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ABSTRAK
Residu unit pengolahan instalasi perlu diolah untuk dapat dilakukan pemanfaatan atau pembuangan secara langsung yang sudah aman. Kondisi residu/lumpur yang stabil mutlak diperlukan untuk menjamin tidak terjadi kontaminasi lingkungan. Metode dalam mengukur kestabilan yang dapat digunakan adalah pengukuran nilai indeks respirometri, baik secara statis (SRI) maupun dinamis (DRI). Indikator stabilitas respirometri mengukur oksigen yang diperlukan dalam mengurai bahan organik biodegradable. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengindentifikasi karakterististik dan menganalisis kestabilan sampel lumur dari beberapa instalasi pengolahan, pengolahan bahan organik, dan limbah industri berdasarkan pendekatan kadar air, volatile solids, rasio C/N, nilai SRI dan DRI serta rekomendasi pengolahan lanjutan lumpur yang tidak stabil. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan sampel IPAL Muara Baru dan IPAL PT Toyota memiliki salah satu nilai SRI tertinggi, yaitu 76,621 mgO2g-1OM-1h-1 dan 16,332 mgO2g-1OM-1h-1. Pengolahan lanjutan menggunakan pengomposan keranjang Takakura selama 14 hari dengan bulking agent cangkang kelapa. Hasil akhir pengomposan menunjukkan adanya penurunan nilai SRI dan DRI pada sampel lumpur IPAL Muara Baru dan IPAL PT Toyota dengan persentase pengurangan lebih dari 95%.

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ABSTRACT
The residue of the installation processing unit needs to be processed in order to be able to directly utilize or dispose of it safely. Stable residual/sludge condition are absolutely necessary to ensure no environmental contamination occurs. The mthod of measuring stability that can be used is the measurement of respirometry index value, both statilyc (SRI) and dynamicly (DRI). The stability indicators of resprometry measure the oxygen needed in breaking down biodegradable organic matters. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics and analyze the stability sample of sludge/digestat from several processing plant, processing organic matter, and instrial waste based on water content approach, volatile solids, C/N ratio, SRI and DRI values and recommendations for continued processing of unstable sludge/mud/digestat. The test result showed samples of Muara Baru WWTP and PT Toyota WWTP had one of the highes SRI values, namely 76,621 mgO2g-1OM-1h-1 and 16,332 mgO2g-1OM-1h-1. Further processing uses composting of Takakura baskets for 14 days with coconut shell bulking agents. The final result of composting showed a descrease in the value of SRI and DRI in Muara Baru WWTP and PT Toyota WTP with a percentage reduction of more than 95%.

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Pendahuluan: Saat penutupan primer tidak dapat dilakukan, defek diafragma hernia diafragma kongenital (HDK) memerlukan penutup prosthesis. Mesh organik-absorbable memungkinkan tumbuhnya jaringan host seiring proses degradasi mesh. Bahan sintetik non-absorbable tidak terdegradasi namun cenderung menyusut sehingga seiring perkembangan anak dapat terjadi rekurensi dan deformitas muskuloskeletal. Peneliti menyusun mesh komposit tiga lapis dari polypropylene-human amniotic membrane (HAM)-oxygenated regenerated cellulose (ORC) sebagai anti-adhesi. Efektifitas mesh ini sebagai alternatif penutup defek diafragma dan bagaimana reaksi histologis host terhadap mesh ini akan dinilai. Metode: dibuat defek hemi-diafragma kiri pada 20 tikus Sprague Dawley (SD) yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok perlakuan (KP). Defek diafragma KP-1 ditutup dengan polypropylene mesh, KP-2 dengan tiga lapis HAM, dan KP-3 dengan polypropylene-HAM-ORC. Pada hari ke-7 dan 30, dinilai ada-tidaknya rekurensi, asimetri hemithorax, dilanjutkan pemeriksaan histologis derajat jumlah polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), fibroblas, foreign body giant cells (FBGC), angiogenesis, muskularisasi, dan adhesi. Hasil: Tidak terjadi rekurensi defek diafragma dan asimetri hemithorax pada ketiga KP. Gambaran histologis ketiga KP tidak berbeda bermakna kecuali dalam hal angiogenesis pada kelompok yang menggunakan HAM. Kelompok yang menggunakan bahan anti-adhesi (KP-3) mengalami derajat adhesi teringan. Kesimpulan: mesh komposit tiga lapis dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif penutup defek diafragma SD. Mesh ini tidak menimbulkan reaksi inflamasi dan reaksi benda asing secara berlebihan. ......Introduction: When primary closure is not possible, autologous flap or mesh repair is indicated for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) repair. Absorbable-organic meshes allow ingrowth of host tissue as they are degraded, creating natural and durable neodiaphragm. Non-absorbable synthetic patches act as strengthening replacement for diaphragm but have propensity to shrink and there is concern as the infant grows, musculoskeletal deformity and recurrence may occur. We investigated a composite mesh consist of polypropylene-human amniotic membrane (HAM)-oxygenated regenerated cellulose (ORC) as adhesion barrier. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiviness and host reaction to the implantated mesh. Methods: a defect on left hemi-diaphragm of 20 Sprague Dawley were made. The first group received polypropylene mesh, second group triple layer of HAM, and the third group received HAM-polypropylene-ORC. After 7 and 30 days, reccurence, hemithorax asymmetry, and histological features of neodiaphragm were evaluated. Results: There were no patch disruption and asymmetries of hemithorax occurred in all groups. There were no significant differences in polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), foreign body giant cell (FBGC), fibroblast, and muscularization degree. However angiogenesis were better in groups who used HAM material. Adhesions in mildest degree were found at group who used ORC. Conclusion: Triple layer composite mesh can be used as an alternative for diaphragmatic defect repair. There was no exaggerated inflammation or foreign body reaction

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ABSTRAK<>br> Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor seperti keuntungan, kekurangan, tantangan, dan motivasi-motivasi dari berbagai aspek dan jenis kombinasi bisnis, merger dan akuisisi yang perlu dipertimbangkan dan dicermati dalam penentuan kebijakan arah dan strategi, pengambilan keputusan, penerapan, serta pengawasan dalam kombinasi bisnis, merger dan akuisisi yang mempengaruhi tingkat keberhasilan kombinasi bisnis, merger, dan akuisisi serta keberlanjutan bisnis. Dari aspek motivasi, terdapat motivasi umum dan motivasi spesifik dari kombinasi bisnis, merger dan akuisisi serta jenis motivasi dilihat dari sisi individu baik motivasi individu selaku manajemen, pembeli, maupun penjual, motivasi organisasi, dan motivasi industri. Tiap jenis kombinasi bisnis memiliki keuntungan, kekurangan, tantangan yang berbeda, menyebabkan perlu pemilihan jenis kombinasi bisnis dan strategi yang sesuai dengan kondisi serta kebutuhan untuk mengembangkan bisnis. PSAK 22 Penyesuaian 2015 : Kombinasi Bisnis IAI, 2017 menjadi pedoman ketentuan dalam pengakuan, pengukuran, pengungkapan, dan pencatatan akuntansi untuk kombinasi bisnis.

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ABSTRACT<>br> The purpose of this literature review purpose is to provide knowledge about factors such as advantages, disadvantages, challenges, and motivations of various aspects and types of business combinations, mergers and acquisitions that need to be considered and scrutinized in the determination of direction and strategy policy, decision making, implementation, and supervision in business combinations, mergers and acquisitions that affect the success rate of business combinations, mergers and acquisitions as well as business sustainability. From the motivation aspect, there is general motivation and specific motivation from business combination, merger and acquisition, and type of motivation seen from individual aspect either individual motivation as management, buyer, seller, also organizational motivation, and industry motivation. Each type of business combination has distinct advantages, disadvantages, challenges, which leads to the selection of a combination of businesses and strategies that match the conditions and need to grow the business. PSAK 22 Penyesuaian 2015 Kombinasi Bisnis IAI, 2017 provides guidance on recognition, measurement, disclosure, and accounting records for business combinations, mergers and acquisitions.