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"The last twenty years have seen an explosion in the development of information technology, to the point that people spend a major portion of waking life in online spaces. While there are enormous benefits associated with this technology, there are also risks that can affect the most vulnerable in our society but also the most confident. Cybercrime and its victims explores the social construction of violence and victimisation in online spaces and brings together scholars from many areas of inquiry, including criminology, sociology, and cultural, media, and gender studies."

"Crime is undergoing a metamorphosis. The online technological revolution has created new opportunities for a wide variety of crimes which can be perpetrated on an industrial scale, and crimes traditionally committed in an offline environment are increasingly being transitioned to an online environment. This book takes a case study-based approach to exploring the types, perpetrators and victims of cyber frauds. Topics covered include: An in-depth breakdown of the most common types of cyber fraud and scams. The victim selection techniques and perpetration strategies of fraudsters. An exploration of the impact of fraud upon victims and best practice examples of support systems for victims. Current approaches for policing, punishing and preventing cyber frauds and scams. This book argues for a greater need to understand and respond to cyber fraud and scams in a more effective and victim-centred manner. It explores the victim-blaming discourse, before moving on to examine the structures of support in place to assist victims, noting some of the interesting initiatives from around the world and the emerging strategies to counter this problem. This book is essential reading for students and researchers engaged in cyber crime, victimology and international fraud. Book jacket."

"Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis sosiodemografis terhadap risiko mengalami viktimisasi kejahatan di Indonesia dalam konteks individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi risiko seseorang untuk mengalami viktimisasi berdasarkan analisis sosiodemografis. Variabel bebas dari penelitian ini yakni usia, lokasi, status perkawinan, status pekerjaan, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan dan tingkat pendapatan. Aspek korban merupakan salahsatu indikator utama dalam mengetahui kondisi kriminalitas di Indonesia. Ketika terdapat korban kejahatan maka terdapat kejahatan. Korban kejahatan juga merupakan salah satu indikator dari rasa aman yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat. Rasa aman penting dimiliki oleh setiap individu agar dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup manusia sehingga dapat turut berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan pembangunan. Pengalaman viktimisasi dalam penelitian ini diperoleh melalui survey korban yang dilakukan oleh BPS, yakni terdapat dalam survei politik, kemanan dan ketertitiban masyarakat yang dilakukan pada tahun 2002. Unit analisis dari penelitian ini adalah individu yang memiliki usia diatas 17 tahun. Metode statistik yang digunakan adalah dengan analisis statistik deskriptif dengan tabulasi silang dan tabel frekuesi serta analisis statistik inferensia dengan teknik regresi logistik dummy variabel. Penelitian ini bersifat cross sectional. Penelitian menggunakan teknik purposive sehingga hasilnya tidak mewakili karakteristik populasinya. Penelitian juga hanya melihat pengalaman viktimisasi tanpa membedakan jenis-jenis kejahatan yang dialami oleh responden sehingga dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut.Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa secara statistik adanya pengaruh yang signifikan dari variabel jenis kelamin perempuan memiliki risiko 0,4 kali dari laki-laki , usia 25 tahun ke atas memililki risiko 0,5 kali lebih besar dari usia 17-24 tahun , responden yang tinggal di jawa memiliki risiko 4,8 kali dibanding diluar jawa, tingkat pendidikan rendah memiliki risiko yang lebih tinggi 0,6 kali dari pendidikan tinggi, dan tingkat pendapatan rendah memiliki risiko yang lebih tinggi 0,4 kali dari pendidikan rendah dikaitkan dengan risiko mengalami viktimisasi ( p<0,05) sedangkan variabel status perkawinan dan status pekerjaan tidak signifikan (p>0,05). Namun bila diinteraksikan dengan jenis kelamin, variabel status perkawinan dan status pekerjaan mengakibatkan memiliki dampak yang signifikan dalam mempengaruhi pengalaman viktimisasi pada individu. Hasil ini juga mendukung kerangka pikir Hindelang, Gotfredson dan Garofalo (Meier:1993) yaitu pendekatan teori aktivitas rutin dalam menjelaskan pengaruh variabel demografis terhadap kerentanan seseorang untuk menjadi korban kejahatan.This research is a socio-demographic analysis on individual risks of crime victimization. The research dependent-variable is risk factors for an individual to experience crime victimization. The independent variables acquired through socio-demographic analysis were age, place of residence, marital status, occupation, sex, education, and salary. Understanding crime victims was critical due to the fact that it was an aspect as well as a primary indicator in understanding criminality in Indonesia. This aspect also indicates security belongs to the society members. Such security is important for an individual to improve his quality life in order to participate in national development. Crime victims? experience in this research was obtained through victim surveys conducted by the National Beureau of Statistics (BPS) in its 2002 political, security and social order survey. The research analysis unit was individuals with minimum age of 17 years. The data was processed by a statistical method of descriptive analysis with cross tabulation and frequency table and by an inferential analysis with logistic-regression technique of dummy variable. The research was cross sectional in terms of time.

The empirical result has revealed statistically significant influence from variables of sex(B=1,5), age(B=-0,9), place of residence(B=1,5), education(-0,4) and salary (-0,7). Insignificant influence of marital status and occupation (P>0.05). When crossed with sex, however, the variables of marital status and occupation have impacted significantly on influencing individual experience in crime victimization. The result has supported Hindelang, Gotfredson and Garofalo?s(Meier:1993) routine activity theory in explaining demographic variables? influence on an invidual? susceptibility to be a crime victim. The research findings are expected to be important considerations for the government in designing public policies concerning crime and population. For security is a human right for everyone to improve his quality life in order to participate in the national developmen."

"In this evaluation of the international legal standing of the right to reparation and its practical implementation at the national level, Christine Evans outlines State responsibility and examines the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, the Articles on State Responsibility of the International Law Commission and the convergence of norms in different branches of international law, notably human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. Case studies of countries in which the United Nations has played a significant role in peace negotiations and post-conflict processes allow her to analyse to what extent transitional justice measures have promoted State responsibility for reparations, interacted with human rights mechanisms and prompted subsequent elaboration of domestic legislation and reparations policies. In conclusion, she argues for an emerging customary right for individuals to receive reparations for serious violations of human rights and a corresponding responsibility of States."