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"Latar belakang. Hubungan antara inflamasi dan koagulasi telah banyak dijelaskan, dimana molekul adhesi memiliki peranan penting dalam inflamasi. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) dan soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) tampak berkaitan dengan trombosis pada beberapa penelitian sebelumnya. Molekul-molekul tersebut meningkat pada stenosis mitral (SM) namun bagaimana hubungannya dengan derajat trombosis atrium kiri belum diketahui. Metode. Pasien SM derajat sedang-berat (tanpa adanya regurgitasi mitral signifikan) yang menjalani pemeriksan ekokardiografi transesofageal diikutsertakan secara konsekutif sejak September-Oktober 2013. Penilaian gradasi trombosis atrium kiri dilakukan untuk mengkategorikan mereka menjadi kelompok non-trombus dengan left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LASEC) tebal, dan kelompok non-trombus tanpa LASEC tebal, dan kelompok trombus. Kadar sICAM-1 dan sVCAM-1 dari vena perifer diukur dengan teknik enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Hasil. Sebanyak 39 subyek penelitian dengan rerata usia 40,97±9,61 tahun, 71,8% berjenis kelamin perempuan, dan 67,7% memiliki irama fibrilasi atrium. Evaluasi terhadap gradasi trombosis atrium kiri (kelompok non-trombus tanpa LASEC tebal, kelompok non-trombus dengan LASEC tebal, dan kelompok trombus) menunjukkan kadar sICAM-1 sebesar 284,74 (218,79-321) ng/mL, 346,86 (125,68-698,12) ng/mL, dan 395,93 (171,44-1021,53) ng/mL secara berurutan (p=0,280). Kadar sVCAM-1 pada 3 kelompok tersebut sebesar 729,01 (543,93-967,8) ng/mL, 1066 (581,36-2470,6) ng/mL, dan 1158 (668,66-2498,3) ng/mL secara berurutan (p=0,016). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan fibrilasi atrium dan area katup mitral yang mempengaruhi gradasi trombosis. Kesimpulan. Terdapat perbedaan kadar sVCAM-1 pada kelompok menurut gradasi trombosis atrium kiri pada SM, namun pengaruh sVCAM-1 terhadap gradasi trombosis atrium kiri dipengaruhi oleh fibrilasi atrium dan area katup mitral.

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Background. The relationship between inflammation and coagulation has been widely described while adhesion molecules takes important role in inflammation. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) seemed to be related to thrombosis in previous studies. Those molecules increase in mitral stenosis (MS) but their relationship with left atrial thrombosis gradation is still unknown.

Methods. Patients with moderate-severe MS (without any significant mitral regurgitation) who underwent transesophageal echocardiography were recruited consecutively in September-October 2013. They were divided into three categories of left atrial thrombosis gradation: non-thrombus without dense LASEC group, non-thrombus with dense LASEC group, and thrombus group. sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels in peripheral vein were determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay technique.

Results. A total of 39 subjects were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 40,97±9,61 year, 71,8% of them were female, and 67,7% of them had atrial fibrillation. Evaluation on left atrial thrombosis gradation (non-thrombus with dense LASEC group, non-thrombus without dense LASEC group, and thrombus group) showed that sICAM-1 levels were 284,74 (218,79-321) ng/mL, 346,86 (125,68-698,12) ng/mL, and 395,93 (171,44-1021,53) ng/mL, cosecutively (p=0,280). sVCAM-1 levels were 729,01(543,93-967,8) ng/mL, 1066 (581,36-2470,6) ng/mL, and 1158 (668,66-2498,3) ng/mL, consecutively (p=0,016). Multivariate analysis showed that AF and MVA influence thrombosis gradation.

Conclusion. Difference in sVCAM-1 levels was found among left atrial thrombosis gradation groups in mitral stenosis, but its effect on thrombosis gradation was influenced by atrial fibrillation and mitral valve area."

"Sebagai suatu bangsa yang besar, Indonesia tentu barus memiliki strategi untuk menjamin ketabanan energi nasional. Saat ini, konsumsi energi di Indonesia didominasi oleh penggunaan bahan bakar minyak (BBM). BBM ini digunakan oleh seluruh elemen dalam masyarakat dalam kehidupan sehari­-hari. Tingginya konsumsi ini juga membuat pemerintah terpaksa melakukan impor untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat. Hal ini tentu sangat mengkhawatirkan di tengah menipisnya cadangan BBM yang tersisa di Indonesia. Salah satu sektor yang membutuhkan konsumsi BBM di Indonesia adalah sektor transportasi. Di pulau Batam, meningkatnya pertumbuhan kendaraan juga semakin meningkatkan konsumsi BBM setiap tahunnya. Maka diperlukan suatu terobosan untuk membantu menurunkan konsumsi BBM seperti dengan penggunaan gas bumi sebagai alternatif bahan bakar untuk sektor transportasi. Salah satu pemanfaatan gas bumi sebagai alternatif bahan bakar ialah CNG (Compressed Natural Gas). Alokasi pemanfaatan CNG ini telah diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri No.l9 Tahun 2010. Namun, alokasi pemanfaatan CNG ini masih terkendala dengan minimnya infrastruktur di pulau Batam. Mininmya infrastruktur ini menyebabkan sistern distribusi CNG tidak dapat menjangkau dan memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan bahan bakar di pulau Batam. Untuk itu, perlu dikembangkanlah sistem pendistribusian CNG melalui penentuan metode suplai CNG, lokasi serta jumlah stasiun pengisian CNG untuk menjangkau seluruh potensi konsumen CNG dan meminimalisir harga jual CNG di tangan konsumen. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa metode distribusi CNG yang sesuai adalah mother & daughter system dengan I mother station yang melayani 5 daughter station. Sistem seperti ini akan menghasilkan harga jual kesetaraan CNG di pulau Batam sebesar Rp. 2.321,-­/lsp untuk metode pendanaan subsidi dan Rp. 3.426,-/lsp untuk metode pendanaan business as usual.

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As a great nation Indonesia needs to have a strategy to ensure national energy security. Currently, the energy consumption in Indonesia is dominated by the use of fuel oil BBM. This fuel is used by all elements of society in everyday life. The high and rising consumption of fuel oil also makes the government resorted to import them to meet the needs of the community. This is very worrying in the middle of the depletion of oil reserves left in Indonesia. One sector that requires fuel consumption in Indonesia is the transportation sector. On Batam Island, increased growth of economic also annually increases the vehicle 39's fuel consumption. A breakthrough to help lower fuel consumption as the use of natural gas as an alternative fuel for the transportation sector came into urgency. One of the utilization of natural gas as an alternative fuel is CNG (Compressed Natural Gas). The use of CNG has been allocated in the Ministry Policy Number 19 on 2010. However, the utilization of CNG allocation is still hampered by the lack of infrastructure on Batam island. This lack of infrastructure leads to problem onto the CNG distribution system where can not reach out and meet all the fuel demand in Batam Island. As a solution, a CNG distribution system is developed through the method of determining the supply methods of CNG, the location and number of CNG, filling stations for CNG, reach all potential consumers and minimize the selling price of CNG. This study concludes that the method of distribution is the appropriate with the current infrastructure condition is CNG mother and daughter station system with 1 mother daughter station that serves 5 daughter stations. Such system will result in the selling price of CNG in Batam Island of Rp. 2.321,-/lsp for subsidized funding method and Rp. 3.426.-/lsp for business as usual funding method."