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Abstrak :
Muhammad Yamin sebagai seorang pemikir, pada masa revolusi telah mengeluarkan pemikiran-pemikiran yang sangat unik. Terutama jika dikaitkan dengan kondisi pada waktu itu, dimana ikatan kebangsaan diantara elemen perjuangan harus disatukan untuk melawan penjajah. Untuk mewujudkan ide-ide persatuan Indonesia, Muhammad Yamin cenderung membangun mitos-mitos integratif, dengan menggunakan simbul-simbul tertentu. Diantaranya dia pernah mengatakan bahwa bendera merah putih telah digunakan oleh bangsa Indonesia sejak 6000 tahun yang lalu. Selain itu pernyataannya bahwa kemerdekaan Indonesia yang diproklamasikan pada 17 Agustus 1945 merupakan imperium ketiga setelah kerajaan Sriwijaya dan Majapahit. Ketika menjabat sebagai Menteri Kehakiman, Muhammad Yamin pernah membebaskan tahanan politik hampir 1000 orang suatu hal yang kontroversial pada waktu itu. Selain itu, is dianggap memalsukan isi dari pidatonya yang diucapkan pada tanggal 29 Mei 1945 dalam sidang BPUPKI, dimana dia tidak pernah mengucapkan pidato tersebut. Diluar kontroversi tindakannya tersebut, pemikiran Yamin sangat kental dengan ide-ide persatuan. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari pemikirannya di bidang budaya, sastra, dasar negara, sejarah dan pendidikan. Bahkan dalam pengembangan idc-idenya, terutama pelajaran sejarah yang berlaku sampai saat ini, masih merupakan kelanjutan dari ide-ide pengembangan sejarah yang dikembangkan oleh Yamin melalui perguruan tinggi yang didirikan, ketika menjabat sebagai Menteri Pengajaran Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan seperti PTPG Bandung, PTPG Padang dan PTPG Malang, yang kemudian dilanjutkan oleh rmurid-rnuridnya. Ide-ide Yamin ini, sampai sekarang masih terus bergulir dan selalu mendapat kritik dari para sejarawan, namun kritik yang dilontarkan masih bersifat provokatif belaka dan belum mampu mengubah pola pikir masyarakat Indonesia tentang sejarah Indonesia.

Abstrak :
Flood is indeed a big problem in Jakarta as a metropolitan city. From the colonial era to present day, flood has not yet been resolved adequately. Fisiography cycles, space competition, and the management of flood seem to be significant factors affected the continuous problem of flood in Jakarta. Seeing from the perspective of fisiography which is related to geomorphology, geology, and hydrology, lowland of Jakarta formed from rivers' sedimentation thousand years ago. This in fact has formed areas below the sea level like swamp and lake areas. Sedimentation process was accelerated after the eruption of the Mount Salak in 1699, in which newly lowland has been increasing each year around 15-50 metres depending on flood and wind direction. Due to this sedimentation, Jakarta topography is flat where water could not flow smoothly. The emergence of Jakarta as settlement areas originated from the Sunda Kelapa Kingdom that developed in the Jakarta coastal area. This process of settlement has developed rapidly along with the VOC conquered Jakarta. Being a central of the colonial trading, population has increased dramatically that also extended the size of Jakarta. In 1830, the city extended toward southern part, well-know as Weltevreden. Menteng was built in 1918 after the development of Jakarta itself. The increasing number of population from 1948 _ 1950 was occurred when the capital of the country moved from Yogyakarta to Jakarta. After 1970s population booming has happened in Jakarta which consequently increasing number of buildings could not be avoided. The construction of housing complexes, trading centres, and industries have even conducted in the restricted areas for any buildings, including the environmental geology area of 1,2 and 3. The impact of these constructions could be clearly seen through the decreasing of absorbing water areas. Therefore, flooding areas have increased rapidly. From 1892 to 1930 flood had been around Weltevreden area, but in 1985 floods have reached the outskirts of Jakarta, including Bintaro, Ciputat, and Pasar Minggu. To solve the flood, structural approach has been applied since 1911. During colonial period flood, especially in 1919, the canal of Kali Malang and Manggarai water control were built. After the independence, 1970 _ 1985, floods have been managed by constructing Cengkareng drain, Cakung drain and so forth. Though government has spent a lot of funding, flood could not be stopped it. Flood is indeed a difficult homework for government of Jakarta.

Abstrak :
Flood is indeed a big problem in Jakarta as a metropolitan city. From the colonial era to present day, flood has not yet been resolved adequately. Fisiography cycles, space competition, and the management of flood seem to be significant factors affected the continuous problem of flood in Jakarta. Seeing from the perspective of tisiography which is related to geomorphology, geology, and hydrology, ?lowland of Jakarta formed from rivers? sedimentation thousand years ago. This in fact has formed areas below the sea level like swamp and lake areas. Sedimentation process was accelerated after the eruption of the Motmt Salak in 1699, in which newly lowland has been increasing each year around 15-50 metres depending on flood and wind direction. Due to this sedimentation, Jakarta topography is flat where water could not tlow smoothly. The emergence of Jakarta as settlement areas originated from the Sunda Kelapa Kingdom that developed in the Jakarta coastal area. This process of settlement has developed rapidly along with the VOC conquered Jakarta. Being a central of the colonial trading, population has increased dramatically that also extended the size of Jakarta. In 1830, the city extended toward southem part, well-know as Weltevreden. Menteng was built in 1918 alter the development of Jakarta itself. The increasing number of population from 1948 - 1950 was occurred when the capital of the country moved from Yogyakarta to Jakarta. After 1970s population booming has happened in Jakarta which consequently increasing number of buildings could not be avoided. The construction of housing complexes, trading centres, and industries have even conducted in the restricted areas for any buildings, including the environmental geology area of 1,2 and 3. The impact of these constructions could be clearly seen through the decreasing of absorbing water areas. Therefore, flooding areas have increased rapidly. From 1892 to 1930 flood had been around Weltevreden area, but in 1985 floods have reached the outskirts of Jakarta, including Bintaro, Ciputat, and Pasar Minggu. To solve the flood, structural approach has been applied since 1911. During colonial period flood, especially in 1919, the canal of Kali Malang and Manggarai water control were built. After the independence, 1970 - 1985, floods have been managed by constructing Cengkareng drain, Cakung drain and so forth. Though government has spent a lot of funding, flood could not be stopped it. Flood is indeed a difficult homework for government of Jakarta.