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"Era reformasi yang menggema di tahun 1998 telah menyentuh seluruh aspek kehidupan bangsa. Segala aspek dituntut untuk berubah sebagai cara untuk meninggalkan warisan tradisi Orde Baru. Militer sebagai lembaga yang mendukung kekuasaan rezim, tak luput dari tuntutan perubahan. Wacana sipil-militer pun menjadi pembicaraan menarik, karena militer turut berperan aktif dalam warisan tradisi Orde Baru, khususnya dalam wilayah politik.Oleh karena itu, fokus perhatian tertuju pada peran politik militer. Sejak masa kepemimpinan Orde Lama, peran politik militer telah berlangsung. Di masa Orde Baru, peran tersebut semakin meningkat, bahkan militer turut mendukung tatanan pemerintahan selama lebih dari 30 tahun. Bersama dengan Golkar dan Birokrasi, Soeharto berhasil mengorganisir militer sebagai kekuatan politik yang turut menjamin stabilitas kekuasaan di bawah kepemimpinanya.Dalam meneliti peran politik militer ini, teori yang dipakai adalah teori relasi sipil-militer, peran politik militer, dan teori konsolidasi demokrasi. Ketiga teori ini dianggap mampu menggambarkan praktik poiitik militer di masa Orde Lama, Orde Baru dan pergeserannya di masa pasca Orde Baru. Metode yang dipakai dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah metode kualitatif, dengan memakai pendekatan kepustakaan (library research). Sumber-sumber data diperoleh dengan mengkaji buku-buku yang terkait dengan objek penelitian sorta melakukan wawancara dengan berbagai pihak yang terlibat langsung dalam pengambilan kebijakan-kebijakan yang terkait dengan objek penelitian.Berdasarkan temuan penelitian, era pasca Orde Baru menunjukkan kecenderungan menguatnya profesionalisrne militer. Militer terfokus pada fungsi pertahanan sebagai tugas utamanya. Civil society menjadi pilar utama, menggantikan dominasi militer. Lewat kebijakan sipil di DPR, kepentingan militer juga memperoleh perhatian utama, khususnya upaya untuk meningkatkan anggaran kesejahteraan dan belanja militer. Dengan demikian, peran politik militer di Indonesia pasca Orde Baru semakin menurun, seiring reformasi internal di tubuh militer sendiri. Kondisi ini sejalan dengan upaya konsolidasi demokrasi yang sedang berlangsung di Indonesia.

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Reformation era launched year 1998 has touched entire aspect of life nation. All aspect claimed to change as mode to leave heritage of New Order tradition. Military as institute support regime power don?t miss from change demand. Discourse of civil-military even also becomes interesting discussion because military partake the active sharing in heritage of New Order tradition, especially in political region.

Therefore, the focus attention concentrated to the political role of military. Since a period of Old Order leadership, political role of military has taken place. In period of New Order, the role progressively mount, even the military partake to support system of govemance during more than 30 years. Along with Golkar and Bureaucracy, Soeharto succeed to organize military as strength of politics which partake to guarantee stability of power under his leadership.

In study of political role of military, the theory which used is civil-military relationship theory, political role of military, and the consolidation of democracy theory. Those three theories are assumed able to depict political practice of military in a period of Old Order, New Order and its friction in a period of post New Order. Method that used in this thesis is qualitative method, with is bibliographical approach (library research). Data resources obtained by studying relevant books with research object and also conducting interview with various parties that concerned directly in policy intake with research object.

Pursuant to research Ending, post New Order era shows tendency of strengthen of military professionalism. Military focused at defender function as its main duty. Civil Society becomes especial pillar, replacing military domination. Through civil policy Indonesia House of Representative (DPR), military interest also gets especial attention, especially attempt to increase the military expense and prosperity budget. Thereby, political role of military in Indonesia downhill post New Order progressively, along the internal reform inside military. This condition is in parallel with effort of democracy consolidation which is underway in Indonesia."

"The rising food price has been signaling a crisis to food insecurity among the poor since the period of 2007/2008. The poor would be in a difficult situation to allocate the budget to meet the demand for food and nonfood in daily life as the real income changes. Food insecurity measured by Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) is a most recent broadened concept of food insecurity considering the existence of anxiety to food access. This research aims to evaluate the causal inference of food price exposure to the FIES both on simple sum namely raw score and Rasch scale, a corrected measure which assuming the same latent traits among the households. The estimation used is Pooled Ordinary Least Square through the multilevel observations and Panel Regression for regional-level data. The main finding of this research is that the rising food price significantly affected the FIES, consistently on the raw score and Rasch scale, specifically to the vulnerable households defined by the bottom 40 percent in terms of their expenditure. The rising food price also increased the proportion of severely food insecure households at the regional level. As the heterogeneous effect through islands is also evaluated, it's concluded that the highest effect of the rising food price to experiencing the anxiety of food insecurity belongs households located in Bali and the lowest effect belongs to households located in Java Island. Decomposing food price into rice and nonrice is solving the puzzle where and who belongs the worse effect should be. The rising rice price is affecting worse to the households in Sumatera and Papua, but on the contrary, the households in Java, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi were taking benefit amid the rising rice price. The result is also serving as a baseline in evaluating the impact of such an outbreak namely Covid-19 through the channel of compensating variations regarding food insecurity. "

"ABSTRAKBantuan Siswa Miskin BSM merupakan program pemerintah Indonesia dalam rangka mengalihkan subsidi bahan bakar minyak ke sektor yang lebih produktif. BSM bertujuan untuk mengurangi beban rumah tangga miskin akibat kenaikan bahan bakar bersubsidi dan juga untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan. Selama ini besarnya dampak BSM terhadap kualitas pendidikan belum pernah diteliti secara kuantitatif. Untuk mengisi gap penelitian tersebut, studi ini dilakukan dengan dua tujuan: 1 mengetahui dampak BSM terhadap tingkat partisipasi sekolah siswa miskin dan 2 mengetahui dampak BSM terhadap kualitas belajar siswa miskin yang diukur melalui kemampuan berhitung numeracy skill . Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah panel Fixed Effect with Propensity Score Matching. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini bersumber dari Indonesia Familiy Life Survey IFLS periode 4 dan 5. Setelah mengontrol pendidikan orang tua, usia, pengeluaran keluarga dan domisili penduduk, peneliti menemukan bahwa BSM signifikan dalam meningkatkan probabilitas siswa miskin untuk bersekolah sebesar 30 dan memiliki numeracy test score yang lebih tinggi 3,1 poin dibandingkan siswa yang tidak menerima BSM.

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ABSTRACTBantuan Siswa Miskin BSM is one of Indonesian rsquo s government program that shifted energy subsidy to more productive sector. The purpose of BSM is to alleviate households burden in education to cope with increasing of subsidized fuel and to increase the quality of education. The impact of BSM had not been researched by quantitative approach. To fill the research gap in quantitative impact evaluation on BSM, this study aims to know 1 Impact of BSM in school participation 2 Impact of BSM for quality of education, that represented by numeracy skill. This research use Fixed Effect with Propensity Score Matching method. This research use data from fourth and fifth wave Indonesia Familiy Life Survey IFLS . With the control of parent rsquo s education, age, household expenditure and domicile, this research found significant effect of BSM to increase school participation by 30 and numeracy test score by 3,1 points higher between treated and control group. "