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"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: mengetahui hubungan antara asupan makronutrien dan gayahidup terhadap status HbA1c penyandang diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2. Metode:penyandang DM tipe 2 dikategorikan ke dalam 2 kelompok, yaitu kontrolglikemik (KG) baik (HbA1c < 7,0) dan KG buruk (HbA1c > 7,0). Datakarakteristik dasar seperti usia, jenis kelamin, status gizi, durasi menderita DM,jenis dan jumlah obat DM yang digunakan, serta ada/ tidaknya komplikasi DMyang diderita. Asupan makronutrien terdiri dari asupan energi total harian, asupankarbohidrat, protein, lemak dan serat. Faktor gaya hidup meliputi ketaatanmengikuti diet sesuai yang direkomendasikan, aktivitas fisik, ketaatan konsumsiobat, merokok dan minum alkohol. Data-data dari kedua kelompok kemudiandihubungkan dengan status HbA1c dengan uji Chi square. Hasil penelitian: usiapenyandang DM yang lebih muda (< 55 tahun), asupan karbohidrat dan ketaatanmengikuti diet berhubungan bermakna secara statistik dengan status HbA1c (P <0,05). Rasio asupan makronutrien (karbohidrat, protein, lemak) pada kelompokKG baik adalah 47: 18: 35 dan KG buruk 51: 16: 33. Kesimpulan : Hasilpenelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa status HbA1c berhubungan bermakna denganfaktor usia, asupan karbohidrat, dan ketaatan mengikuti diet. Edukasi sebaiknyadiberikan kepada penyandang DM tipe 2 dengan KG buruk, terutama yang berusia< 55 tahun agar mengatur pola makannya sesuai dengan yang direkomendasikandengan memperhatikan jenis, jumlah, dan jadwal.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Determining the relationship between macronutrients intake and lifestylefactors and HbA1c status of diabetic type 2 patient in improving the effectiveness ofpatient?s nutrition therapy and preventing diabetes complications. Methods: Diabetictype 2 patients were categorized into 2 groups; patients with good glycemic control (GC)or HbA1c < 7.0 and patients with poor glycemic control (PC) or HbA1c > 7.0. Clinicalcharacteristics were differentiated by age, gender, body mass index (BMI), duration ofillness, type and amount of diabetic medication, and other diabetic complication.Macronutrient intake consisted of total daily calories and carbohydrate, protein, fat andfiber intakes. Lifestyle factors consisted of the adherence to dietary advice andmedication, physical activities, smoking habit, and alcohol intake. The data were be usedto determine their relationship with HbA1c status using Chi Square test. Results:Younger diabetic type 2 patients (< 55 years old), carbohydrate intake, and adherence todietary advice were identified as statistically significant variables related to HbA1c status(P <0.05). Macronutrient intake ratio (carbohydrate : protein : fat) for GC was 47 : 18 : 35and PC was 51 : 16 : 33. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that HbA1c status indiabetic type 2 patient are related to age, carbohydrate intake and adherence to dietaryadvice. Education to be provided to younger diabetic type 2 patients (<55 years old) tomaintain good dietary pattern according to medical nutrition therapy, Background: Determining the relationship between macronutrients intake and lifestylefactors and HbA1c status of diabetic type 2 patient in improving the effectiveness ofpatient’s nutrition therapy and preventing diabetes complications. Methods: Diabetictype 2 patients were categorized into 2 groups; patients with good glycemic control (GC)or HbA1c < 7.0 and patients with poor glycemic control (PC) or HbA1c > 7.0. Clinicalcharacteristics were differentiated by age, gender, body mass index (BMI), duration ofillness, type and amount of diabetic medication, and other diabetic complication.Macronutrient intake consisted of total daily calories and carbohydrate, protein, fat andfiber intakes. Lifestyle factors consisted of the adherence to dietary advice andmedication, physical activities, smoking habit, and alcohol intake. The data were be usedto determine their relationship with HbA1c status using Chi Square test. Results:Younger diabetic type 2 patients (< 55 years old), carbohydrate intake, and adherence todietary advice were identified as statistically significant variables related to HbA1c status(P <0.05). Macronutrient intake ratio (carbohydrate : protein : fat) for GC was 47 : 18 : 35and PC was 51 : 16 : 33. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that HbA1c status indiabetic type 2 patient are related to age, carbohydrate intake and adherence to dietaryadvice. Education to be provided to younger diabetic type 2 patients (<55 years old) tomaintain good dietary pattern according to medical nutrition therapy]"

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Status nutrisi seringkali berhubungan dengan infeksi tuberkulosis TB. TB aktif menyebabkan kehilangan berat badan dan berat badan kurang merupakan faktor risiko infeksi TB, baik melalui reaktivasi TB laten maupun penyakit primer yang progresif menjadi TB ekstrapulmonar TBEP. Defisiensi makro dan mikronutrien pada pasien malnutrisi akan mempengaruhi sistem cell-mediated immunity CMI. Selain itu infeksi TB juga meningkatkan kebutuhan energi, penurunan asupan makanan, penurunan berat badan, dan malabsorpsi makro dan mikronutrien sehingga terjadi wasting. Terapi medik gizi pada pasien TB paru dengan komplikasi TBEP dan malnutrisi bertujuan untuk memperbaiki parameter ststus nutrisi, mempertahankan imbang nitrogen dan mencegah proses wasting lebih lanjut. Metode: Pasien pada laporan serial kasus ini berusia antara 8 ndash;28 tahun menderita TB paru dengan komplikasi lesi TBEP yang berbeda-beda, yaitu: 1 limfadenitis TB, skrofuloderma, dan efusi pleura, 2 spondilitis TB, 3 TB intestinal pasca laparotomi dengan fistula enterokutan, serta 4 meningoensefalitis TB dan TB milier. Status gizi keempat pasien adalah 2 pasien malnutrisi berat dan 2 pasien malnutrisi ringan, dengan hasil skrining skor >2. Terapi medik gizi yang diberikan disesuaikan dengan kondisi klinis dan kelainan yang terdapat pada pasien. Keempat pasien diberikan suplementasi mikronutrien. Pemantauan yang dilakukan meliputi keluhan subjektif, tanda vital, analisis dan toleransi asupan, pemeriksaan laboratorium, kapasitas fungsional, serta pada pasien TB intestinal dilakukan pemantauan produksi fistel serta perubahan berat badan. Hasil: Tiga pasien mengalami perbaikan kondisi klinis, asupan makanan dan kapasitas fungsional, satu pasien perburukan dan meninggal. Kesimpulan: Terapi medik gizi yang adekuat pada pasien TB dengan TBEP dan malnutrisi dapat mempercepat pemulihan dan memperbaiki status nutrisi.Kata kunci: Malnutrisi, terapi medik gizi, tuberkulosis ekstrapulmonar, suplementasi mikronutrien, keluaran klinis.

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ABSTRACT<>br>Objective Nutritional status and tuberculosis TB infections are frequently related. Active TB leads to weight loss and undernutrition is a risk factor for TB infection, either through the reactivation of latent TB or progressive primary disease into extrapulmonary TB EPTB. Macro and micronutrient deficiencies in malnourished patients will affect the cell mediated immunity CMI system. TB infection also increases energy demand, decreased food intake, induced weight loss, and macro and micronutrient malabsorption resulting in wasting. The aims of nutritional medical therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis patients complicated by EPTB and malnutrition are to improve the parameters of nutritional status, maintain nitrogen balance and prevent further wasting. Methods Patients age on this case series report between 8 and 28 years old, have pulmonary tuberculosis with complications of different EPTB lesions 1 TB lymphadenitis, scrofuloderma, and pleural effusion, 2 spondylitis TB, 3 post laparotomy intestinal TB with enterocutaneous fistula, and 4 TB meningoencephalitis and miliary TB. The nutritional status of all patients was 2 patient had severe malnutrition and 2 patients had mild malnutrition. All patient had screening score 2. Nutritional therapy which was given to all patients, was adjusted to the clinical conditions and abnormalities suffered by the patient. All patients received micronutrient supplementation. Monitoring included subjective complaints, vital signs, analysis and intake tolerance, laboratory examination, functional capacity, and in one patient with intestinal TB, fistel production and weight changes. Results Three patients showed improved clinical conditions, dietary intake and functional capacity, one patient suffered deteriorated and died. Conclusion Adequate medical nutrition therapy in malnourished and EPTB patients can improve recovery and improve nutritional status.Keywords Malnutrition, medical nutrition therapy, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, micronutrient supplementation, clinical outcome."