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"DAS Citarum Hulu merupakan kawasan yang mengalami banjir tahunan. Banjir tahunan yang dialami oleh DAS Citarum Hulu karena faktor perubahan tata guna lahan. Dari kejadian itu banjir tahunan, akan ada tingkat kerugian yang dialami oleh masyarakat yang terkena dampak banjir. Banjir yang terjadi di DAS Citarum Hulu dapat dilihat dari hasil digitalisasi visual banjir di Hulu DAS Citarum, sehingga dapat diperoleh informasi daerah yang terkena banjir dan ketinggiannya banjir dari setiap daerah yang terkena banjir. Untuk mengetahui kerugian akibat banjir diperlukan tingkat resiko banjir, yang merupakan hasil overlay dari tingkat bahaya banjir dan kerentanan banjir. Tingkat bahaya banjir dapat diperoleh dari pengolahan digitalisasi model banjir dan survei lapangan. Sedangkan tingkat kerentanan banjir diperoleh dari pengolahan data penggunaan tanah yang diubah menjadi nilai ekonomi dari setiap penggunaan lahan. Tingkat resiko Banjir yang diakibatkan, maka dapat diketahui besarnya resiko masing-masing banjir. Tingkat Risiko didominasi oleh tingkat risiko banjir sedang sebesar 44.15%, kemudian tingkat risiko tinggi sebesar 42,25%, dan tingkat risiko banjir rendah sebesar 13,60%. Tingkat resiko banjir yang tinggi didominasi di Kabupaten Bojongsoang dan Kabupaten Dayeuhkolot. Mulai dari setiap tingkat risiko banjir kemudian dikonversi menggunakan nilai ekonomis penggunaan tanah dari setiap area tingkat risiko banjir, untuk setiap kerugian penggunaan yang akan diperoleh tanah di dalam area berisiko banjir. Berdasarkan luasan wilayah rawan banjir yang telah dihasilkan maka dapat diperoleh tingkat kerugian pada tiap level wilayah Tingkat risiko rendah memiliki kerugian terbesar yaitu Rp11.976.035.911.890. Sedangkan tingkat risiko sedang memiliki tingkat kerugian terkecil yaitu sebesar Rp1.104.198.881.270.

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The Upper Citarum Watershed is an area that experiences annual flooding. The annual flooding experienced by the Upper Citarum watershed is due to land use change factors. From the event that it is an annual flood, there will be a level of loss experienced by the affected communities flood. Floods that occur in the Upper Citarum Watershed can be seen from the results of visual digitization of floods in the Upper Citarum Watershed, so that information can be obtained from the affected areas and the height of the floods from each flood-affected area. To determine the loss due to flooding, a flood risk level is required, which is the overlay result of the flood hazard level and flood vulnerability. The flood hazard level can be obtained from the processing of digitization of the flood model and field surveys. Meanwhile, the level of flood vulnerability is obtained from the processing of land use data which is converted into the economic value of each land use. The level of risk caused by flooding, it can be seen the amount of risk for each flood. Level The risk was dominated by a moderate flood risk level of 44.15%, then a high risk level of 42.25%, and a low flood risk level of 13.60%. The high level of flood risk is dominated in Bojongsoang Regency and Dayeuhkolot Regency. Starting from each flood risk level, then it is converted using the economic value of land use from each flood risk level area, for each use loss that will be obtained by land in the flood risk area. Based on the extent of the flood-prone areas that have been produced, the level of loss at each regional level can be obtained. The low risk level has the largest loss, namely Rp. 11,976,035,911,890. Meanwhile, the moderate risk level has the smallest loss level, which is IDR 1,104,198,881,270."

"Cognitive radio networks (CRN) will be widely deployed in the near future, and this SpringerBrief covers some important aspects of it, as well as highlighting optimization strategies in Resource Allocation and Spectrum Sensing in CRNs. The cognitive approach in radio access is introduced in the first part of this SpringerBrief, and then next the benefits of cooperative spectrum sensing are highlighted and a framework for studying it under realistic channel conditions is described. New exact closed-form expressions for average false alarm probability and average detection probability are derived in this scenario. A novel approximation to alleviate the computational complexity of the proposed models are also discussed.Once the spectrum opportunities are identified, efficient and systematic resource allocation (RA) shall be performed. The second part of this SpringerBrief describes the taxonomy for the RA process in CRN. A comprehensive overview of the optimization strategies of the CRN RA is also provided. The device-to-device (D2D) communication scenario is discussed, then as a case study and various optimization strategies for the application of the CR technology in the D2D realm is studied. The application of advanced geometric water-filling (GWF) approach in CRN D2D environment for optimum resource allocation is presented in detail. Numerical results provide more insight quantitatively. Overall, this book is suitable for a wide audience that include students, faculty and researchers in wireless communication area and professionals in the wireless service industry."