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"Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang terjadi dalam satu dekade terakhir di sejumlah negara Muslim menggambarkan suatu pertumbuhan yang tidak berkualitas akibat meningkatnya kesenjangan. Penerapan kebijakan fiskal dan moneter yang efektif dan efisien dapat mendukung pertumbuhan yang lebih inklusif, yaitu memberikan kesempatan yang sama bagi masyarakat untuk menikmati pertumbuhan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan fiskal meliputi pengeluaran pemerintah di sektor kesehatan dan pendidikan serta kebijakan moneter meliputi sasaran akhirnya yaitu inflasi dan kredit domestik perbankan terhadap pertumbuhan inklusif di 4 negara OKI yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia, Qatar dan Saudi Arabia dengan menggunakan pengukuran yang diformulasikan oleh Hakimian. Hasil estimasi dengan menggunakan ECM Error Correction Model menunjukkan bahwa baik dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang pengeluaran pemerintah di sektor kesehatan berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan inklusif di Malaysia dan Qatar, sedangkan pengeluaran pemerintah di sektor pendidikan berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan inklusif di Indonesia dan Saudi Arabia. Sementara itu, inflasi ditemukan hanya berpengaruh signifikan dalam jangka panjang baik di Indonesia, Qatar, Malaysia dan Saudi Arabia, sedangkan kredit domestik perbankan berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan inklusif di Saudi Arabia, Malaysia dan Qatar dalam jangka panjang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, perlu adanya peninjauan ulang porsi pengeluaran pemerintah di sektor kesehatan dan pendidikan dan efisiensi alokasi anggarannya untuk mendukung pertumbuhan inklusif. Selain itu, penguatan kebijakan moneter, stabilitas politik dan keamanan dalam negeri, serta perluasan sektor keuangan financial deepening untuk mencapai kesetaraan masyarakat dalam mendapatkan akses keuangan dapat mendukung tercapainya pertumbuhan inklusif.

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In the last decade, a number of Muslim countries experience an unqualified economic growth. It is indicated by a high economic growth with less equality. The usage of an effective and efficient fiscal and monetary policy can promote an inclusive growth. This study empirically investigates the impact of fiscal policy government spending on health and education and monetary policy target inflation and domestic credit by banks on inclusive growth in four selected OIC Organization of Islamic Cooperation member countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Qatar and Saudi Arabia by using Hakimian's formulation.

Based on ECM Error Correction Model, the result of this investigation shows that government spending in health positively and significantly influences inclusive growth in Malaysia and Qatar, while government spending on education influences inclusive growth in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia positively and significantly both in the short and long term. In terms of monetary policy, there is a significant effect of inflation towards inclusive growth in Indonesia, Qatar, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia in the long term. Meanwhile, a significant and positive influence of domestic bank credit towards inclusive growth only happens in Malaysia, Qatar and Saudi Arabia in long term.

Based on these results, it is necessary to review the portion of government spending in health and education, to increase the efficiency of budget allocation to support the inclusive growth. In addition, it is also necessary to strengthen monetary policy, maintaining political stability and security of the country, as well as to enhance the finance sector by financial deepening to achieve the equality in access to finance to promote the inclusive growth. "

"This study provides empirical evidence with respect to identifying whether the coping mechanism adopted by households in Indonesia significantly influences food security during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data used was from the fourth round of high-frequency monitoring data of COVID-19 impact on households from the World Bank (www.microdata.worldbank.org), which was collected between November 3rd – 15th, 2020 through the phone-based survey. By employing the logit regression model and controlling for demography characteristics such as gender, age, and education level, this study confirms that reducing non-food consumption has been effectively lowering the probability of food insecurity in all forms of indicators, including “were hungry” (3.3 percentage points), “went without eating” (2.0 percentage points), “unable to eat nutritious food” (6.6 percentage points), “food shortage” (9.6 percentage points), and “eat less” (5.6 percentage points). Additionally, households who relied on saving had a lower probability of 13.7 percentage points of being unable to eat nutritious food, while households who received assistance from the government had a lower chance of 2.4 percentage points of experiencing hunger during the pandemic. This study emphasizes that temporary strategies or short-term coping mechanisms such as relying on support from relatives, taking loans, and engaging in additional income-generating activities, as well as reducing food consumption may not contribute effectively to food security, instead, these types of coping mechanisms may exacerbate food insecurity. The findings of this study offer several implications in regard to enhancing the capacity of households to cope with the difficulties during crises as well as policy implications to design effective interventions in dealing with future shocks."