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"Proses pembentukan logam dikenal luas di bidang manufaktur. Salah satu produk pembentukan adalah welded eye bolt yang dibentuk pada temperatur tinggi. Beberapa masalah ditemui pada welded eye bolt dimana terjadi kegagalan berupa retak maupun ukuran penampang yang tidak merata sepanjang daerah pembentukan panas.Pada penelitian ini diuji keuletan temperatur tinggi baja karbon batangan ASTM A36 sebagai bahan dasar welded eye bolt, agar diperoleh hubungan antara temperatur terhadap mampu bentuk material sebagai bahan masukan dalam .proses pembentukan panas berikutnya. Metode penelitian meliputi karakterisasi material melalui analisis kimia dan pengujian tarik pada temperatur ruang dan temperatur tinggi (T600, T700, T800). Kemudian dilakukan pembentukan welded eye bolt berdiameter 16, 20, 24 mm pada T600, T700, T800- Sampel proses pembentukan kemudian diuji kekerasan dan dilakukan pengamatan struktur mikro dengan menggunakan SEM.Hasil pengujian tarik bahan dasar welded eye bolt pada temperatur ruang, Tsoo, T700, Tsoo memperlihatkan bahwa kekuatan tarik dan luluh turun dengan naiknya temperatur. Pengamatan struktur mikro menunjukkan bahwa ukuran butir pada Teoo dan T700 relatif sama, namun pada T800 ukuran butir lebih besar. Pengamatan struktur mikro juga menunjukkan terdapatnya inklusi. Hasil optimal pembentukan menunjukkan bahwa T600 dan T700 lebih baik dibandingkan pada T800,- Sedangkan keuletan T700 lebih baik daripada T600- Jadi pembentukan komponen welded eye bolt pada T700 lebih direkomendasikan.

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Metal forming is applied widely in the field of manufacturing. One forming component is the welded eye bolt which is formed at a high temperature. Some problems have been found during forming which include cracks and the cross section not being uniform along the forming area.

This research investigated the high temperature ducility of round bar carbon Steel ASTM A36, which will be formed into welded eye bolts, so that we can establish the relationship between the forming temperature and formability of the material as an input in next hot forming process. The method of this research consist of characterizing the material by Chemical analysis and conducting the tensile test at room temperature and high temperatures (T600, T700, T800)- The forming process was then continued for the welded eye bolt components which have 16, 20, and 24 mm diameter at T600, T700, T800- Samples of the forming process were hardness tested and microstructure was observed by using SEM.

The tensile testing results of the welded eye bolt material at room temperature and T600, T700, T800 showed that the tensile strength and yield strength decreased at higher temperatures. Microstructure analysis showed that the grain size at Tsoo and T700 are similar, but the grain size at Tgoo is bigger. Inclusions were also observed. Optimum result show forming at T600 and T700 are better than T800, and ductility of T700 is better than T800- From these results T700 is recommended for the forming process of welded eye bolt components."

"Proses pembentukan logam dikenal luas di bidang manufaktur. Salah satu produk pembentukan adalah welded eye bolt yang dibentuk pada temperatur tinggi. Beberapa masalah ditemui pada welded eye bolt dimana terjadi kegagalan berupa retak maupun ukuran penampang yang tidak merata sepanjang daerah pembentukan panas. Pada penelitian ini diuji keuletan temperatur tinggi baja karbon batangan ASTM A36 sebagai bahan dasar welded eye bolt, agar diperoleh hubungan antara temperatur terhadap mampu bentuk material sebagai bahan masukan dalam proses pembentukan panas berikutnya.Metode penelitian meliputi karakterisasi material melalui analisis kimia dan pengujian tarik pada temperatur ruang dan temperature tinggi (T600, T700, T800). Kemudian dilakukan pembentukan welded eye bolt berdiameter 16, 20, 24 mm pada T600, T700, T800. Sampel proses pembentukan kemudian diuji kekerasan dan dilakukan pengamatan struktur mikro dengan menggunakan SEM.Hasil pengujian tarik bahan dasar welded eye bolt pada temperatur ruang, T600, T700, T800 memperlihatkan bahwa kekuatan tarik dan luluh turun dengan naiknya temperatur. Pengamatan struktur mikro menunjukkan bahwa ukuran butir pada T600 dan T700 relatif sama, namun pada T800 ukuran butir lebih besar. Pengamatan struktur mikro juga menunjukkan terdapatnya inklusi. Hasil optimal pembentukan menunjukkan bahwa T600 dan T700 lebih baik dibandingkan pada T800.. Sedangkan keuletan T700 lebih baik daripada T600. Jadi pembentukan komponen welded eye bolt pada T700 lebih direkomendasikan.

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Metal forming is applied widely in the field of manufacturing. One forming component is the welded eye bolt which is formed at a high temperature. Some problems have been found during forming which include cracks and the cross section not being uniform along the forming area. This research investigated the high temperature ducility of round bar carbon steel ASTM A36, which will be formed into welded eye bolts, so that we can establish the relationship between the forming temperature and formability of the material as an input in next hot forming process.

The method of this research consist of characterizing the material by chemical analysis and conducting the tensile test at room temperature and high temperatures (T600, T700, T800). The forming process was then continued for the welded eye bolt components which have 16, 20, and 24 mm diameter at T600, T700, T800. Samples of the forming process were hardness tested and microstructure was observed by using SEM.

The tensile testing results of the welded eye bolt material at room temperature and T600, T700, T800 showed that the tensile strength and yield strength decreased at higher temperatures. Microstructure analysis showed that the grain size at T600 and T700 are similar, but the grain size at T800 is bigger. Inclusions were also observed. Optimum result show forming at T600 and T700 are better than T800, and ductility of T700 is better than T600. From these results T700 is recommended for the forming process of welded eye bolt components."

"Baja SM570-TMC untuk aplikasi struktural membutuhkan kekuatan, ketangguhan, dan umur fatik tinggi. Namun pengelasan fusi pada baja ini dapat menyebabkan ketangguhan turun dan muncul tegangan sisa yang disinyalir sebagai salah satu penyebab kegagalan pada sambungan las. Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan penambahan sedikit nikel dapat meningkatkan ketangguhan impak weld metal (WM) namun sifatnya kondisional sehingga masih perlu penelitian lebih lanjut. Disisi lain, untuk mengantisipasi kegagalan akibat tegangan sisa maka penting mendeteksi keberadaan tegangan sisa dan mengukur nilainya meskipun tidak mudah. Difraksi neutron adalah metode pengukuran tegangan sisa yang paling maju, namun teknik ini belum banyak dieksplorasi.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh nikel terhadap struktur mikro, ketangguhan impak dan tegangan sisa pada hasil pengelasan multi-pass baja SM570-TMC. Metode pengelasan busur inti fluks (FCAW) dan kawat las mengandung nikel 0,4%, 1%, dan 1,5% digunakan untuk fabrikasi sampel las LNi-04, LNi-10 dan LNi-15. Struktur mikro diobservasi menggunakan mikroskop optik, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), dan electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). Ketangguhan impak diuji pada temperatur 25 °C, 0 °C, dan -20 °C. Tegangan sisa di sekitar sambungan las diukur menggunakan teknik difraksi neutron di kedalaman 3 mm dan 8 mm pada tiga arah sumbu: normal, transversal dan longitudinal.Hasil pengamatan struktur mikro menunjukkan kehadiran acicular ferrite (AF) di LNi-10 lebih dominan dibandingkan LNi-04 dan LNi-15. AF ditemukan ternukleasi pada oksida kompleks yang tersusun atas Ti-Si-Al-Mn-Mg-O berukuran 1-2 μm. Keberadaan AF berperan menghasilkan ketangguhan impak tinggi pada sampel LNi-10. Ketangguhan impak LNi-04 sedikit lebih rendah dari LNi-10, sedangkan ketangguhan impak LNi-15 paling rendah karena sedikitnya AF dan segregasi mikro. Hasil pengukuran tegangan sisa pada LNi-10 dan LNi-04 menunjukkan tegangan sisa di WM LNi-10 lebih tinggi daripada LNi-04. Penambahan nikel hingga 1% di WM meningkatkan kekuatan dan ketangguhan, namun tegangan sisa naik karena meningkatnya solid solution strengthening. Kedua sampel LNi-04 and LNi-10 menunjukkan tegangan sisa longitudinal lebih tinggi dibandingkan normal dan transversal. Tegangan sisa longitudinal maksimum LNi-10 ditemukan di WM, sementara pada LNi-04 terdeteksi di HAZ. Tegangan sisa longitudinal pada kedalaman 8 mm dari permukaan lebih rendah dibandingkan pada kedalaman 3 mm karena efek tempering dari pengelasan multi-pass. Dengan demikian, tegangan sisa kritis terdapat di dekat permukaan atas WM dan HAZ pada arah longitudinal.

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SM570-TMC steel for structural application needs excellent impact toughness, strength and fatigue life. However, fusion welding on this steel may affect to decrease impact toughness and initiate residual stresses which contribute to the failure of welded joints. Based on reports from the earlier studies, the toughness of weld metal (WM) can be improved by adding small amount of nickel, but it’s conditionally so that further investigation still required. On the other hand, the residual stress and its value need to be detected in regard to anticipate the failure, however it’s not easy. Neutron diffraction is the advance method for residual stress measurement, but this technique is not much to be explored.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate effect of nickel on the microstructure, impact toughness and residual stresses of the multi-pass welding of SM570-TMC steel. The flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) and wires containing 0.4%, 1% and 1.5% Ni were employed to fabricate the welded samples of LNi-04, LNi-10, and LNi-15. Microstructure was observed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). Impact toughness was measured at temperature of 25 °C, 0 °C, and -20 °C. The residual stresses around welded joint were measured using neutron diffraction technique at 3 mm and 8 mm depth and three directions: normal, transverse, and longitudinal.

Microstructure observation results showed the acicular ferrite (AF) was much found in LNi-10 compared to LNi-04 and LNi-15. AF was nucleated at complex oxydes which consist of Ti-Si-Al-Mn-Mg-O with diameter of 1-2 μm. Impact toughness of LNi-10 is superior to the other as AF present. Impact toughness of LNi-04 is a bit lower than LNi-10, however impact toughness of LNi-15 is the lowest due to less AF and microsegregation present. Residual stress measurement result at LNi-04 and LNi-10 revealed residual stresss of WM at LNi-10 was higher than LNi-04. It seems that 1% of nickel addition in WM has increased strength and toughness, but the residual stress was also increased as effect of solid solution strengthening. Both LNi-04 and LNi-10 demonstrated the longitudinal residual stress was higher than normal and transverse. Maximum longitudinal residual stress of LNi-10 was found in WM, while maximum longitudinal residual stress of LNi-04 was detected in HAZ. Longitudinal residual stresses at 8 mm depth were lower than 3 mm depth due to tempering effect of multi-pass welding. It can be concluded that critical residual stresses were around WM and HAZ near top surface at longitudinal direction."