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Abstrak :
Pertambangan mineral dan batubara merupakan salah satu kegiatan usaha yang menguras sumber daya alam yang begitu masif dan memiliki dampak kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan yang tinggi. Sebagai upaya untuk mendorong akan kegiatan usaha pertambangan mineral dan batubara dapat dikendalikan agar terselenggaranya fungsi pelestarian lingkungan hidup maka dikenalkanlah kebijakan hukum instrumen ekonomi lingkungan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Namun demikian, instrumen ekonomi lingkungan hidup dalam undang-undang tersebut belumlah dianggap ideal bagi kegiatan usaha pertambangan mineral dan batubara yang berkelanjutan, sehingga dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU CK) diaturlah berbagai instrumen ekonomi lingkungan di sektor pertambangan mineral dan batubara, yaitu pengenaan royalti 0% (nol persen) bagi pelaku usaha pertambangan yang mengembangan dan memanfaatkan batubara, seperti untuk Dimethyl Ether (DME) dan Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG). Selain itu, diatur pula mengenai pengenaan pertambangan batubara sebagai barang kena pajak penghasilan (PPN) 10% (sepuluh persen). Penelitian ini melakukan kajian terdapat pelaksanaan kebijakan instrumen ekonomi lingkungan setelah ditetapkan UU CK dengan studi kasus di PT Bukit Asam Tbk. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk menguji efektifitas kebijakan instrumen ekonomi lingkungan. Metode penelitian ini yaitu metode kualitatif dengan analisis data deksriptif-analitis. Hasil penelitian ini pengenaan royalti 0% (nol persen) bagi pelaku usaha pertambangan yang mengembangan dan memanfaatkan batubara dan pengenaan pertambangan batubara sebagai barang kena pajak penghasilan (PPN) 10% (sepuluh persen) belum efektif, serta PT Bukit Asam hanya menerapkan sebagian instrumen ekonomi lingkungan model perencanaan pembangunan dan kegiatan ekonomi, pendanaan lingkungan, dan insentif/disinsentif. ......Mineral and coal mining is one of the business activities that drains natural resources so massively and has a high impact on environmental damage and pollution. In an effort to encourage mining and coal business activities to be controlled so that the function of environmental conservation can be implemented, a policy on environmental economic law instruments was introduced in Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. However, the environmental economic instruments in the law are not yet considered ideal for sustainable mineral and coal mining business activities, so Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation (UU CK) regulates various environmental economic instruments in the mineral and coal mining, namely the imposition of a 0% (zero percent) royalty for mining business actors who develop and utilize coal, such as for Dimethyl Ether (DME) and Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG). In addition, it also regulates the imposition of coal mining as income taxable goods (VAT) 10% (ten percent). This study examines the implementation of the environmental economic instrument policy after the CK Law was enacted with a case study at PT Bukit Asam Tbk. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the environmental economic policy instrument. This research method is a qualitative method with descriptive-analytical analysis of the data. The results of this study are the imposition of 0% (zero percent) royalties for mining business actors who develop and utilize coal and the imposition of coal mining as income taxable goods (VAT) 10% (ten percent) has not been effective, and PT Bukit Asam only applies some economic instruments. environmental development planning model and economic activity, environment, and incentives/disincentives.

Abstrak :
Bagi perekonomian, kemajuan teknologi memberikan manfaat yang sangat besar, karena transaksi bisnis dapat dilakukan secara seketika (real time), yang berarti perputaran ekonomi menjadi semakin cepat dan dapat dilakukan tanpa hambatan ruang dan waktu. Begitu pula dari sisi keamanan, penggunaan teknologi relatif memberikan perlindungan terhadap keamanan data dan transaksi. Perkembangan teknologi informasi itu telah ?memaksa? pelaku usaha, termasuk sektor perbankan mengubah strategi bisnisnya dengan menempatkan teknologi sebagai unsur utama dalam proses inovasi produk dan jasa. Pelayanan sektor perbankan yang berkaitan dengan penerapan teknologi, misalnya electronic transaction atau electronic banking melalui ATM, phone banking dan internet banking yang merupakan bentuk baru dari delivery channel pelayanan bank dalam mengubah pelayanan transaksi manual menjadi pelayanan transaksi oleh teknologi. Penerapan teknologi dimaksud dalam pelaksanaannya menimbulkan berbagai masalah terutama dalam memberikan perlindungan keamanan bertransaksi bagi pengguna informasi dan transaksi elektronik. Didasari hal ini, maka Pemerintah bersama Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia meregulasi Undang- Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE). Melalui Undang-Undang ini diharapkan terjadi pengaruh yang kuat terhadap kemajuan aspek sektor perekonomian, diantaranya kemajuan dalam layanan perbankan yang berimplikasi pada transaksi tanpa uang tunai, pergerakan modal, dan pendapatan yang cepat di seluruh dunia dalam perkembangan bisnis bagi pelaku bisnis pengguna jasa perniagaan elektronik (e-commerce), termasuk juga negara. Sebagai upaya perlindungan keamanan dalam bertransaksi bagi pengguna media elektronik di sektor perbankan, maka diperlukan suatu mekanisme security electronic transaction yang menjadi sistem pengamanan guna mengurangi resiko penyalagunaan teknologi informasi, terutama penyalagunaan di sektor perbankan yang rentan terhadap kejahatan siber. Salah-satu mekanisme yang dapat diterapkan dalam mewujudkan security electronic transaction sebagaimana diatur dalam UU ITE, yakni dengan mekanisme tanda tangan elektronik (electronic signature). Persoalan electronic signature erat kaitannya dengan masalah keamanan transaksi elektronik (secure electronic transaction) yang berhubungan pula dengan persoalan sertifikasasi elektronik dan penyelanggara sertifikasi elektronik sebagai bagian terintegrasi dari pelaksanaan electronic signature. Hal ini menjadi penting karena electronic signature merupakan alat baru yang digunakan sebagai alat verifikasi dan autentifikasi suatu informasi elektronik yang menggunakan media elektronik, baik komputer maupun media elektronik lainnya. Penelitian ini mencoba menjawab permasalahan-permasalahan mengenai bagaimanakah pengaturan lebih lanjut mengenai electronic signature dalam mewujudkan secure electronic transaction di sektor perbankan, bagaimanakah hubungan antara electronic signature dengan sertifikat elektronik dalam mewujudkan secure electronic transaction di sektor perbankan, serta bagaimanakah peran lembaga penyelanggara sertifikasi elektronik dalam pengesahan sertifikat elektronik guna mewujudkan secure electronic transaction di sektor perbankan. Penelitian ini merupakan tip pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konsep, dan pendekatan perbandingan.

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For the economy, the advancement of technology brings a great advantage as real time business transaction can now be carried out; thereby the economic cycle accordingly grows at a faster rate and is free from time and space limitation. Seen from the aspect of security, the adoption of technology, to some extent, gives protection to the security of data and transaction. The development of information technology has made business players, including those in the banking sector; change their business strategy by including technology as a main factor in the process of their goods and service innovation. The service of banking sector related to technology application, such as electronic transaction or electronic banking through ATM, phone banking and internet banking have emerged as forms of delivery channel in the bank sector by way of transforming manual transaction service into technology-based transaction service On the other hand, the application of technology in its implementation has given rise to a host of problems in, particularly in providing security in the transaction process, including electronic transaction. On the basis of that consideration, the Government and the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia has stipulated Law No 11 Year 2008 on Information and Electronic Transaction. Through this law, it is expected that the advancement in the economic sector can be enhanced, among others is the advancement in the banking sector that has its own implication towards cashless transaction, capital flow, and rapid income in the whole world in the development of business world for its players, e-comers service users, and the country. As an effort to provide security in doing transaction for the users of electronic devices in the banking sector, a mechanism known as security electronic transaction, which is none other than a security system to minimize the risk of information technology misuse, is greatly needed, especially to minimize the misuse of bank sector service, which is vulnerable to cyber crime. One of the mechanism that can be applied to implement security electronic transaction as regulated in the Law No 11 Year 2008 on Information and Electronic Transaction. Through is the adoption of electronic signature mechanism. This signature electronic mechanism is closely linked to the secure electronic transaction mechanism, which, in turn, is also correlated with the electronic certification and the implementation of electronic certification as an integral part of the electronic signature implementation. It is of great importance due to the fact that electronic signature is a new mechanism used as a verification and authentication tool of an electronic information using electronic medias, such as computer and other electronic medias. This study seeks to answer problems concerning further regulation on electronic signature in implementing secure electronic transaction mechanism in the banking sector as well as the correlation between electronic signature with electronic certification in implementing secure electronic transaction in the banking sector as well as the role of the institution authorized to issue electronic certification in validating electronic certification in order to implement secure electronic transaction in the banking sector. This study is a normative law study by using the method of approach to legislation, the concept of the approach, and comparative approach.

Abstrak :
Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 2012 tentang Perubahan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 23 Tahun 2010 tentang Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Usaha Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara mengatur mengenai kewajiban divestasi saham pemegang izin usaha pertambangan asing, namun pada kenyataannya peraturan perundang-undangan tersebut masih memiliki ketidaklengkapan dan ketidakjelasan pengaturan, diantaranya mengenai mekanisme dan tata cara divestasi saham; prosedur penawaran; pilihan tata cara, kriteria penilaian, dan penetapan harga saham. Selain itu masih terdapat masalah, antara lain potensi sengketa dan renegosiasi KK/PKP2B sebagai akibat pengenaan kewajiban divestasi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini menganalisis secara kritis dan preskriptif mengenai: (1) peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur divestasi saham di bidang pertambangan mineral dan batubara serta analisis mengenai pembentukan dan penerapan peraturan perundang-undangan divestasi di bidang pertambangan mineral dan batubara; (2) tujuan pelaksanaan kewajiban divestasi saham di bidang pertambangan mineral dan batubara serta hambatan yang timbul dalam pencapaian tujuan divestasi saham; (3) persoalan hukum yang terjadi dan yang mungkin akan terjadi dalam pelaksanaan kewajiban divestasi saham di bidang pertambangan mineral dan batubara serta penyelesaian persoalannya dalam rangka pelaksanaan penanaman modal asing. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode penelitian yuridis-normatif. Pendekatan dalam penelitian hukum ini bersifat kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengaturan divestasi saham telah dimulai sejak Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 1967 sampai dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 serta peraturan pelaksanaannya. Pengaturan yang telah ada dan masih berlaku tersebut, belum dapat diterapkan secara implementatif karena proses dan hasil pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan memiliki beberapa kelemahan. Selanjutnya penelitian juga menunjukan hasil bahwa divestasi saham berperan antara lain dalam rangka memastikan kepatuhan perusahaan dalam pembayaran pajak, royalti, dan kewajiban tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan; serta membangun tata kelola dan pengawasan yang lebih baik. Sedangkan hambatan pelaksanaan divestasi saham antara lain hambatan modal, realisasi divestasi pemegang saham asing rendah, dan kemauan politik Pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah. Selanjutnya hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukan bahwa masih banyak persoalan divestasi saham yang ada, diantaranya mengenai potensi sengketa divestasi dan pilihan mekanisme divestasi. Penyelesaian persoalan divestasi saham tersebut dapat dilakukan antara lain melalui pembentukan dan penguatan sovereign wealth funds sebagai unit pengelola divestasi saham; pembentukan holding BUMN di bidang pertambangan mineral dan batubara; pembentukan perusahaan konsorsium; serta renegosiasi KK dan PKP2B. ......Act Number 4 of 2009 on Mineral and Coal Mining and Government Regulation Number 24 of 2012 on Revision of Government Regulation Number 23 of 2010 on Implementation of Mineral and Coal Mining Business Activity regulate share divestment of foreign mining business permit holder, however, in reality the said legislative regulations are still incomplete and vague in regulatory aspect, among others, on mechanism and procedure of share divestment; procedure of offer; choice of procedure, criteria of selection, and stipulation of share price. Moreover, there remains problems, among others are potential of dispute and KK and PKP2B renegotiation as a result of imposition of divestment obligation. Based on the above, this research is to analyze critically and prescriptively on: (1) legislative regulations which regulate share divestment in mineral and coal mining area and analysis on making and application of legislative regulations in mineral and coal mining area; (2) goal of share divestment obligation in mineral and coal mining area and obstacle that might occur in reaching the goal of share divestment; (3) legal problem that happens and that might happen in implementation of share divestment obligation in mineral and coal mining area, together with settlement of the problem in the frame of foreign investment implementation. The research method being used is normative-juridical method, and the approach in this legal research is qualitative in nature. The result of research shows that arrangement of share divestment has begun since Act Number 11 of 1967 until Act Number 4 of 2009 and their implementing regulations. The regulations that have existed and are still valid, cannot be applied because the process and result of making such legislative regulations have some weaknesses. In addition the research also shows the result that share divestment has important role among others, to make certain compliance of the company in payment of tax, royalty, and corporate social responsibility; and develop better governance and supervision. While the obstacles of share divestment, among others are capital, low realization of foreign shareholders divestment, and political will of Government and local government. Furthermore, the result of this research also shows there are still many problems of existing share divestment, among others are potential of divestment dispute and choice of divestment mechanism. Settlement for share divestment problem can be conducted, among others, through creation and reinforcement of sovereign wealth funds as share divestment management unit; creation of SOE holding in mineral and coal mining area; creation of consortium company; and renegotiation of KK and PKP2B.