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"Usaha Kecil dan Menengah (UKM) memiliki dampak signifikan terhadap perkembangan ekonomi negara, tetapi akses ke keuangan formal masih menjadi penghalang. Demikian juga, lembaga keuangan menghadapi tantangan menilai kelayakan kredit UKM untuk membiayai mereka. Lembaga keuangan menggunakan model penilaian kredit untuk mengidentifikasi calon peminjam dan menentukan besar pinjaman dan persyaratan agunan. UKM dianggap tidak terorganisir dibandingkan dengan perusahaan besar dalam hal pengelolaan data keuangan, oleh karena itu penilaian risiko kredit berdasarkan data keuangan yang tidak memadai menjadi perhatian lembaga keuangan. Sebagian besar model yang ada digerakkan oleh data dan telah dikritik karena gagal memenuhi asumsi mereka. Untuk mengatasi masalah keterbatasan data keuangan, penelitian ini mengembangkan dan memvalidasi sistem prediksi risiko kredit UKM dengan menerapkan model credit scoring multi kriteria. Model dibangun menggunakan metode terbaik-terburuk (BWM) dan teknik urutan preferensi kemiripan dengan solusi ideal (TOPSIS). Pertama BWM menetapkan kriteria pembobotan dan TOPSIS diterapkan untuk mengevaluasi UKM. Studi kasus kehidupan nyata diperiksa untuk menunjukkan keefektifan model yang diusulkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa agunan yang dapat diikat sesuai ketentuan, riwayat pinjaman, dan current ratio merupakan faktor terpenting dalam pemberian pinjaman, diikuti dengan kategori sektor usaha nasabah, kontinuitas pasokan bahan baku, dan syarat kecukupan agunan. Model ini dapat membantu lembaga keuangan menyediakan cara mudah untuk mengidentifikasi UKM potensial untuk pinjaman dan mendorong penelitian lebih lanjut ke dalam pendekatan alternatif. 

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Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have a significant impact on the economic development of any country, but access to formal finance remains a barrier. Likewise, financial institutions face the challenge of assessing the creditworthiness of SMEs to finance them. Financial institutions use credit scoring models to identify potential borrowers and determine loan prices and collateral requirements. SMEs are considered disorganized compared to large companies in terms of financial data management, therefore credit risk assessment based on inadequate financial data is a concern for financial institutions. Most of the existing models are data-driven and have been criticized for failing to live up to their assumptions. To overcome the problem of limited financial data, this research develops and validates a SME credit risk prediction system by applying a multi-criteria credit scoring model. The model was built using the best-worst method (BWM) and the preferred order of similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) technique. BWM first sets the weighting criteria and TOPSIS is applied to evaluate SMEs. Real-life case studies are examined to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results showed that that collateral can be bound in accordance with the provisions, history of credit, and current ratio were the most important factors in lending, followed by customer business sector category, continuity of supply of raw materials, and collateral adequacy requirements. This model can help financial institutions provide an easy way to identify potential SMEs for loans and encourage further research into alternative approaches."

"Rent-seeking behavior is one factor associated with the poor performance of local governments in Indonesia. It is an opportunistic behavior that often occurs in the government's budget allocating process. This study aims to estimate rent-seeking size in regional governments in Indonesia based on Katz and Rosenberg's (1989) method. The determining factors used are the availability of resources and political events. In addition, as an expected control mechanism that may dampen rent-seeking size, auditing is introduced. Using the Generalized Least Square Regression method, this study employs a cross-section time-series panel dataset of 305 local governments from 2015 to 2019. There were three findings in this study: (1) there was a decreasing trend in rent-seeking size after the national election was held in 2014-2015; (2) local governments that held elections showed a tendency to have a higher degree of rent-seeking, especially when the current executives or "incumbents" were standing for election; and (3) local governments that received 'Unqualified Opinion' for their financial statements had a smaller size and allocations of the rents. Those might suggest that auditing was an effective governance mechanism to restrain opportunistic rent-seeking behavior."

"One factor that is often associated with the poor performance of the local government is rent-seeking behavior. Previous studies demonstrated that rent-seeking behavior occurred in the way the government allocating budgets based on opportunistic behavior. It is suggested that every change in the share of budget on each function indicates the rent-seeking behavior. This study aims to calculate the estimated rent-seeking size in regional government in Indonesia based on Katz & Rosenberg's (1989) method. Besides, several variables are predicted as factors that determine rent-seeking size: the availability of resources and political events. In addition, auditing is introduced as an expected control mechanism that may dampen rent-seeking size.The current study employs a cross-section time-series panel dataset of 305 local governments during 2015 to 2019. This data consists of actual spending allocation per sector, local government revenue, information regarding election year and incumbency candidates, and audit opinion from supreme audit institution.First, during the observed years, the assumed rent-seeking size, estimated by local governments spending, was in a decreasing trend after the national election year of 2014-2015. Though it entails further investigation, this suggests that the local government spending is possibly biased by political activities in election years in Indonesia. Second, the mentioned decreasing trend of assumed rent-seeking size was associated with the increase number of ‘unqualified opinion’ in auditing, which may suggest that auditing is becoming an effective governance mechanism to restraint opportunistic rent-seeking behavior. Third, we observe that the share of local spending in public services, education and health, seemingly responding to the demand of general public, was increasing in the mentioned decreasing trend in the total size. This may also suggest that public demand is becoming an effective governance to restraint opportunistic rent-seeking behaviour in Indonesia.

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Salah satu faktor yang sering dikaitkan dengan buruknya kinerja pemerintah daerah adalah perilaku rent-seeking. Studi sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa perilaku rent-seeking terjadi dalam cara pemerintah mengalokasikan anggaran, dimana setiap perubahan porsi anggaran pada masing-masing fungsi merupakan sinyalemen terjadinya perilaku rent-seeking. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi ukuran rent-seeking pada pemerintah daerah di Indonesia berdasarkan metode Katz & Rosenberg (1989). Selain itu, beberapa variabel diprediksi sebagai faktor yang menentukan ukuran dari rent seeking tersebut diantaranya adalah: ketersediaan sumber daya keuangan dan peristiwa politik seperti pilkada. Selain itu, opini auditor juga diperkirakan sebagai variable yang dapat mengurangi timbulnya perilaku rent-seeking.

Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis data panel dari 305 pemerintah daerah selama periode 2015 hingga 2019 yang terdiri dari: belanja aktual per sektor, pendapatan pemerintah daerah, informasi mengenai tahun pilkada dan calon petahana, dan opini BPK atas laporan keuangan pemda. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui bahwa perilaku rent-seeking cenderung mengalami penurunan setelah tahun pemilu nasional 2014-2015. Hal ini memerlukan penyelidikan lebih lanjut untuk memastikan bahwa pengeluaran pemerintah daerah terpengaruh langsung oleh kegiatan politik pada tahun-tahun pemilu di Indonesia. Kedua, tren penurunan rent seeking tersebut juga dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan tata kelola keuangan yang terlihat dari peningkatan jumlah 'opini wajar tanpa pengecualian' dari BPK. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa bahwa audit dapat berperan sebagai mekanisme yang efektif untuk menahan perilaku rent seeking. Selain itu, kami mengamati bahwa porsi belanja daerah yang berhubungan langsung dengan masyarakat seperti untuk layanan publik, pendidikan dan kesehatan, mengalami peningkatan dimana pada saat yang bersamaan terjadi penurunan rent seeking. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa permintaan atau pengawasan dari masyarakat dapat menjadi instrumen yang efektif dalam membatasi perilaku rent seeking di Indonesia.

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