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"Background: One of the major challenges in developing an antifungal against Candida albicans as a therapeutic strategy for oral candidiasis is its resistance towards antimicrobial agents. Currently, medicinal plants are continuously being developed as a therapeutic agent, including Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.), an Indonesian plant widely used as a traditional medicine. Its main active compound, xanthorrhizol, as well as the Javanese turmeric Ethanol Extract (EET) had been reported to have antifungal properties. However, extract quality as well as cultivation site of a medicinal plant may affect its’ effectivity as a therapeutic agent. Objective: To analyze the influence of Javanese turmeric cultivation site against its’ ethanolic extract effectivity in inhibiting C. albicans biofilms. Methods: 2 Javanese turmeric ethanolic extract were collected from different cultivation sites, which were Bogor, West Java and Malang, East Java. The extracts were tested for inhibitory activity against C. albicans biofilm using OD600, TPC, and MTT assay measurements. Results: There were concentration differences of xanthorrhizol content in between the two extracts. Despite so, both extracts showed insignificant MBIC50 differences at roughly 0,10 µg/mL, while their MBIC90 were measured to be constant at all biofilm development phases, at 0,30 µg/mL. Conclusion: The different cultivation site of Javanese turmeric in Java island does not influence the effectivity of JtET in inhibiting C. albicans biofilm.

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Background: One of the major challenges in developing an antifungal against Candida albicans as a therapeutic strategy for oral candidiasis, an opportunistic oral fungal infection, is its resistance towards antimicrobial agents. Currently, medicinal plants are being developed as a therapeutic agent, including Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.), an Indonesian plant widely used as a traditional medicine. Its main active compound, xanthorrhizol, is known to have antifungal properties. However, extract quality as well as cultivation site of a medicinal plant may affect its’ effectivity as a therapeutic agent. Up until now, there hasn’t been any datas that explain how these factors affect Javanese turmeric ethanolic extract as a C. albicans strategy. Objective: To analyze the effect of Javanese turmeric cultivation site against its’ ethanolic extract ability to inhibit C. albicans biofilms. Methods: 2 Javanese turmeric ethanolic extract were collected from different cultivation sites, which were Bogor, West Java and Malang, East Java. The extracts were tested for inhibitory activity against C. albicans biofilm using OD600, TPC, and MTT assay measurements. Results: There were concentration differences of xanthorrhizol between the extracts. Despite so, both extracts’ MBIC50 differences were insignificant at roughly 0,10 µg/mL, while their MBIC90 were measured to be constant at all biofilm development phases, at 0,30 µg/mL. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the MBICs of both extracts against C. albicans biofilm. More research needs to be done to confirm the role of other factors such as storage time on their MBIC."

"Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan kondisi malnutrisi yang terjadi pada 1000 hari pertama sejak kosepsi, dengan gejala klinis spesifik berupa tinggi tubuh lebih rendah dari normal. Tidak hanya menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan fisik, dampak stunting juga dapat meliputi penurunan fungsi kognitif, motorik, serta hambatan perkembangan bahasa penderita. Prevalensi stunting di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia tergolong tinggi. Telah dilaporkan adanya penurunan kadar IGF-1 dan perkembangan kognitif pada anak stunting. Salah satu peran IGF-1 adalah dalam neurogenesis dan synaptogenesis. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi secara sistematis berbagai literatur bagaimana hubungan antara kadar/ekspresi IGF-1 dengan perkembangan kognitif anak stunting. Metode: Pencarian literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman alur Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) pada tiga electronic database. Penilaian kualitas literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan QUADAS-2. Hasil: Delapan jurnal memenuhi syarat tahap seleksi artikel sesuai metode PRISMA. Jurnal-jurnal tersebut diterbitkan pada tahun 2012-2020. Di antara kedelapan jurnal tersebut, terdapat tiga jurnal yang membahas tentang hubungan IGF-1 dengan stunting, dua jurnal yang membahas hubungan IGF-1 dengan perkembangan kognitif, sementara tiga jurnal lainnya membahas hubungan stunting dengan kognitif. Kesimpulan: Ekspresi IGF-1 yang rendah berkaitan dengan kejadian stunting. Kondisi stunting dan IGF-1 juga berkaitan erat dengan penurunan kapasitas kognitif. Namun untuk diagnosis hambatan kognitif pada anak stunting berdasarkan konsentrasi IGF-1 perlu penelaahan lebih lanjut. 

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Background: Stunting is a condition of malnutrition which occurs during the first 1000 days since conception and has specific clinical sign as a significantly reduced height. Not only it results in disturbed physical growth, stunting could also lead to a decrease in cognitive function, motor function, and language development. The prevalence of stunting in developing countries such as Indonesia is high. It had been reported that there were decreased IGF-1 level and cognitive capacity in stunted children. IGF-1 is known to have role in synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. 

Objectives: To systematically evaluate the various literatures for analyzing the relationship between the level of IGF-1 and the inhibited cognitive capacity in stunted children. 

Methods: Literature researches using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines through three electronic databases, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Quality assessment of bias was examined using QUADAS-2 tool. 

Results: A literature search identified eight eligible journals which were published in 2012-2020. The three journals discuss the relationship of IGF-1 with stunting, two journals discuss the relationship of IGF-1 with cognitive while the other three journals discuss the relationship of stunting with cognitive.

Conclusion: Low IGF-1 expression is associated with stunting. Stunting conditions and IGF-1 are also closely related to cognitive impairment in children. However, whether the cognitive impairment in stunted children were solely due to the IGF-1 decline, needs to be re-confirmed."

"Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan spesies dari famili Zingiberaceae yang berasal dari Pulau Jawa, Indonesia. Temulawak tergolong salah satu agen terapeutik sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan obat herbal. Tempat asal tumbuh tanaman herbal dapat menyebabkan perbedaan kandungan tanaman yang kemudian dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik ekstrak yang dihasilkan. Cara penyimpanan ekstrak, baik tempat maupun durasinya berpotensi mempengaruhi karakteristik ekstrak tersebut. Tujuan penelitian: Menganalisis pengaruh tempat tumbuh tanaman dan durasi penyimpanan ekstrak terhadap karakteristik fisik dan kimia ekstrak etanol temulawak. Metode; Pada ekstrak etanol temulawak dari dua produsen ekstrak di provinsi berbeda (dari Jawa Barat BALITTRO, dan dari Jawa Tengah, Materia Medica) dilakukan serangkaian pemeriksaan fisik dan kimia. Pemeriksaan fisik meliputi karakteristik organoleptik yaitu observasi warna, homogenitas, rasa, aroma dan pH. Pemeriksasan kimia meliputi uji kandungan senyawa ekstrak dan zat aktifnya (xanthorrhizol) dengan metode gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pengujian dilakukan setelah ekstrak disimpan selama 1 bulan dan 2 bulan pada suhu 4° celcius. Hasil: Observasi organoleptic menunjukkan bahwa kedua ekstrak memiiki warna coklat kekuningan, rasa pahit, homogen dan aroma jamu. Setelah disimpan 1 bulan kadar xanthorrhizol dalam ekstrak dari BALITTRO adalah 55.94% dengan pH 7.30, dan dalam ekstrak dari Materia Medica adalah 57,72% dengan pH 6,75. Setelah disimpan 2 bulan tidak terjadi perubahan fisik namun terjadi penurunan kadar xanthorrhizol menjadi 36,62% dan 27,62% serta penurunan pH menjadi 7,05 dan 5,78 pada ekstrak dari BALITTRO dan dari Materia Medica. Kesimpulan; Perbedaan tempat tumbuh dan durasi penyimpanan ekstrak mempengaruhi pH, kuantitas kandungan xanthorrhizol dalam ekstrak etanol temulawak, serta perubahan pH dan kandungan zat aktif xanthorrhizol.

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Curcuma (xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a species of the Zingiberaceae family native to Java, Indonesia. Temulawak is classified as one of the therapeutic agents so that it can be used as an herbal medicine. The cultivation environment and condition of the plant can cause differences in plant content which can then affect the characteristics of the resulting extract. Duration and condition during the storage of the extract has the potential to affect the stability of physical and chemical characteristics of the extract.

Research objectives: To analyze the influence of cultivation environment of the plant and duration of storage of extracts on the physical and chemical characteristics of temulawak ethanol extract.

Methods ; Temulawak ethanol extracts from two extract producers in different provinces (from West Java BALITTRO, and from Central Java, Materia Medica) were observed for a series of physical and chemical examinations. Physical examination includes organoleptic characteristics, namely observation of color, homogeneity, taste, aroma and pH. Chemical examinations include testing the content of extract compounds and their active substances (xanthorrhizol) by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The test was carried out after the extract was stored for 1 month and 2 months at a temperature of 4° Celsius.

Results: Organoleptic observations showed that both extracts from different cultivation environment had a yellowish brown color, bitter taste, homogen and herbal aroma. After being stored for 1 month, the xanthorrhizol content in the extract from BALITTRO was 55.94% with a pH of 7.30, and in the extract from Materia Medica was 57.72% with a pH of 6.75. After being stored for 2 months, there was no physical change but there was a decrease in xanthorrhizol levels to 36.62% and 27.62% and a decrease in pH to 7.05 and 5.78 in the extracts from BALITTRO and from Materia Medica.

Conclusion; Differences in the place of growth and duration of storage of the extract affect the pH, quantity of xanthorrhizol content in the ethanol extract of temulawak, and the changes of pH and xanthorrhizol content in the extract."

"Latar belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) yang mengandung zat aktif xanthorrhizol adalah salah satu tanaman herbal asli Indonesia yang memiliki efek anti candida albicans. Keamanan dan kualitas tanaman herbal dipengaruhi oleh kemampuannya mempertahankan karakteristik fisik, kimia serta biologisnya. Karakteristik biologis ekstrak etanol temulawak dapat diamati dengan pengujian kontaminasi mikroba. Tujuan: Menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh lingkungan tumbuh tanaman terhadap karakteristik biologis ekstrak etanol temulawak (EET). Metode: Ekstrak etanol temulawak yang berasal dari dua sumber yaitu Balitro Jawa Barat dan Materia Medica Jawa Timur disimpan selama 1 bulan dan 2 bulan pada suhu 4⁰C. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengenceran pada EET dengan metode serial dilution dan ditumbuhkan pada medium Plate Count Agar (PCA) kemudian dilakukan triplo. Media agar yang telah diberikan perlakuan berupa pemberian EET diinkubasi selama 48 jam pada suhu 37⁰C. Perhitungan jumlah koloni pada setiap agar dilakukan secara manual dan kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam rumus perhitungan koloni sehingga didapatkan satuan CFU/mL. Perbedaan jumlah koloni C. albicans yang dipapar EET dari sumber yang berbeda dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Ekstrak etanol temulawak yang berasal dari Balitro steril dan sepenuhnya tidak mengalami kontaminasi mikroba sedangkan ekstrak etanol temulawak yang berasal dari materia medica mengalami kontaminasi minimal yaitu sebesar 3 x 101 CFU/ml dan 2 x 102 CFU/ml setelah penyimpanan 1 bulan serta sebesar 3 x 101 CFU/ml setelah penyimpanan 2 bulan. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan jumlah koloni C. albicans yang dipapar EET dari dua sumber berbeda (p ≥ 0,05). Kesimpulan: Perbedaan lingkungan tumbuh tanaman temulawak tidak mempengaruhi karakteristik biologis EET.

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Background: One of the original Indonesian herbal plants is Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) which contains the active substance xanthorrhizol and has an anti-candida albicans effect. The safety and quality of herbal plants are influenced by their ability to maintain their physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Biological characteristics of temulawak ethanol extract can be observed by testing for microbial contamination. Aim: To determine the effect of herbs cultivation environment on the biological characteristics of temulawak ethanol extract. Methods: Ethanol extract of temulawak from two sources, Balitro, West Java and Materia Medica, East java, were stored for 1 month and 2 months at 4⁰C temperature. Subsequently, the ethanol extract of temulawak was diluted using the serial dilution method and grown on Plate Count Agar (PCA) medium, then carried triplo. The media which had been treated in the form of temulawak ethanol extract were incubated for 48 hours at 37⁰C temperature. The colonies calculation on each agar was count manually and then entered into the colony calculation formula to obtain CFU/mL units. The difference of C. albicans colony number after being exposed to Temulawak ethanol extract from two different sources were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney statistical test. Results: Ethanol extract of temulawak from Balitro was sterile and entirely contamination free while ethanol extract of temulawak from Materia Medica had minimal contamination, specifically 3 x 101 CFU/mL and 2 x 102 CFU/mL after 1 month and 3 x 101 CFU/mL after 2 months of storage. No significant difference of C. albicans colony number after being exposed to the two Temulawak ethanol extract derived from different source (p ≥ 0,05). Conclusion: Different cultivation environment of the Temulawak plant does not significantly affect the biological characteristic of Temulawak ethanol extract."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi Stunting di Indonesia masih lebih tinggi dari yang ditetapkan oleh WHO. Stunting menyebabkan defisit pertumbuhan fisik anak untuk usianya, serta defisit kinerja kognitif dan akademik jangka pendek maupun jangka Panjang. Telah dilaporkan adanya hubungan antara kondisi stunting dengan penurunan kadar IGF-1, serta hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan perkembangan kognitif. Pengukuran kadar IGF-1 yang dikaitkan dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan lazim dilakukan pada IGF-1 darah. Diketahui bahwa saliva mengandung biomarker yang terkandung di dalam darah, termasuk IGF-1, dalam kuantitas yang jauh lebih rendah. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kemampuan kognitif dan status gizi stunting pada anak-anak usia 6-8 tahun. Metode: Sampel saliva merupakan sediaan biologis tersimpan dari penelitian tahun 2019 pada populasi siswa/i sekolah dasar (SD) kelas 1-2 Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur yang telah dikelompokan berdasarkan status gizi stunting dan normal. Sampel saliva diuji menggunakan Bradford assay untuk melihat jumlah total proteinnya, setelah itu sampel diuji menggunakan ELISA kit human IGF-1 untuk melihat kadar IGF-1. Perkembangan kognitif dinilai berdasarkan skor Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini, total protein saliva anak normal 824,47 mg/ml dan pada anak stunting 879,45 mg/ml. Kadar IGF-1 saliva anak normal 7,50 ng/ml dan pada anak stunting 5,64 ng/ml. tidak berbeda bermakna. Proporsi IGF-1 terhadap total protein anak normal 1,04×10-2 dan pada anak stunting 8,96×10-3. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan proposi kadar IGF-1 saliva antara anak normal dan stunting (p>0,05), dan antara skor perkembangan kognitif anak normal 4,53 dan pada anak stunting 3,04. Korelasi antara variabel adalah sebagai berikut: korelasi positif sangat lemah antar kadar IGF-1 dengan status gizi (r=0,147), korelasi positif sangat lemah antar skor perkembangan kognitif dengan status gizi (r=0,192), tidak ada korelasi antar kadar IGF-1 dengan skor perkembangan kognitif (r=-0,034). Kesimpulan: Pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun yang kadar IGF-1 saliva dan perkembangan kognitifnya tidak berbeda bermakna dengan anak normal, masih terlihat bahwa kondisi stunting berhubungan dengan penurunan kognitif, dan bahwa penurunan kadar IGF-1 saliva dapat mengindikasikan kondisi stunting tetapi tidak berhubungan dengan penurunan perkembangan kognitifnya.

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Background: The prevalence of Stunting in Indonesia is still higher than what had been determined by WHO. In addition to a deficit in a child's stature for their age, stunting has also been associated with short- and long-term deficit in cognitive and academic performance. It had been reported that there were corelations between stunting with decreased IGF-1 level and cognitive impairment. The measurement of IGF-1 level in these studies were taken from blood. Saliva contains significantly lower concentration of biomarkers that are present in blood. Objective: Analyzing the relationship between salivary IGF-1 levels with cognitive abilities and nutritional status in stunted children aged 6-8 years. Method: Saliva were taken from stored biological specimen derived from a research in 2019 at students grades 1-2 elementary schools in Nangapanda, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara, and then grouped based on stunting and normal nutritional status. Saliva samples were tested using the Bradford assay to measure the total amount of protein, the levels of IGF-1 were tested using the human IGF-1 ELISA. The cognitive development scores were measured using Raven Colored Progressive Matrices. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Result: In this study, total protein in normal children 824,47 mg/ml and in stunted children 879,45 mg/ml. Salivary IGF-1 levels in normal children 7,50 ng/ml and in stunted children 5,64 ng/ml. Proportion Salivary IGF-1 to total protein in normal children 1,04×10-2 and in stunted children 8,96×10-3. There was no significant difference between normal and stunted children. Cognitive development scores in normal children 4,53 and in stunted children 3,04. The correlations between variables were as follows: very weak positive correlation between IGF-1 levels and nutritional status (r=0.147), very weak positive correlation between cognitive development scores and nutritional status (r = 0.192), no correlation between IGF-1 levels and cognitive development scores (r = - 0.034). Conclusion: In stunted children aged 6-8 years whose salivary IGF-1 levels and cognitive development score were not significantly different from normal children, there was still an indication that stunting was associated with cognitive decline, and that a decrease in salivary IGF-1 levels could develop stunting conditions but was not associated with decline in cognitive development."

"Latar Belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb.) yang mengandung zat aktif Xanthorrhizol merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia yang telah diketahui memiliki efek anti bakteri dan anti C. albicans. Ekstrak etanol temulawak mengandung turunan alkohol sehingga berpotensi menurunkan pH dan dapat memicu demineralisasi email. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan sediaan obat tetes mikroemulsi dengan kandungan 15% ekstrak etanol temulawak.Tujuan: Menguji adverse effect (efek yang tidak diinginkan) dari paparan obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap kekerasan mikro permukaan email gigi.Metode: 28 gigi premolar paska ekstraksi tanpa karies dan kerusakan struktural dipisahkan menjadi 4 kelompok yang akan direndam dalam Obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak , kelompok kontrol positif Obat kumur komersial tipe 1 dan Obat kumur komersial tipe 2 dan kelompok kontrol negatif Akuades. Paparan dilakukan selama 1 menit sesuai dengan kelompok bahan paparan, dibilas, lalu direndam selama 10 menit dalam akuades pada suhu 37oC yang dilakukan selama 42 siklus untuk simulasi pemakaian 2 minggu dan dilakukan 21 siklus tambahan untuk simulasi pemakaian 3 minggu. Pengukuran kekerasan mikro dilakukan dengan dengan menggunakan Shimadzu HMV-G – Micro Vickers Hardness Tester sebelum paparan, setelah simulasi pemakaian 2 minggu dan setelah simulasi pemakaian 3 minggu. Data dianalisis dengan Repeated ANOVA dan One-way ANOVA denganuji Post Hoc Tamehane T2.Hasil: Perendaman dalam Obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak selama 2 minggu dan 3 minggu menyebabkan penurunan kekerasan mikro yang berbeda bermakna dibandingkan nilai kekerasan mikro permukaan email awal (p<0,001). Pada simulasi pemakaian 3 minggu, rata-rata dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p 0.065). Kesimpulan: Penurunan kekerasan mikro permukaan email setelah paparan Obat tetes temulawak 3 kali 1 menit dalam sehari selama 3 minggu masih dalam batas aman

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Introduction: Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a native plant to the Indonesian Archipelago containing the active compound – Xanthorrhizol. Xanthorrhizol and ethanolic extract of temulawak have previously been studied to have anti-C. albicans activities. Ethanolic extract of temulawak contains alcohol derivative which have a potential to lower pH level and trigger enamel demineralisation. This study uses an oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract to examine its characteristic stability and it’s safety towards enamel surface

Objective: This study is done to analyze the effect of oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract exposure on enamel surface micro-hardness.

Method: 28 extracted premolars without caries or any other structural damages is used and grouped into different exposure groups, the of oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract, Obat kumur komersial tipe 1 (LO), and Obat kumur komersial tipe 2 (LFB) as positive control, and Distilled water as negative control. Exposure is done for 1 minute following the exposure group, then for another 10 minutes in distilled water at temperature 37oC. The cycle is done 21 times for exposure simulation of 2 weeks use and 42 times for exposure simulation of 3-weeks use. Data obtained before exposure, after simulation of 2-weeks use, and 3-weeks used are statistically analyzed with Repeated ANOVA and One-way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tamehane T2.

Result: A decrease in enamel surface microhardness following exposure to oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract for 2 weeks and 3 weeks were found with significant difference compared to baseline number (p <0,001). After 3 weeks exposure, the mean deacreased of enamel surface hardness was not found significantly diffrenct than the negative control (p 0.065).

Conclusion: exposure to oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract 3 times a day, 1 minute long for 3 weeks of exposure was still within normal limit."

"Latar belakang: Sebagai upaya pengembangan rekayasa jaringan tulang untukpenggantian kerusakan jaringan yang luas, telah dikembangkan rekayasa jaringanmaterial graft. Material rekayasa jaringan tulang harus menyerupai komposisi tulang asli,oleh karena itu saat ini scaffold berbahan dasar hidroksiapatit-gelatin banyak diteliti dandisukai penggunaannya karena bersifat biomimetik, biokompatibel, serta biodegrable.Propolis merupakan bahan alami yang diproduksi lebah yang sudah terbukti dapatmendukung dan mempercepat regenerasi tulang. Oleh karena itu, penambahan propolissebagai bahan bioaktif diharapkan dapat yang meningkatkan biokompatibilitas bonegraft. Penambahan suatu zat terhadap suatu material medis diperlukan uji keamanan danpengaruhnya, salah satu uji keamanan adalah uji sitotoksisitas terhadap sel yang mungkinberperan dalam regenerasi tulang untuk mengetahui biokompatibilitasnya. Tujuan:Membuat literature review mengenai potensi penambahan propolis dalam bone grafthidroksiapatit-gelatin serta pengaruhnya terhadap viabilitas sel punca mesenkimal(mesenchymal stem cell) dalam berbagai literatur terkait. Metode: Penyusunan literaturereview ini dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2020 dengan melakukan pencarian literaturterkait melalui 2 electronic database, yaitu PubMed dan Scopus dengan menggunakankombinasi kata kunci terkait. Penentuan literatur terpilih sesuai kriteria inklusi dilakukandengan mengikuti alur Preferred Reporting Items fot Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA) Hasil:Dari hasil penelusuran pustaka maka terpilih 10 literatur. Dualiteratur menyatakan bahwa propolis dalam konsentrasi 10% dan 20% tidak bersifatsitotoksik dan propolis 10% terbukti dapat meningkatkan adhesi dan proliferasi sel puncamesenkiman. Delapan literatur menyatakan bahwa bone graft berbahan dasarhidroksiapatit dan gelatin tidak bersifat sitotoksik. Kesimpulan: Bone grafthidroksiapatit-gelatin dan propolis tidak bersifat sitotoksik terhadap sel puncamesenkimal.

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materials using bone tissue engineering have been developed. Materials that is used in

bone tissue engineering should be similar to the original bone composition, therefore

scaffold based on hydroxyapatite-gelatin is currently widely researched and used because

it is biomemetic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. Propolis is a natural ingredient

produced by bees that has been proven accelerated bone regeneration. Therefore, it is

expected that the addition of propolis as a bioactive material is expected to increase the

biocompatibility of bone grafts. The addition of a substance to a medical material for

should go through efficacy and safety testing. One of the safety tests is the cytotoxicity

test of the material towards cells that may play a role in bone regeneration to see its

biocompatibility. Objective: A literature review on the potential of the addition of

propolis to hydroxyapatite-gelatin bone graft and its effect on the viability of

mesenchymal stem cell. Methods: The literature review was conducted in December

2020 by searching for related literature through 2 electronic databases, namely PubMed

and Scopus using a combination of keywords that match research question. The

determination of selected literature according to inclusion criteria was carried out by

following the flow of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-

Analyzes (PRISMA). Results: From the literature search results, 10 literatures were

selected. Two literatures state that 10% and 20% propolis in concentrations are not

cytotoxic. Ten percent propolis has been shown to increase adhesion and proliferation of

mesenchymal stem cells, and eight literatures state that bone grafts which are based on

hydroxyapatite-gelatin are not cytotoxic. Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite-gelatin and

propolis bone graft are not cytotoxic to mesenchymal stem cells."

"Pendahuluan: Candida albicans merupakan flora normal rongga mulut yang dapat berubah menjadi flora pathogen. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan tanaman berkhasiat obat yang mengandung Xanthorrhizol. Ekstrak etanol temulawak secara in vitro dilaporkan dapat menghambat dan mengeradikasi biofilm C. albicans sehingga dapat diformulasikan untuk dikembangkan mejadi bentuk sediaan obat tetes topikal oromukosa. Uji toksisitas merupakan salah satu uji biokompatibilitas yang penting dalam proses pengembangan obat baru. Tujuan: Menetapkan nilai LD50 dan kategori toksisitas obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak. Serta efek yang ditimbulkannya pada berat badan, aktivitas fisik, dan makroskopis organ dalan hewan uji. Metode: 15 ml (16.650 mg)/kg BB obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak diberikan pada 5 hewan uji. Selanjutnya hewan uji diamati selama 14 hari untuk observasi tanda-tanda toksisitas dan kematian hewan uji. Jika terdapat kematian minimal pada dua hewan uji, maka diberikan dosis 7,5 ml/kg berat badan. Pada akhir pengamatan, hewan uji dikorbankan untuk pemeriksaan makroskopis organ dalam hewan uji. Hasil: Tidak ditemukan kematian hewan uji hingga akhir periode observasi. Seluruh hewan uji mengalami penurunan berat badan pada hari ke 2-5, kurang aktif selama 4 hari, dan dua hewan uji mengalami diare pada hari ke 2 dan 3. Pada pemeriksaan makroskopis tidak ditemukan kelainan pada organ usus, hati, paru-paru, jantung, limpa, dan ginjal. Kesimpulan: LD50 Obat tetes etanol temulawak lebih dari 16.650 mg/kg BB dengan kategori relatif aman, tidak menimbulkan perubahan aktifitas, gejala klinis dan berat badan yang menetap serta tidak ditemukan perubahan makroskopis organ dalam hewan uji.

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Introduction: Candida albicans is a normal flora of the oral cavity which can be transformed into pathogenic flora. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) Is a medicinal plant containing Xanthorrhizol. Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract is reported to inhibit and eradicate C. albicans biofilm so that it can be formulated to be developed into oral dosage form for oromucosal drops. The toxicity test is an important biocompatibility test in the process of developing new drugs.

Objective: To determine the LD50 value and the toxicity category of oromucosal drop containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract, The effect on body weight, physical activity, and macroscopic organs in test animals.

Methods: 15 ml (16,650 mg)/kg BW of oromucosal drop containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract were given to 5 test animals. Furthermore, the test animals were observed for 14 days to observe signs of toxicity and death of the tested animals. If there is death in at least two tests, a dose of 7.5 ml/kg BW is given. At the end of the observation, the test animal was sacrificed for macroscopic examination of the organs in the test animal.

Results: There were no deaths of test animals until the end of the observation period. Test animals experienced weight loss on day 2-5, were less active for 4 days, and all tested animals experienced diarrhea on days 2 and 3. On macroscopic examination, there were no abnormalities in the intestinal organs, liver, lungs, heart, spleen, and kidneys.

Conclusion: LD50 oromucosal drop containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract more than 16.650 mg/kg BW are categorized as relatively safe, changes in activity, clinical symptoms, and body weight are not permanent, and there is no macroscopic change in the organs of the tested animals."

"Latar belakang: Celah bibir dan palatum (CLP) adalah kegagalan fusi prosesus frontonasal dan maksilaris yang menghasilkan celah yang meluas ke bibir, alveolus, dasar hidung, dan palatum keras maupun lunak. Diperlukan perawatan melalui teknik rekayasa jaringan dengan menggunakan sel stromal mesenkim yang dapat ditemukan pada dental pulp stromal cells (DPSC). Kemampuan osteogenik DPSC dapat dilihat melalui deteksi marker osteogenik seperti osteopontin (OPN). Osteopontin merupakan salah satu marker utama diferensiasi osteogenik yang diproduksi oleh osteoblas dalam proses pembentukan dan mineralisasi tulang. Pada pasien CLP diketahui perbedaan ekspresi gen yang dapat memengaruhi sintesis matriks ekstraseluler. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik melalui ekspresi marker osteopontin saat diferensiasi osteoblas pada pasien celah bibir dan palatum. Tujuan: Membandingkan kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik sel stromal pulpa gigi subjek normal dengan sel stromal pulpa gigi pasien celah bibir dan palatum melalui ekspresi gen osteopontin. Metode: Sampel RNA yang diperoleh dari kultur sel pulpa gigi subjek normal dan pasien celah bibir dan palatum diuji dengan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) dengan primer osteopontin (OPN) dan 18S sebagai housekeeping gene. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara ekspresi relatif gen OPN sel stromal pulpa gigi subjek normal dan pasien celah bibir dan palatum. Kesimpulan: Kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik sel stromal pulpa gigi pada pasien celah bibir dan palatum ekuivalen dengan sel stromal pulpa gigi pada subjek normal.

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Background: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) occurs due to the failure of fusion of the frontal and maxillary process that results in a cleft that extends to the lip, alveoli, nose floor, and hard and soft palate. One of the potentially alternative treatment for CLP cases is tissue engineering technique using Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (MSC). MSC can be found in dental pulp stromal cells (DPSC). Osteogenic ability can be seen through the detection of osteogenic markers such as osteopontin (OPN). Osteopontin is one of the main markers of osteogenic differentiation produced by osteoblast in the process of bone formation and mineralization. Osteopontin is expressed by preosteoblasts in early bone formation and mature osteoblasts at bone remodelling sites. Osteopontin expression as one of osteogenic markers in cleft lip and palate patients is unknown. This study was conducted to determine the ability of osteogenic differentiation through the expression of osteopontin in cleft lip and palate patients. Objective: To compare osteogenic differentiation ability of mesenchymal stromal cells in cleft lip and palate patients and normal subject through the expression of osteogenic marker osteopontin. Methods: RNA sample that was obtained through RNA extraction from dental pulp stromal cells of cleft and lip palate patients and normal subjects were tested with Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) using osteopontin and 18S as housekeeping gene. Results: There was no difference between the relative expression of OPN gene in DPSC from normal subject and cleft lip and palate patients. Conclusion: Osteogenic differentiation ability of dental pulp stromal cells from cleft lip and palate patients is equivalent with dental pulp stromal cells from normal subjects."

"Latar Belakang: Karies merupakan penyakit kronis infeksius yang telah tersebar luas secara global. Streptococcus mutans dianggap sebagai patogen utama yang bertanggung jawab atas perkembangannya. Karena itu, bakteri Streptococcus mutans umumnya menjadi target utama dalam pencegahan karies. Reduksi jumlah S. mutans dengan berbagai tindakan pencegahan seperti kemoprofilaksis dapat menyebabkan penurunan signifikan dari terjadinya karies gigi. Obat kumur merupakan salah satu kemoprofilaksis dengan sarana penghantaran antibakteri yang aman dan efektif. Chlorhexidine telah terbukti menjadi agen kemoprofilaktik yang efektif terhadap S. mutans. Namun, chlorhexidine juga telah dilaporkan menunjukkan banyak kekurangan dan keterbatasan dalam penggunaannya sehingga diperlukan antibakteri alternatif yang lebih aman dan efektif, salah satunya berupa obat kumur herbal. Penggunaan antibakteri berbahan alami mungkin juga dapat membantu mengontrol spesies yang resisten terhadap antibakteri sintetik. Tujuan: Systematic review ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi literatur ilmiah yang relevan untuk menganalisis perbandingan efek antibakteri obat kumur herbal dan chlorhexidine terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Metode: Penelusuran literatur dilakukan secara online hingga bulan Desember 2020 melalui tiga electronic database, yaitu PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Scopus menggunakan pedoman PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) sebagai panduan penulisan. Hasil: Penelusuran literatur mengidentifikasi sebanyak tiga studi yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2013-2017. Dari ketiganya, dua studi menunjukkan obat kumur herbal memberikan efek antibakteri yang serupa dengan chlorhexidine, dan satu studi menunjukkan obat kumur herbal memberikan efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans yang lebih efektif daripada chlorhexidine. Kesimpulan: Obat kumur herbal dapat menunjukkan efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans yang serupa atau lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan chlorhexidine.

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Background: Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease that still remains a major oral health problem worldwide. Streptococcus mutans is considered to be a major causative agent of dental caries. Thus, prevention of dental caries generally targets Streptococcus mutans. Reduction of Streptococcus mutans by various preventive measures such as chemoprophylaxis have shown a significant reduction in dental caries. Among the various antibacterial delivery systems, mouthwashes are one of the safest and effective vehicles. Chlorhexidine mouthwash has been shown to be an effective chemoprophylactic agent against Streptococcus mutans. However, it has also been reported to possess certain drawbacks and limitations in its use. This indicates a safer and more effective alternative antibacterial agent is needed, one of which is herbal mouthwash. The use of natural antibacterials may also help control species that are resistant to synthetic antibacterials. Objective: This systematic review mainly aimed to evaluate relevant scientific literature in the interest of analyzing the antibacterial effect of herbal mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash. Methods: Online literature searching was carried out until December 2020 through three electronic databases, namely PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) guidelines as a guide. Results: Three eligible studies published in 2013-2017 were identified. Among the three studies, two showed that herbal mouthwash provides an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans similar to chlorhexidine while the other one showed herbal mouthwash provides a more effective antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans in comparison to chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Herbal mouthwash may exhibit similar or superior antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans compared to chlorhexidine"