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"Sektor hilir migas memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap emisi CO2, khususnya dari steam methane reforming (SMR), yang menghasilkan 4,33 tCO2e/kbbl minyak mentah yang diolah. Studi ini menyelidiki kelayakan teknis dan ekonomis pemanfaatan CO2 dari tail gas SMR untuk memproduksi metanol. Simulasi proses dilakukan menggunakan Aspen HYSYS v14, memodelkan proses sintesis metanol melalui hidrogenasi CO2 dengan hidrogen (H2) yang bersumber dari Naphtha Reforming Unit. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan yield metanol optimal sebesar 81,16% pada suhu 235°C dan tekanan 50 bar, menghasilkan 70 ton/jam (612 KTA) metanol dengan kemurnian 99,85% berat. Analisis ekonomi menunjukkan IRR sebesar 8,04%, NPV sebesar -26,5 juta USD, dan pay-out time (POT) selama 22 tahun, yang menunjukkan bahwa proyek tersebut belum layak secara ekonomis dalam kondisi saat ini. Analisis sensitivitas menghasilkan bahwa harga jual metanol dan kapasitas produksi merupakan faktor paling penting yang memengaruhi kelayakan proyek. Peningkatan harga metanol atau kapasitas produksi sebesar 20% dapat meningkatkan IRR secara signifikan di atas tingkat ambang batas sebesar 10,83%. Studi ini memberikan wawasan tentang potensi pemanfaatan CO2 untuk produksi metanol, yang berkontribusi pada pengurangan emisi dan diversifikasi produk di kilang. Optimalisasi lebih lanjut terhadap biaya bahan baku dan integrasi dengan produk hilir seperti MTBE dapat meningkatkan kelayakan ekonomi.

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The downstream oil and gas sector contributes significantly to CO2 emissions, particularly from steam methane reforming (SMR), which produces 4,33 tCO2e/kbbl of crude oil processed. This study investigates the technical and economic feasibility of utilizing CO2 from SMR tail gas to produce methanol. The process simulation was conducted using Aspen HYSYS v12, modelling the methanol synthesis process through the hydrogenation of CO2 with hydrogen (H2) sourced from the Naphtha Reforming Unit. Results from the simulation indicate an optimal methanol yield of 81,16% at 235°C and 50 bar, producing 70 tons/hour (612 KTA) of methanol with a purity of 99,85% wt. The economic analysis reveals an IRR of 8,04%, an NPV of -26,5 million USD, and a pay-out time (POT) of 22 years, showing that the project is not yet economically feasible under current conditions. Sensitivity analysis highlights that methanol selling price and production capacity are the most critical factors impacting the project's viability, where a 20% increase in methanol price or production capacity could significantly improve IRR above the hurdle rate of 10,83%. This study provides insight into the potential of CO2 utilization for methanol production, contributing to emission reduction and product diversification in refineries. Further optimization of feedstock costs and integration with downstream products like MTBE could enhance economic feasibility."

"Methods in Chemical Process Safety, Volume Two, the latest release in a serial that publishes fully commissioned methods papers across the field of process safety, risk assessment, and management and loss prevention, aims to provide informative, visual and current content that appeals to both researchers and practitioners in process safety. This new release contains unique chapters on offshore safety, offshore platform safety, human factors in offshore operation, marine safety, safety during well drilling and operation, safety during processing (top side), safety during transportation of natural resources (offshore pipeline), and regulatory contextHelps acquaint the reader/researcher with the fundamentals of process safetyProvides the most recent advancements and contributions on the topic from a practical point-of-viewPresents users with the views/opinions of experts in each topicIncludes a selection of the author(s) of each chapter from among the leading researchers and/or practitioners for each given topic"