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Abstrak :
BACKGROUND
Childhood living conditions have long been recognized to have a long term impact on nutritional and health status (Truswell, 1976, Shannon and Chen, 1988, Lundberg, 1993). The pattern of the urban nutrition condition is probably different compared to the nutrition condition in rural areas. Family income, environment (water supply, sewerage facilities, health services etc) besides cultural background and education could limit growth of the children (Solomons and Gross, 1987, Gross and Monteiro, 1989).

Nutritional problems among schoolchildren will negatively affect their learning skills which is very important in succeeding formal educational processes in school (Pollit, 1990, Lopez et al., 1993). Gross (1989) proposed schoolchildren as one of non-traditional nutritional risk groups which seem to exist in the urban area.

It is noted that one of the important changes in Indonesia is a structural change in the future population structure whereby the number of school-age-children

Abstrak :
Salah satu teori mengenai dividen menyatakan bahwa perubahan dividen dapat merupakan suatu sinyal yang diberikan perusahaan kepada pasar mengenai laba perusahaan, perubahan dividen positif akan diikuti oleh perubahan laba yang positif. Penelitian ini tidak dapat mendukung teori tersebut. Berdasarkan sampel 30 perusahaan yang diambil, perusahaan yang meningkatkan dividen di tahun ke-0 mengalami kenaikan laba yang signifikan di tahun ke-0 tetapi di tahun ke-1 justru mengalami penurunan laba. Begitu juga sebaliknya untuk penurunan dividen, akan tetapi penurunan dividen memiliki dampak yang berbeda dibandingkan perusahaan yang meningkatkan dividen ataupun perusahaan yang menjaga dividennya tetap. Tidak mendukung teori dividend signaling, hasil penelitian ini lebih sesuai dengan model dividen yang dikembangkan Lintner, perubahan dividen lebih menunjukkan pada apa yang telah terjadi. Jika memang dividen memberikan informasi mengenai prospek perusahaan, informasi mengenai perubahan laba lebih bersifat permanen.

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One of the dividend theory said that dividend changes can be a signal from company to the market about firm?s earning, positive changes in dividend will be followed with positively changes in earning. This study has low evidence to support that theory. Based on 30 selected sample, dividend increase in year 0 have significant earning increase in year 0 but in year 1 it will be decrease in firm?s earning. It will be the same result for dividend decrease, but dividend decrease have different impact than increasing firm or nonchanging dividend firm. Not supporting the dividend signaling theory, the result of this research support the Lintner model of dividend, dividend changes tells something about what has happened. If changes in dividend provide information about firm?s propect, earning changes information is more permanently.

Abstrak :
Konsumsi Energi Saat Laktasi dan Durasi Menyusui di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Margajaya Kota Bekasi Tahun 2014. Kendati rekomendasi angka kecukupan gizi menunjukkan lebih tingginya kebutuhan energy ibu saat laktasi dibandingkan saat hamil namun penelitian di Jakarta dan Depok menunjukkan konsumsi energy ibu laktasi justru lebih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi energi ibu laktasi serta hubungan antara konsumsi energy ibu laktasi dengan durasi menyusui di Puskesmas Margajaya Kota Bekasi tahun 2014. Penelitian dilakukan secara cross sectional terhadap 60 orang ibu menggunakan kuesioner termasuk Semi- quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara umur ibu, paritas, dan konsumsi energy ibu hamil dengan konsumsi energi ibu menyusui. Ibu cukup umur (>27 tahun), multipara dan konsumsi energy hamil rendah (<2.100 Kal/hari) berisiko untuk memiliki konsumsi energy laktasi yang rendah. Selain itu, ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara konsumsi energy ibu laktasi dengan durasi menyusui. Ibu yang konsumsi energinya saat laktasi rendah berpeluang 4 kali lebih besar untuk memiliki durasi menyusui yang singkat. Direkomendasikan perlunya informasi kepada ibu tentang pentingnya konsumsi energi saat laktasi karena kebutuhannya yang tinggi untuk mendukung produksi ASI.Disarankan juga agar peningkatan rekomendasi angka kecukupan energi untuk ibu laktasi bulan ke 6-12 dimajukan menjadi bulan ke-4 mengingat kebutuhan gizi memasuki bulan ke-4 tersebut sudah sangat besar.;Despite recommendation for higher energy intake during lactation than during pregnancy, researches at Jakarta and Depok showed that energy consumption during lactation was lower than during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between individual characteristics and energy consumption during lactation, and to assess the relationship between energy consumption during lactation to duration of breastfeeding among 60 mothers in the working area of PuskesmasMargajayaBekasi City in 2014. This research used a cross-sectional design; data was collected through primary data collection by questionnaire and Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Analysis was conducted using chi-square technique. The study found that mothers of sufficient age (>27 years old), multiparous, and had low (<2,100 kcal/day) energy intake during pregnancy had significant higher risk to low energy consumption during lactation. Mothers with low energy consumption during lactation had 4 times higher risk of short duration of breastfeeding. It is recommended to provide information on the importance of higher energy intake during lactation due to the higher need to support breastmilk production and also to shift forward the nutrition recommendation regarding additional energy intake during lactation period from month 6 to month 4 due to higher energy requirement that commences when lactating mothers enter the fourth month of lactation.

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Despite recommendation for higher energy intake during lactation than during pregnancy, researches at Jakarta and Depok showed that energy consumption during lactation was lower than during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between individual characteristics and energy consumption during lactation, and to assess the relationship between energy consumption during lactation to duration of breastfeeding among 60 mothers in the working area of PuskesmasMargajayaBekasi City in 2014. This research used a cross-sectional design; data was collected through primary data collection by questionnaire and Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Analysis was conducted using chi-square technique. The study found that mothers of sufficient age (>27 years old), multiparous, and had low (<2,100 kcal/day) energy intake during pregnancy had significant higher risk to low energy consumption during lactation. Mothers with low energy consumption during lactation had 4 times higher risk of short duration of breastfeeding. It is recommended to provide information on the importance of higher energy intake during lactation due to the higher need to support breastmilk production and also to shift forward the nutrition recommendation regarding additional energy intake during lactation period from month 6 to month 4 due to higher energy requirement that commences when lactating mothers enter the fourth month of lactation.

Abstrak :
Despite recommendation for higher energy intake during lactation than during pregnancy, researches at Jakarta and Depok showed that energy consumption during lactation was lower than during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between individual characteristics and energy consumption during lactation, and to assess the relationship between energy consumption during lactation to duration of breastfeeding among 60 mothers in the working area of PuskesmasMargajayaBekasi City in 2014. This research used a cross-sectional design; data was collected through primary data collection by questionnaire and Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Analysis was conducted using chi-square technique. The study found that mothers of sufficient age (>27 years old), multiparous, and had low (<2,100 kcal/day) energy intake during pregnancy had significant higher risk to low energy consumption during lactation. Mothers with low energy consumption during lactation had 4 times higher risk of short duration of breastfeeding. It is recommended to provide information on the importance of higher energy intake during lactation due to the higher need to support breastmilk production and also to shift forward the nutrition recommendation regarding additional energy intake during lactation period from month 6 to month 4 due to higher energy requirement that commences when lactating mothers enter the fourth month of lactation.

Konsumsi Energi Saat Laktasi dan Durasi Menyusui di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Margajaya Kota Bekasi Tahun 2014. Kendati rekomendasi angka kecukupan gizi menunjukkan lebih tingginya kebutuhan energy ibu saat laktasi dibandingkan saat hamil namun penelitian di Jakarta dan Depok menunjukkan konsumsi energy ibu laktasi justru lebih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi energi ibu laktasi serta hubungan antara konsumsi energy ibu laktasi dengan durasi menyusui di Puskesmas Margajaya Kota Bekasi tahun 2014. Penelitian dilakukan secara cross sectional terhadap 60 orang ibu menggunakan kuesioner termasuk Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara umur ibu, paritas, dan konsumsi energy ibu hamil dengan konsumsi energi ibu menyusui. Ibu cukup umur (>27 tahun), multipara dan konsumsi energy hamil rendah (<2.100 Kal/hari) berisiko untuk memiliki konsumsi energy laktasi yang rendah. Selain itu, ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara konsumsi energy ibu laktasi dengan durasi menyusui. Ibu yang konsumsi energinya saat laktasi rendah berpeluang 4 kali lebih besar untuk memiliki durasi menyusui yang singkat. Direkomendasikan perlunya informasi kepada ibu tentang pentingnya konsumsi energi saat laktasi karena kebutuhannya yang tinggi untuk mendukung produksi ASI.Disarankan juga agar peningkatan rekomendasi angka kecukupan energi untuk ibu laktasi bulan ke 6-12 dimajukan menjadi bulan ke-4 mengingat kebutuhan gizi memasuki bulan ke-4 tersebut sudah sangat besar.