence of mangan addition.The sample on this research is as anneal H13 tool Steel dipped into the molten Al-7%Si and AI-12%Si alloy containing 0.1%Mn, 0.3%Mn, 0.5%Mn, and 0.7%Mn in 20, 40, and 60 minutes at holding temperatures 700 °C. This research resulted two intermetallic layers in the surface of H13 tool Steel, compact intermetallic layer and broken intermetallic layer.The result showed that the most effective condition in order to mitigate die soldering tendention is minimizing the form of compact layer by addition of 0.3%Mn into AI-7%Si alloy in dip time around 20 minutes. Then, Mn addition up to 0.7% into Al-12%Si reduces the thickness of compact layer with the most effective dip time around 40 minutes. However, the addition of Mn into Al-7%Si and Al-12%Si does not influence broken intermetallic thickness, phases that formed in intermetallic layer, and mechanical properties of intermetallic layer."

"The main idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) which has become a hot topic at the present is that companies doing businesses are not only committed to their shareholders but also their stakeholders. This commitment is shown from the contribution to develop a sustainable economy by contributing to the environment and working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their lives in ways that are good for business and for development. Through CSR, the establishment of good corporate governance will be supported. It is one of the means in realizing the principles of corporate governance established by the Organization for Economic and Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD) in 2004. OECD listed these principles which are:

1. Ensuring the basis for an effective corporate governance framework

2. The rights of shareholders and key ownership functions,

3. The equitable treatment of shareholders,

4. The role of stakeholders in corporate governance,

5. Disclosure and Transparency,

6. Responsibilities of the Board.

The principles were first endorsed back in 1999 by OECD ministers and since then they have become an international benchmark for investors, policy makers, corporations and stakeholders worldwide.

The discussion on the matter of CSR reheated in Indonesia when there were rumors that a new law will be established on the requirement and details in conducting CSR.Eventually it became the main discussion due to the approval of the draft of the much fearful new law ; Company Law article 74 (UU Perseroan Terbatas pasal 74) on July 20th, 2007 one of which paragraph states that every company operating in areas relating to natural resources is obliged to fulfill its social and environment responsibilities. The approval of this new law surely invites pros and contras from many constituents. It seems that many still feel that CSR is not necessary and only should be voluntary. The problem is when CSR was a voluntary activity, only a few are willing to carry it out furthermore to give their best to contribute on the matter. Unilever as one of the companies realizing the importance of CSR has been executing CSR since it was first established. Its reputation in the CSR implementation is recognized nationally and internationally; many have awarded Unilever for its outstanding achievements. Programs are approached using the triple bottom-line approach so that it covers the three perspectives, namely social, economy and environmental. Thus, the company formulates CSR programs mainly in three areas environment, small and medium enterprises and health and hygiene. The programs have been enormously successful and have contributed significantly to the sustainable operations of the company and its position as a market leader and as the brand preferred by the people. This excellent implementation of CSR is a mirror image of the commitment made by the company to its stakeholders; an emphasis on the growing awareness in the industry to alter companies? point of views in their purpose of existence from maximizing shareholders? value to stakeholders? value. It has also helped the implementation of good corporate governance at Unilever as CSR is one of the elements of supporting good corporate governance."

"Paduan Al-11wt%Si merupakan salah satu jenis paduan aluminium silikon yang memiliki aplikasi terluas dalam dunia pengecoran khususnya proses die casting. Pada proses pengaplikasiannya dalam teknologi die casting, terdapat suatu permasalahan sangat dominan terjadi yaitu fenomena die soldering, ketika aluminium cair menempel pada permukaan material dies dan masih tersisa ketika proses pengangkatan part. Reaksi soldering biasanya ditemukan dalam proses High Pressure Die Casting pada paduan aluminium, yang melibatkan terbentuknya lapisan intermetalik antara material cetakan dengan aluminium cair. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan perusakan die dan menurunkan kualitas permukaan coran yang buruk, sehingga mengakibatkan penurunan produktivitas namun meningkatkan biaya produksi pada operasional industri. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian guna mempelajari morfologi dan karakteristik yang terdiri dari ketebalan dan kekerasan lapisan intermetalik yang terbentuk selama proses pencelupan. Pada penelitian ini, lapisan intermetalik terbentuk diantara substrat baja perkakas H13 dan paduan aluminium Al-11wt%Si dengan kandungan 0,66%Fe, 0,792%Fe, dan 1,088%Fe. Percobaan dilakukan dengan cara mencelupkan baja perkakas H13 ke dalam paduan Al-11wt%Si cair yang mengandung 0,66%Fe, 0,792%Fe, dan 1,088%Fe, kemudian didiamkan selama 30 menit untuk mensimulasikan proses die casting. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dua lapisan intermetalik pada permukaan baja perkakas H13 yang merupakan compact intermetallic layer dengan fasa intermetalik AlxFey dan broken intermetallic layer dengan fasa intermetalik AlxFeySiz, selain itu diperlihatkan bahwa dengan meningkatnya kandungan Fe dalam paduan alumunium dapat menurunkan total ketebalan compact intermetallic layer dan broken intermetallic layer. Kemudian, nilai kekerasan suatu lapisan intermetalik akan semakin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah Fe yang berdifusi ke dalam lapisan intermetalik tersebut.

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Al-11wt%Si is one of aluminum alloys which have largest application in the world of casting, especially in die casting process. In the application of die casting technology, there is a dominant problem names die soldering. Die soldering is a phenomenon in which molten aluminum ?welds? to the die surface and remains there after the ejection of the part. Soldering reactions are commonly observed during high pressure die casting of aluminum alloys, and involve the formation and growth of interfacial intermetallic layers between the die and the cast alloy. This phenomenon resulting in damage to the die and poor surface quality of the casting, but increase the production cost. This research is done to study the morphology and the thickness and hardness characteristic formation of the intermetallic layers during dipping test. In this research, intermetallic layers were formed between H13 tool steel substrates and Al-11wt%Si melt containing 0.66%Fe, 0.792%Fe, and 1.088%Fe. This research is done by dipped as-annealed H13 tool steel into Al-11wt%Si melt and holded in 30 minutes to simulate die casting process. This result showed two intermetallic layers in the surface of H13 tool steel, compact intermetallic layer containing AlxFey phase and broken intermetallic layer containing AlxFeySiz phase, and it was demonstrated that a higher iron content reduces the total thicness of compact intermetallic layer and broken intermetallic layer. And then, it showed that the thickness of intermetallic layer will increase as the content of iron diffuse from H13 substrate is increase."

"Elpiji merupakan salah satu jenis energi yang digunakan masyarakat Indonesia. Pertamina merupakan pemain tunggal dalam bisnis ini. Dalam menjalankan bisnisnya Pertamina menjalankan indirect marketing dengan melibatkan SPPBE (Stasiun Pengangkutan dan Pengisian Bulk Elpiji) dan agen Elpiji. Pola distribusi Elpiji di Indonesia menjadikan Pertamina sebagai pemegang kuasa penuh dalam distribusi Elpiji. Konsumen membeli Elpiji dari agen yang telah mendapatkan Elpiji dari SPPBE yang ditunjuk Pertamina. Sebelum pengambilan Elpiji oleh agen, agen diharuskan terlebih dahulu membayar Elpiji yang akan diambil di SPPBE yang telah mengambil bulk elpji dari Pertamina. SPPBEini akan diberikan ongkos pengangkutan dan pengisian Elpiji. Ongkos pengisian dihitung berdasarkan jumlah bulk Elpiji yang diangkut sedangkan ongkos pengangkutan dihitung berdasarkan jarak yang ditempuh dari Pertamina ke SPPBE. Kedua ongkos ini merupakan satu-satunya sumber pendapatan yang dimiliki oleh SPPBE. SPPBE Z sebagai perusahaan baru yang akan memulai usahanya ingin mengetahui bagaimanakah SPPBE ini akan beroperasi, khususnya dalam kegiatan pengambilan bulk Elpiji yang sepenuhnya diatur oleh Pertamina. Walaupun kegiatan ini tidak dapat dikontrol oleh SPPBE, namun kegiatan ini harus dapat memberikan keuntungan yang maksimal bagi SPPBE. Hal-hal yang dapat berpengaruh pada keuntungan SPPBE dalam kegiatan ini adalah penggunaan resource dalam pengambilan bulk Elpiji, yaitu meliputi penentuan jumlah storage tank, transport tank, pengemudi beserta kondektur transport tank. Penentuan penggunaan reource ini tentulah bukan persoalan yang mudah. Pihak SPPBE harus memperhatikan skenario-skenario yang mungkin dijalankan dalam kegiatan ini.Salah satu skenario yang perlu dipertimbangkan adalah program pemerintah pengalihan minyak tanah ke tabung Elpiji 3 Kg. Program ini mengakibatkan meningkatnya pengambilan bulk Elpiji di Pertamina sebanyak dua kali lipat dibanding dengan sebelumya. Terdapat berbagai kemungkinan yang diambil Pertamina untuk menghadapi program ini. Apa sajakah kemungkinan tersebut dan bagaimanakah SPPBE Z dalam menghadapinya? Penelitian dengan pendekatan simulasi ini akan menjawabnya. Model hasil penilitian ini akan dijalankan pada berbagai macam kemungkinan yang akan dilakukan Pertamina. Kemudian akan dihasilkan penggunaan resource yang akan menghasilkan biaya rendah dalam menghadapi berbagai skenario yang dilakukan Pertamina.

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Elpiji is a mean of energy commonly used by Indonesian customer. In Indonesia Pertamina serves as a single provider in Elpiji business sector. Pertamina runs its business by implementing indirect marketing along with SPPBE (Bulk Elpiji Transport and Filling Station) and Elpiji agents. Elpiji distribution pattern in Indonesia allows Pertamina to be the highest authority holder for Elpiji distribution. End customers get their Elpiji from agents that obtain it from Pertamina's authorized and appointed bulk Elpiji filling and transport station or SPPBE. Agents ought to fulfill payment for their orders before they retrieve their ordered Elpiji from the SPPBE, which has previously obtained the bulk Elpiji from Pertamina. This SPPBE will then be paid with Elpiji transport and filling cost by the Agent. The filling cost is charged based on the number of transported Elpiji while the transport cost is charged based on the distance between Pertamina and the SPPBE. Both of these expenses are the components of the SPPBE's income.

SPPBE Z as a newly found company that wants to find out a best operating way, specifically in bulk Elpiji retrieval activity that is fully regulated by Pertamina. In spite of this regulation constrain, the Company has to find a way to maximize its profit in such business condition. The use of resource in obtaining bulk Elpiji can highly affect the Company's profit. The resource itself includes a number of storage tanks, transport tanks, and tank drivers along with his assistant. The resource usage decision is not an easy task to do because the SPPBE has to consider possible scenarios prior to this business process.

One of the scenario worth to be considered is the government's program of replacing kerosene with Elpiji in 3 Kg gas cylinders. This program had caused an increase in bulk Elpiji demand for as many as twice as before. There are other possibilities in how Pertamina might respond to this program. These possibilities are covered in this research. This research will try to find out solutions about how the Company should act in these different possibilities. Findings of this research will be based on the analysis of a number of possible scenarios that are modeled and simulated. Finally the research will came out with the resource usage that will bring out the lowest cost in different Pertamina scenarios."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang penerapan Contractor Safety Management System (CSMS) di lingkungan PT ABC serta pemenuhan tahap Work In Progress pada satu pekerjaan yaitu Fabrikasi dan Penggantian Sulfur Stack unit 25-SK-101 yang Melibatkan PT XYZ dalam pengerjaannya pada November 2012. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui elemen yang dinilai dalam proses pemenuhan pada tahap Work In Progress serta faktor-faktor penyebab tidak terpenuhinya penilaian dalam tahap ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode observasi serta penilaian dengan bantuan lampiran Checklist Penilaian pada Tahap Work In Progress, antara lain Checklist HSE Work Practice, Checklist HSE Programs, Checklist Penilaian HSE Performance Indicator, serta hasil penilaian pada tahap sebelumnya yaitu Pre Job Activity. Penilaian pada Tahap Pre Job Activity PT XYZ adalah sebesar 94.7%, lalu Penilaian HSE Work Practice PT XYZ adalah sebesar 89.35%, pada Penilaian HSE Programs PT XYZ mendapat nilai sebesar 81.08%, sedangkan Penilaian HSE Performance Indicator PT XYZ mendapat nilai sebesar 83%.

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The focus of this essay is Implementation of Contractor Safety Management System (CSMS) in PT ABC and Stage of Work In Progress’s Compliance in Project Fabrication and The Replacement of Sulfur Stack unit 25-SK-101 Involving PT XYZ on November 2012. The purpose of this study is to understand the elements which assessed in Stage of Work In Progress’s Compliance, and also the non fulfilled factors of assessment in this stage. This research is qualitative descriptive interpretive with an observation method and also assessment by the required checklist related to the Work In Progress Compliance, which are HSE Work Practice Checklist, HSE Programs Checklist, HSE Performance Indicator Checklist, and also assessment from the previous stage which is Pre Job Activity. The assessment in stage of Pre Job Activity PT XYZ is 94.7%, the assessment of HSE Work Practice PT XYZ is 89.35%, the assessment of HSE Programs PT XYZ is 81.08%, and the assessment of HSE Performance Indicator PT XYZ is 83%."

"Artikel ini membahas mengenai stereotip yang dilekatkan pada perempuan dalam lagu Victime de La Mode karya Mc. Solaar. Stereotip perempuan akan ditunjukkan melalui analisis isi menggunakan pendekatan struktural. Berdasarkan pendekatan struktural, teks lagu dianalisis dari segi makna. Analisis makna dilakukan dengan meneliti segi pragmatik dan segi semantik. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis data adalah kualitatif. Makna didapat dari hasil analisis data dengan pemaknaan lirik lagu berdasarkan diksi. Hasil analisis data berdasarkan pemaknaan lirik lagu dikaitkan dengan konsep stereotip menurut David J. Schneider. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa stereotip yang melekat pada wanita adalah yang berkaitan dengan keindahan fisik dan mengabaikan logika dan kecerdasan intelektual. Perempuan terkungkung dalam sistem partriarkal yang membentuk nilai sosial. Nilai tersebut lantas disebarkan melalui beragam media sosial.

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This article discusses about the stereotypes attached to women in Victime de La Mode song by Mc. Solaar. Stereotypes of women will be demonstrated through content analysis using a structural approach. Based on structural approach, the text is analyzed in terms of the meaning of the song. The analysis is done by examining the meaning of terms of pragmatic and semantic aspects. The method used for data analysis is qualitative. Meaning derived from the analysis of data with lyrics’ meaning by diction. The results of the data analysis are based on the meaning of the lyrics of the songs associated with the concept of stereotypes according to David J. Schneider. The results of this study indicate that the stereotypes attached to women are associated with physical beauty and ignore logic and intelligence. Woman trapped in patriarchal systems that shape social values and pass it through a variety of social media."

"Proses anodisasi pada aluminium menghasilkan struktur fenomenal berupa oksida logam yang terkenal dengan istilah Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO). AAO sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan daya adhesi pada proses pelapisan selanjutnya baik pada aluminium dan paduannya maupun komposit aluminium. Hal tersebut terjadi akibat adanya ikatan saling kunci antara lapisan oksida hasil anodisasi (AAO) dengan pelapis berikutnya. Morfologi pori pada AAO dapat dengan mudah dimodifikasi melalui perubahan parameter anodisasi. Namun, sayangnya penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya belum menyediakan informasi apapun mengenai pengontrolan diameter pori. Sedangkan seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa perbedaan aplikasi yang diinginkan membutuhkan diameter pori yang berbeda pula. Oleh karena itu guna mendapatkan diameter pori dengan ukuran tertentu maka pemilihan parameter proses anodisasi yang tepat sangatlah penting. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, dalam penelitian ini akan dihasilkan persamaan empiris yang dapat memprediksi ukuran diameter dan densitas pori AAO yang terbentuk hasil anodisasi dengan berbagai parameter tertentu agar dapat digunakan dalam aplikasi yang sesuai. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah pengembangan persamaan empiris yang menggambarkan hubungan konsentrasi oksalat, tegangan dan waktu anodisasi terhadap diameter pori. Namun penelitian ini juga menganalisis mekanisme pembentukan, karakteristik, dan ketahanan korosi lapisan terintegrasi pada Al7075/SiC. Serta menganalisis pengaruh konsentrasi, temperatur, dan resistivitas larutan elektrolit, dan tegangan anodisasi terhadap diameter dan densitas pori AAO pada aluminium foil. Proses anodisasi Al7075/SiC dilakukan dalam larutan asam sulfat 16% H2SO4 dengan rapat arus 15, 20, 25 mA/cm2 pada 25, 0, -25oC selama 30 menit. Selanjutnya dilakukan proses sealing dalam larutan CeCl3.6H2O + H2O2 pada temperatur ruang dengan pH 9 selama 30 menit. Proses anodisasi pada aluminium foil dilakukan dalam larutan 3 M H2SO4 + 0,5 M; 0,7 M; dan 0,9 M H2C2O4, dan 0,3; 0,5; 0,7 M H2C2O4 selama 40-60 menit. Proses anodisasi dilakukan pada tegangan konstan 35, 40, dan 45 V untuk larutan asam oksalat dan 15 V untuk larutan campuran. Pengamatan dan evaluasi morfologi lapisan pori hasil anodisasi dilakukan menggunakan alat FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), ketahanan korosi material diinvestigasi menggunakan pengujian polarisasi dan EIS, sedangkan analisa kualitatif terhadap morfologi pori (diameter dan densitas) pada AAO menggunakan perangkat lunak ImagePro. Pengembangan persamaan empiris menggunakan metode derajat terkecil dan permukaan respon. Proses terintegrasi yang diaplikasikan pada komposit Al7075/SiC pada temperatur anodisasi 0 oC menghasilkan terbentuknya deposit bulat kaya cerium dengan diameter 64 nm ( 3 nm) yang menutupi seluruh permukaan lapisan oksida dan rongga secara efektif. Proteksi terintegrasi anodisasi dan pelapisan cerium meningkatkan ketahanan korosi hingga 4 order perbesaran dibandingkan tanpa perlindungan akibat terjadinya ikatan saling kunci antara kedua lapisan tersebut. Peningkatan konsentrasi larutan elektrolit asam oksalat, temperatur, tegangan dan waktu celup anodisasi dalam larutan 0,3; 0,5; dan 0,7 M mengakibatkan peningkatan diameter pori permukaan pada AAO. Sedangkan, penambahan asam sulfat dalam asam oksalat menghasilkan pori dengan morfologi diameter pori yang jauh lebih halus dan densitas pori yang jauh lebih besar. Secara umum, densitas pori hanya tergantung pada diameter pori hasil anodisasi, dimana peningkatan diameter pori menghasilkan densitas pori yang semakin menurun. Persamaan empiris hubungan antara tiga faktor anodisasi (konsentrasi asam oksalat, tegangan, dan waktu anodisasi) dengan diameter pori hasil dari penelitian ini adalah : Dp = 0,140625 MVt + 0,33125 MV ? 523542 Mt + 35,64583 M ? 0,04006 Vt + 0,685764 V +1,792431 t ? 42,5053 (derajat terkecil) dan Dp = 33,3 ? 236,3 M ? 1,453 V + 0,3942 t + 7,60 MV (metode derajat satu)

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Anodizing process in aluminum produces a phenomenal structure in form of metal oxide which is known as Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO). AAOis a very useful morfology to improve the adhesion properties for further coating in aluminum alloy and composite aluminum. This phenomenon is related to the presence of interlock bond between AAO and the next layer. The AAO morphology can be modified simply by varying anodizing parameters.

Therefore, selecting appropriate parameters plays an important role in order to obtain the desired pore size. Unfortunately, the preliminary studies did not provide any information on controlling the pore size and density (through increasing/decreasing the concentration of sulfuric acids, voltage, and duration of anodizing to determine pore diameter and density).

For that purpose, in this research some empirical models were built to predict the pore size produced by anodizing process in various parameters. The grand design if this research aims to develop empirical equations which predict the relationship between oxalic acid concentration, anodizing voltage and time to the pore diameter. However, this research also aims to analyze the formation mechanism and of the integrated layer on Al7075/SiC, as well as the enhancement of corrosion resistance resulted from the integrated layer. Moreover, the influence of various anodizing parameters, i.e. resistivity, concentration, temperature, and type of electrolyte on pore characteristics of AAOis also conducted in this study.

Anodizing process of Al7075/SiC was conducted in 16% H2SO4 solution in current densities 15, 20, 25 mA/cm2 at25, 0, -25oC for 30 minutes. Subsequently, cerium sealing process was carried out in CeCl3.6H2O+H2O2 at room temperature and pH 9 for 30 minutes. Anodizing of aluminum foil were carried out in 0,3; 0,5; 0,7M H2C2O4 solution and a mixture solution of 0.5M, 0.7M, and 0.9M H2C2O4 and 3M H2SO4 for 40-60 minutes. Anodizing processes were performed under potentiostatic conditions with constant potentials of 35, 40, and 45V for oxalic solution and 15 V for a mixture solution.

Morphology of AAO layer observations were performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) FEI Inspect F50, while the corrosion resistance of materials were investigated by means of polarization and EIS, and qualitative analysis of pore characteristics (pore diameters and densities) accomplised by ImagePro software.

The development of empirical equations using least square and response surface methods Integrated protection by conducting anodization at 0oC prior to cerium sealing in Al7075/SiC leads tothe formation of cerium spherical deposit in the diameter of 64 nm ( 3nm) which effectively covered most of the surface of oxide film as well as cavity. Moreover, this integrated protection enhanced four orders magnification of corrosion resistance than that of bare composite due to interlock bonding between the layers.

The increasing of electrolyte concentration and temperature, as well as voltage and duration of anodizing in 0.3; 0.5; dan 0.7 M oxalic acid leads to the increasing of pore diameter in AAO surface. While, the addition of sulfuric acid in oxalic acid provides much smaller pore diameters and higher pore densities at lower voltages than single electrolyte of oxalic acid. In general, pore density is only dependent on pore diameter, which decreases with the increases of pore diameter. The empirical equations built in this research are : Dp = 0,140625 MVt + 0,33125 MV ? 523542 Mt + 35,64583 M ? 0,04006 Vt + 0,685764 V +1,792431 t ? 42,5053 (least square) and Dp = 33,3 ? 236,3 M ? 1,453 V + 0,3942 t + 7,60 MV (first order model) "

"ABSTRAK<>br>Laporan magang ini membahas analisis proses audit yang dilakukan KAP MR terhadap laporan keuangan Bank ABC periode yang berakhir 31 Desember 2016, khususnya pendapatan bunga. Prosedur audit yang dibahas terbatas pada proses pengujian dan pengumpulan bukti yang terdiri dari pengujian pengendalian dan prosedur substantif. Perlakuan akuntansi atas pendapatan bunga yang diterapkan oleh Bank ABC mengacu pada Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan PSAK 23 mengenai pendapatan. KAP MR mengusulkan untuk dilakukan beberapa penyesuaian terhadap beberapa akun agar tidak terjadi salah saji pada laporan keuangan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa KAP MR telah melakukan prosedur audit sesuai dengan International Standard of Auditing.

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ABSTRACT<>br>The internship report discusses the analysis of the audit process of Bank ABC rsquo s financial statement in 2016, especially on interest income. The audit procedures discussed is limited to testing and gathering evidence phase, comprising test . The accounting treatment applied by Bank ABC to interest income refers to Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan PSAK 23 on Income. KAP MR proposed some adjustments for Bank ABC on some accounts to prevent misstatement on financial statement. Based on KAP MR rsquo s analysis, it was concluded that audit process is in accordance with International Standard of Auditing. "