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Abstrak :
Korosi pada logam menimbulkan kerugian yang tidak sedikit. Sebagai usaha untuk mencegah terjadinya korosi pada logam yang diakibatkan oksidasi dengan udara luar, maka salah satunya dapat dilakukan dengan pelapisan. Lapis listrik nikel adalah proses mendepositkan logam nikel murni ke permukaan material konduktif secara kimia dengan bantuan arus listrik searah. Nanokristalin NC material merupakan bahan yang penting pada aplikasi industri karena sifatnya yang unik terutama pada sifat mekanik, yaitu pada kekerasan dan daya lekat lapisan. Ada beberapa cara untuk mendapatkan pelapis nanokristalin pada elektrodeposisi seperti rapat arus, proses elektrodeposisi, dan penambahan zat aditif organik, salah satunya adalah sakarin. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 parameter, yaitu aditif sakarin 0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10 g/l dan agitasi udara menggunakan agitasi dan tidak menggunakan agitasi . Dari hasil penelitian diatas akan didapatkan hasil ukuran butir bisa di dapatkan dari XRD , ketebalan lapisan, kekerasan uji kekerasan Vickers , laju korosi Uji kabut garam , dan kekuatan daya lekat Heat and quech test . Larutan elektrolit yang umum digunakan dalam industri lapis listrik nikel adalah larutan nikel Watts. Temperatur operasi yang akan digunakan adalah 55 oC dengan tingkat keasaman 4.0-4.2, tingkat keasaman langsung bisa didapatkan berdasarkan formula elektrolit dari Watts bath.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dengan kenaikan jumlah sakarin dan penambah perilaku agitasi pada proses maka ukuran butir terendah didapat pada angka 35 nm dengan menggunakan sakarin sebanyak 10 g/L, kekerasan tertinggi didapat pada angka 593 HV dengan menggunakan sakarin sebanyak 10 g/L, Tingkat korosifitas terbaik didapat pada grade 8 dalam artian 0,1 dari luas area dengan menggunakan sakarin sebanyak 0, 5, dan 10 g/L, Tingkat adhesifitas terbaik didapat pada klasifikasi 5B tidak terdapat blister dengan menggunakan sakarin sebanyak 0, 5, dan 10 g/L. Semakin meningkatnya jumlah sakarin yang diberikan maka ukuran butir dan tingkat korosifitas akan semakin menurun, sedangkan kekerasan, dan adhesifitas yang akan semakin meningkat. Pemberian agitasi dalam proses akan menjadikan ukuran butir semakin menurun pula.

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Corrosion in metal causes many losses. There are efforts to prevent corrosion in metal caused by oxidation with outside air, one of which is by coating. Nickel Electroplating is a process to deposit pure nickel metal into conductive material surface chemically with assistance of direct current. Nanocrystalline NC material is an important material in industry application because its unique nature, mainly mechanical and chemical natures. There are some techniques to obtain Nanocrystalline coating in electro deposition such as current density, mode of electrodeposition, and addition of organic additive substance, one of which is saccharine. This study uses 2 parameters, namely saccharine additive 0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10 g l , and air agitation using agitation and without using agitation . From the experiment results above, we will obtain a Cristal measurement result it can be obtained from XRD , coating thickness thickness meter , hardness Vickers Hardness , corrosion rate Salt Spray Test , and Kekuatan daya lekat Heat and quech test . Electrolyte solution generally used in nickel elektroplating industry is Watts nickel solution. Operation temperature to be used is 55 oC with acidity level by 4.0 4.2. The results showed that the increase of saccharin amount and the increase of agitation behavior on the process, the lowest crystal size was obtained at 35 nm using saccharin as much as 10 g L, the highest hardness was obtained at 593 HV by using saccharin as much as 10 g L, the best corrosive level Is obtained in grade 8 in terms of 0.1 of the area by using saccharin as much as 0, 5, and 10 g L. The best adhesive level is obtained in the 5B classification no blister using saccharin of 0, 5, and 10 g L. The increasing number of saccharine given will lead to decreasing size of crystallite size and corrosivity and also will lead to the increasing hardness and adhesivity. The provision of agitation in the process to produce size of crystal will be also decreasing.

Abstrak :
[Kurangnya penguasaan teknologi pengolahan bijih mangan menjadi ferromangan merupakan salah satu penyebab tingginya impor ferromangan yang dilakukan oleh industri baja nasional. Kualitas produk ferromangan dan juga pencapaian konsumsi energi listrik yang effisien per Kg ferromangan yang dihasilkan menjadi faktor penting pengembangan teknologi ini. Jumlah batubara sebagai reduktor merupakan salah satu parameter utama kesuksesan produksi yang nantinya akan dilihat berdasarkan kualitas FeMn (Kadar Mn hingga 75%) dan seberapa besar power consumption-nya. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan proses pembuatan ferromangan dari bahan baku bijih mangan local dengan menggunakan SAF (Submerged Arc Furnace). Variabel yang akan dipakai adalah jumlah batubara sebagai reduktor, yaitu 40.33%, 47%, 53.67%, dan 60.33%. Karakterisasi produk menggunakan XRF (input dan ouput produk), XRD (Mn Ore), dan Proksimat analisis (batubara). Hasil penelitian menunjukan dengan kenaikan jumlah reduktor maka massa produk, kadar mangan, yield product, massa off gas, konsumsi energi, dan persentase fosfor dan sulfur akan meningkat pula. Jumlah produk ferromangan tertinggi didapat pada angka 9.1 kg dengan menggunakan batubara 53.67%. kadar Mn tertinggi didapat pada angka 72% dengan pemakaian batubara 53.67% dan kadar terkecil yaitu 63.12% dengan pemakaian batubara 40.33%. Off gass tertinggi pada angka 33.5 kg dengan pemakaian batubara 60.33% menunjukkan proses reduksi yang tidak optimal, dimana proses reduksi tidak berjalan sempurna. Energi yang paling tinggi di dapatkan pada berat batubara 40.33% yaitu 12.45 Kwh/Kg FeMn, sedangkan yang paling optimum dari segi energi, yaitu didapatkan pada berat batubara 47% dengan 7.56 Kwh/Kg FeMn. %P yang paling tinggi dengan pemakaian batubara 53.67% dengan hasil 0.74% fosfor. Sedangkan untuk %S yang paling tinggi dengan pemakaian batubara 16.1 Kg dengan hasil 0.9% sulfur. Batubara dengan persentase 47% merupakan yang paling optimum apabila dilihat dari aspek ekonomi, %P %S, konsumsi energi, dan kadar mangan.;Due to lack of knowledge and capability to develop new technology for reduction of ferromanganese metal, the number of imported ferromanganese are also increasing in Indonesia. This present study will carried out new perspective to produce ferromanganese metal from Indonesian local manganese ore itself to maintain the demand of ferromanganese product for local industries. The experiment will based on medium grade manganese ore from Jember, East Java ? Indonesia and using mini submerged arc furnace (SAF) as its technology to reduce manganese ore into ferromanganese metal. Influence of various number of coal as its reductor agent have been ninvestigated. The optimized parameter has been established to obtain maximum yield. The experiments with 30 kg of manganese ore, 12 kg of limestone, and various number of coal ranging from 40.33%, 47%, 53.67%, and 60.33% have been carried out. The efforts have also been made to reduce the electrical consumption and the cost of production by using coal instead of cokes. The result showed that an increase in number of reductor increases the amount of product, manganese content, yield ratio, mass of offgas, energy consumption, phosphorus and sulfur content. Biggest number of ferromanganese which can be produced is 9.1 kg with 72% manganese content inside the metal from 53.67% coal and the smallest manganese content is 63.12%Mn from 40.33% coal. Biggest number of off gasses is 33.5 kg which came from 60.33% coal and this phenomena showed that reduction process is not efficient. Highest energy consumption came from 40.33% coal which is 12.45 kwh/kg FeMn product, and the most efficient energy is produced by 53.67% coal which is 7.56 kwh/kg FeMn product. Biggest phosphorus and sulfur content came from 53.67% coal which is 0.74%P and 0.9%S. As the last result, the most optimum research has been carried out by 47% of coal.;Due to lack of knowledge and capability to develop new technology for reduction of ferromanganese metal, the number of imported ferromanganese are also increasing in Indonesia. This present study will carried out new perspective to produce ferromanganese metal from Indonesian local manganese ore itself to maintain the demand of ferromanganese product for local industries. The experiment will based on medium grade manganese ore from Jember, East Java ? Indonesia and using mini submerged arc furnace (SAF) as its technology to reduce manganese ore into ferromanganese metal. Influence of various number of coal as its reductor agent have been ninvestigated. The optimized parameter has been established to obtain maximum yield. The experiments with 30 kg of manganese ore, 12 kg of limestone, and various number of coal ranging from 40.33%, 47%, 53.67%, and 60.33% have been carried out. The efforts have also been made to reduce the electrical consumption and the cost of production by using coal instead of cokes. The result showed that an increase in number of reductor increases the amount of product, manganese content, yield ratio, mass of offgas, energy consumption, phosphorus and sulfur content. Biggest number of ferromanganese which can be produced is 9.1 kg with 72% manganese content inside the metal from 53.67% coal and the smallest manganese content is 63.12%Mn from 40.33% coal. Biggest number of off gasses is 33.5 kg which came from 60.33% coal and this phenomena showed that reduction process is not efficient. Highest energy consumption came from 40.33% coal which is 12.45 kwh/kg FeMn product, and the most efficient energy is produced by 53.67% coal which is 7.56 kwh/kg FeMn product. Biggest phosphorus and sulfur content came from 53.67% coal which is 0.74%P and 0.9%S. As the last result, the most optimum research has been carried out by 47% of coal., Due to lack of knowledge and capability to develop new technology for reduction of ferromanganese metal, the number of imported ferromanganese are also increasing in Indonesia. This present study will carried out new perspective to produce ferromanganese metal from Indonesian local manganese ore itself to maintain the demand of ferromanganese product for local industries. The experiment will based on medium grade manganese ore from Jember, East Java – Indonesia and using mini submerged arc furnace (SAF) as its technology to reduce manganese ore into ferromanganese metal. Influence of various number of coal as its reductor agent have been ninvestigated. The optimized parameter has been established to obtain maximum yield. The experiments with 30 kg of manganese ore, 12 kg of limestone, and various number of coal ranging from 40.33%, 47%, 53.67%, and 60.33% have been carried out. The efforts have also been made to reduce the electrical consumption and the cost of production by using coal instead of cokes. The result showed that an increase in number of reductor increases the amount of product, manganese content, yield ratio, mass of offgas, energy consumption, phosphorus and sulfur content. Biggest number of ferromanganese which can be produced is 9.1 kg with 72% manganese content inside the metal from 53.67% coal and the smallest manganese content is 63.12%Mn from 40.33% coal. Biggest number of off gasses is 33.5 kg which came from 60.33% coal and this phenomena showed that reduction process is not efficient. Highest energy consumption came from 40.33% coal which is 12.45 kwh/kg FeMn product, and the most efficient energy is produced by 53.67% coal which is 7.56 kwh/kg FeMn product. Biggest phosphorus and sulfur content came from 53.67% coal which is 0.74%P and 0.9%S. As the last result, the most optimum research has been carried out by 47% of coal.]