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"Minuman berenergi merupakan minuman yang banyak dikonsumsi masyarakat. Minuman berenergi mengandung kafein, sebuah zat yang menurunkan berat badan dan meningkatkan aktivitas fisik. Sebuah penelitian menunjukkan dari 496 mahasiswa, 51% mahasiswa meminum lebih dari satu minuman energi dalam setiap bulan. Selain itu, 30-50 % anak-anak, dan dewasa di Amerika Serikat mengonsumsi minuman berenergi. Sehubungan penelitian tersebut, kami ingin mengetahui pengaruh minuman Merk A terhadap berat badan dan aktivitas fisik. Pengumpulan data berlangsung dari 14 Desember 2011-2 Januari 2012. Eksperimen diterapkan kepada 15 ekor tikus dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok dan tiap kelompok mendapatkan minuman Merk A, Kafein dan Akuades. Selanjutnya, tikus diberi bahan uji dalam dosis tertentu dan diamati aktivitas serta berat badannya. Penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kenaikan berat badan tikus yang meminum Merk A, Kafein dan Akuades ( p >0.05). Meskipun begitu, terdapat kenaikan aktivitas fisik yang bermakna ( p<0.05). Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh minuman berenergi terhadap berat badan tidak ada, namun tidak terhadap aktivitas fisik.

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Energy drink is beverage commonly consumed by people. It contains caffeine, a substance can reduce body weight and increase physical activity. A research in United States shows that from 496 students, 51% of them drink more than one bottle of energy drink per month. Also, 30%-50% children and adults in U.S consume them. From this research, we want to know the effect of Merk A to body weight and physical activity.

Data collected from December 14th , 2011 until January 2nd, 2012. Experiment was applied to 15 rats that are differentiated into three groups and each group got Merk A, Caffeine, and Aquadest. After they consume it, they were monitored in term of their weight and physical activity.

The research shows that there isn't significance increase in weight of rats that consume Merk A, Caffeine and Aquadest (p> 0.05). However, there is a significance increase to their physical activity (p<0.05). It can be concluded that energy drink gives no impact to body weight but it affects physical activity."

"Latar belakang: Asma merupakan penyakit ditandai peradangan saluran napas kronik. Satu dari tiga kasus tidak memberikan respon adekuat. Modalitas alternatif terapi  asma adalah magnesium inhalasi. Inhalasi magnesium memiliki efek samping sistemik minimal. Oleh karena itu, peran magnesium inhalasi perlu diteliti lebih lanTujuan: Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dan keamanan pemberian magnesium inhalasi pada pasien dewasa mengalami  asma akut.Metode: Penelusuran literatur dilakukan dua peneliti independen melalui: PubMed/ MEDLINE, Google Scholar, ProQuest, dan Cochrane dengan kata kunci “magnesium inhalasi” dan “serangan asma” dalam bahasa Inggris dan Indonesia. Pencarian manual dan snowballing dilakukan di portal data nasional. Studi yang dimasukkan adalah uji acak terkontrol mengenai perbandingan magnesium inhalasi dengan terapi standar pada serangan asma akut. Penilaian efektivitas berdasarkan parameter readmisi, tanda vital, perbaikan klinis, serta fungsi paru, sedangkan keamanan berdasarkan parameter efek samping. Protokol telaah sistematis didaftarkan pada PROSPERO.Hasil: Lima artikel diikutsertakan dalam telaah sistematis. Dua artikel diikut-sertakan menilai aspek  readmisi. Tiga studi  menilai hubungan magnesium terhadap tanda vital pasien. Dua studi menilai tingkat keparahan penyakit dan perbaikan klinis. Studi menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna pemberian magnesium inhalasi pada aspek readmisi pasien (RR 1; IK 95% 0.92 - 1,08; p= 0,96), dan saturasi oksigen (MD  1,82; IK 95%: -0.89 - 4.53; p= 0.19). Ada penurunan bermakna laju napas pasien  (MD -1,72; IK 95% -3,1 -0.35; p= 0.01), dan perbaikan gejala pada pasien  (RR 0.29; IK95% 0.18 - 0.47; p <0.001). Ada peningkatan bermakna efek samping pasien magnesium inhalasi (HR 1.56; IK 95% 1.05 – 2.32; p= 0.32). Efek samping relatif ringan  berupa hipotensi dan rasa mual. Kesimpulan: Magnesium inhalasi memperbaiki  klinis pasien asma terutama gejala, laju napas, dan fungsi paru.  Magnesium inhalasi dikatakan aman jika diberikan pada pasien, namun hati-hati penggunaan pada pasien hipotensi.

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Background:  Asthma is a disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation. Asthma occurs to many people worldwide. One third of asthmatic case did not respond adequately to standard therapy (Short Acting Beta Agonist, Anticholinergic, Corticosteroid). One of alternative treatment of asthma is inhaled magnesium.  Theoretically, inhaled magnesium is thought to have less systemic side effect and could act directly to respiratory tract. However, the role of inhaled magnesium therapy is not established yet.

Objective: This review is made to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of nebulized magnesium in adult with acute asthma attack.

Methods: Literature search was conducted by two independent investigators through online databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, ProQuest, and Google scholar using the keywords “inhaled magnesium” and “asthma” in English and Indonesian. Manual searches and snowballing were carried out through national data portals and medical faculty e-libraries. Journal articles included in this study are randomized controlled trials that observed inhaled magnesium in adult with acute asthma attack. All the protocol of this systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO.

Result: There are five articles included in this review. Two of them evaluate the effect of magnesium in term of readmission, three of the studies measures effect of magnesium in vital sign, and two of them evaluate the effect of magnesium in term of severity of asthma There is no significant difference in readmission rate and oxygen saturation in magnesium group compared to control (RR 1; 95% CI 0.92 to 1,08; p= 0,96 and MD 1,82; 95% CI -0.89 to 4.53; p= 0.19, respectively). There is significant reduction of respiratory rate and clinical severity in magnesium (MD -1,72; 95% CI   -3,1 to 0.35; p= 0.01, RR 0.29; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.47; p <0.001, respectively). There was a higher risk of side effect in magnesium group (HR 1.56; 95%CI 1.05 to 2.32; p= 0.03). However, the side effect is relatively mild such as hypotension and nausea.

Conclusion: Inhaled magnesium improves clinical outcome for patient with asthma attack especially lung function, improvement of clinical outcome, and lung function. Moreover, Inhaled magnesium is considered safe to be given to asthmatic patient. However, the inhaled magnesium is given with caution in patient with hypotension."