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"Agency -- Sale of goods and services -- International trade and sales -- Tortious liability for defective products -- Unfair commercial practices -- Banking and finance law -- Consumer credit."

"The law of commercial remedies raises a number of important doctrinal, theoretical and practical controversies which deserve sustained and rigorous examination. This volume explores such controversies and suggests solutions, which is essential to ensure that the law is defensible, clear and just. With contributions from twenty-three leading academic and practitioner experts, this book addresses significant issues in the law which, taken together, range across the entire remedial jurisdiction as it applies to commercial disputes. The book primarily focuses on the resolution of controversies in the English law of commercial remedies, but recent developments elsewhere are also considered, especially in other common law jurisdictions. The result provides remarkably comprehensive coverage of the field which will be of relevance to academics, students, judges and practitioners."

"This dissertation describes the synergy use of remote sensing data from multi-temporal and multi sensor (optical and radar) for improving our understanding of the land-cover structural phenomena. A tropical country like Indonesia has a high cloud coverage throughout the year with a maximum during the rainy season, and hence the availability of cloud-free optical images is minimal. To solve this problem, radar images have been intensively introduced. The radar images are cloud-free but their use is hampered due to their speckle noise and topographic distortions, and the lack of a suitable radar image classification system. In many cases, the use of optical or radar image alone is not sufficient. Therefore, the main objectives of this research are: (i) to develop a framework for multi date and multi sensor (optical and radar) image classification; (ii) to solve the cloud cover problem in optical images; and (iii) to obtain a more consistent image classification using multi date and multi sensor images. We have proposed a framework for multi date and multi sensor image classification based on a uniform image classification scheme. The term uniform means that the same procedure can be used to classify optical or radar images, low-level mosaic or fused images, single or multiple feature images. To be able to conduct a multi temporal and multi sensor analysis, we have unified the optical and radar image classification procedure after finding that both optical and radar images consist of homogeneous and textured regions. A region is considered as homogeneous if the local variance of gray level distribution is relatively low, and a region is considered as textured if the local variance is high. We used a multivariate Gaussian distribution to model the homogeneous part and a multinomial distribution to model the gray level co-occurrences of the textured part, and applied a multiple classifier system to improve the classification accuracy. The main advantages of the uniform classification scheme are as follow. First, we can tune the homogeneous-textured threshold value parameter in order to obtain an optimal result by allowing the classifier working as a single (conventional) or multiple classifier system. The classifier can have a better or at least the same classification accuracy as the conventional one. Second, we can use either single-band or multi-band input images. This will make it possible to classify a. radar image based on multi-model texture feature images or to classify multi spectral optical images. Third, we can use the same procedure to classify any input images. Compared to the conventional classifiers, the multiple classifier system can improve the classification result from 0% to 20% for radar images and from 0% to 2% for optical images. The proposed framework incorporates the image mosaicking and data fusion at the low-level stage (before the classification process) as well as at the high-level stage (after the classification process). For cloud cover removal, the image mosaicking at the low-level stage is usually done using multi temporal optical images, whereas mosaicking at the high-level stage is applied to the classified optical and radar images. To be able to obtain a cloud-free image, we have modified the existing Soofi and Smith algorithm which is using multi temporal optical images to an algorithm using multi sensor images. In the high-level data fusion, we have also been able to incorporate a mechanism for cloud cover removal by omitting the information from the optical sensor and using only the information from the radar sensor. According to a case study in our experiment, the cloud cover removal and image classification using the low-level image mosaicking, the high-level image mosaicking, and the high-level data fusion gave 80.2%, 76.2%, and 80.5% classification accuracy, respectively. The high-level data fusion combines the decisions from several input images to obtain a consensus of classified image. We have applied both the maximum joint posterior probability and the highest rank method for the decision combination functions. We have utilized two existing data fusion methods and have proposed an alternative data fusion method based on the compound conditional risk. According to the experimental results, the decision combination function based on the maximum joint posterior probability favors the optical feature image, while the highest rank method favors the radar feature image. The preference of using the maximum joint posterior probability results in the domination of optical features in the fusion result, and the classification accuracy of the fused image can be better 8.5% in average than the individual radar classified image."

"In this paper, the problem of natural convective heat transfer of kerosene-cobalt nanofluid inside a quarter circular enclosure in the presence of oriented magnetic field has been studied numerically using two-component non-homogeneous model. The round wall of the enclosure is maintained at constant low temperature; the left vertical wall is adiabatic whereas the bottom wall is considered as heated uniformly and non-uniformly. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are incorporated into the nanofluid model. The Galerkin weighted residual finite element method has been employed to solve the governing partial differential equations after converting them into a non-dimensional form using a suitable transformation of variables. Comparison with previously published work is performed and excellent agreement is obtained. The effects of various model parameters such as Hartmann number, Rayleigh number and magnetic field inclination angle on the streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentrations have been displayed graphically for both uniformly as well as non-uniformly heated bottom wall. In addition, the heat transfer augmentation for various model parameters as well as various thermal boundary conditions have been done in light of the average Nusselt number from the bottom heated wall. The obtained numerical results show that the average Nusselt number is an increasing function of the Rayleigh number, while it is a decreasing function of the Hartmann number."

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Kegagalan sistem perpipaan pada industri minyak bumi dan gas merupakan kondisi yang sangat dihindari dan diantisipasi karena kerugian yang dihasilkan dapat mencapai sangat tinggi. Salah satu penyebab yang mengakibatkan kegagalan sistem perpipaan adalah korosi internal. Korosi internal ini disebabkan oleh kandungan karbon dioksida dan zat-zat yang korosif di dalam minyak bumi dan gas. Untuk mengantisipasi kegagalan yang dapat terjadi, dibutuhkan sistem inspeksi yang optimal sehingga tidak hanya dapat mencegah terjadinya korosi yang mengakibatkan kegagalan sistem perpipaan namun juga overbudgetting akibat inspeksi yang terlalu sering. Risk Based Inspection (RBI) merupakan salah satu metode untuk menentukan sistem inspeksi secara optimal dengan menggunakan pendekatan risiko. Dalam pendekatan penghitungan risiko, simulasi monte carlo dapat digunakan untuk mendekati nilai risiko aktual pada kondisi lapangan dengan jumlah sampel yang sedikit. Dalam simulasi monte carlo ini digunakan dua jenis fungsi laju korosi yang sesuai dengan ASTM G-16 95. Dengan membandingkan jenis fungsi laju korosi linier yang umumnya digunakan dalam penghitungan laju korosi di lapangan dengan fungsi laju korosi non-linier akan menghasilkan pendekatan nilai risiko yang lebih akurat. Dengan pendekatan nilai risiko yang lebih akurat, sistem inspeksi yang dihasilkan dalam akan lebih optimal.

 

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Failures in oil and gas piping system are a condition which may occur and resulting in high amount of loses. One of the main causes on pipeline system failure is Internal corrosion. This internal corrosion is occurred due to high content of carbon dioxide gasses and other corrosive substances inside crude oil and natural gasses. Therefore, an optimum inspection scheduling system will be needed not only to intercept the probability of pipeline failures caused by corrosion but also to prevent overbudgeting on excessive inspection scheduling. For this purpose, Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) is used based on API RP 581 document as a standard procedure of analysis. Also, in this paper Monte Carlo simulation will be applied using stochastic iteration to approximate the actual risk value of the pipeline system with limited amount of sample on site. In addition, the non-linear corrosion rate function is used as a comparison to the commonly used linear corrosion rate function based on the ASTM G-16 95 document. The results show non-linear corrosion rate function will generate more accurate approach on approximating the actual risk value and eventually resulting in more efficient inspection scheduling system during the lifetime of the pipe system.

 

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"Di industri minyak bumi dan gas, pipa merupakan komponen utama yang ada dalam industri tersebut. Karena pipa merupakan komponen utama, maka pipa tersebut harus mendapatkan perhatian lebih dikarenakan kegagalan dalam sistem perpipaan, khususnya dalam industri minyak bumi dan gas, menjadi permasalahan yang sangat serius karena menimbulkan kerugian yang cukup besar. Salah satu cara untuk meminimalisir kegagalan tersebut adalah melalui inspeksi berbasis risiko. Dalam inspeksi berbasis risiko, digunakan simulasi Monte Carlo untuk mengetahui probabilitas komponen mengalami kegagalan. Pada umumnya, simulasi Monte Carlo menggunakan distribusi Normal dalam penentuan Random Variabel Generator. Namun, terdapat kemungkinan data yang dihasilkan adalah Bias, yaitu terdapat error sampling sehingga data tersebut menjadi kurang akurat dikarenakan nilai hasil dari distribusi Normal dapat bernilai negatif. Pada distribusi Normal, dihasilkan data yang sifatnya overestimation data. Maka dari itu, dibutuhkan metode lain untuk penentuan Random Variabel dimana data yang dihasilkan tidaklah bias sehingga akurasi hasil dari Inspeksi Berbasis Risiko meningkat. Metode Weibull dapat mengurangi biased data yang dihasilkan dari distribusi Normal.

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Pipes are the main component in the oil and gas industries, and it needs a serious attention due to the high risk of the piping system failure. The failure of the piping system leads to a very serious consequence since it caused huge material losses, and the Risk-Based Inspection can minimize the failure. Risk-Based Inspection using the Monte Carlo Simulation for calculating the failure probabilities of the component.

In general, Normal distribution is used in Monte carlo simulation for Random Variable Generator. However, it is possible that the generated data is called Bias, i.e. there is an error sampling, so the resulting data becomes inaccurate. In the Normal distribution, the result of the data produce an overestimation data because the result of the data can be negative on the corrosion rate. Therefore, we need another method for determining Random Variables where the generate data is not biased so the accuracy of the results of the Risk-Based Inspection increases, and the Weibull method can reduce the biased data generated from the Normal distribution."

"Tekanan publik Ameriika terutama kalangan LSM dan kelompok konsumen akibat tuduhan pelanggaran HAM terutama eksploitasi buruh sejak tahun 90-an membuat banyak perusahaan multinational termasuk Gap membuat barikade melalui pelaksanaan Code of Conduct. Code of Conduct adalah satu set aturan dan etika bisnis yang memuat aspek-aspek dasar hak asasi manusia khususnya dalam bidang perburuhan seperti yang harus diikuti oleh setiap vendor, pabrik, atau subkontraktor sebagai prasyarat untuk melakukan transaksi bisnis. Isi Code of Conduct terdiri dari penghormatan terhadap hukum setempat, pembatasan jam kerja, larangan penggunaaan buruh paksa dan buruh anak, kebebasan berserikat, pembayaran upah minimum, kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja, kebijakan non-diskriminasi. Banyak pihak yang melihat bahwa Code of Conduct merupakan bagian dari startegi kehumasan semata. Oleh karena itu tujuan penelitian yang menggunakan metode studi kasus ini adalah untuk melihat pelaksanaan Code of Conduct sebagai upaya public relations dalam menghadapi tekanan dari publik terutama dari kalangan LSM seperti aktivis HAM, gerakan buruh, konsumen, pelajar dan mahasiswa. Masalah yang diidentifikasi dalam thesis ini adalah kegiatan public relations melalui penerapan Code of Conduct termasuk bagaimana perusahaan Gap sebagai suatu institusi bisnis melakukan aktivitas HAM perburuhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sebagai insitusi bisnis ternyata menunjukan bahwa Code of Conduct bukan semata-mata berfungsi sebagai alat PR, namun lebih jauh telah dilaksanakan secara sungguh-sungguh yang diperlihatkan dengan kerjasama berbagai LSM dan pemutusan hubungan bisnis dengan partner bisnisnya yang melakukan pelanggaran isi dari Code of Conduct.Many multinational company like Gap, due to growing pressure from American public particularly from non-government organizations and consumer group on human rights violations has created their own Code of Conduct. This voluntary business ethic comprised of a set of rule of basic labor rights as a compulsory measurements for each business partner e.g. vendors, factories, and subcontractors, as a condition to engage business transaction with Gap. Code of Conduct covers a full compliance with the laws of their respective countries, stipulating among others limitation of working hours, the prohibition of forced and child labor, minimum wage, workers health and safety, non-discriminatory policy, etc. Outside parties such as NGO's tend to see that this constitutes of public relations spin, hence the purpose of this research which using case study is to identify the implementation of Code of Conduct under the pressure from labor and human rights movement. Key issues in this thesis is to investigate whether or not there was a deliberate attempts to use the Code of Conduct as public relations gimmick amid a business environment. The research result revealed that COC is not merely a public relations tool as there were many actual engagement with various non-government organizations and the termination of business relationships with its business partners due to Code of Conduct violations."