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"Penggunaan energi yang tidak terbarukan seperti minyak bumi dan batu bara secara perlahan telah membawa dunia ini ke dalam krisis energi, sehingga diperlukan upaya penghematan energi. Isu dunia mengenai penghematan energi tersebut sangat berkaitan erat dengan industri otomotif. Industri otomotif dituntut untuk menghasilkan produk dengan emisi kendaraan yang rendah dan kendaraan yang hemat bahan bakar. Material TWDI (thin wall ductile iron) yang dapat dilakukan pemrosesan lanjut menjadi TWADI (thin wall austempered ductile iron) menjadi kandidat yang paling menarik karena sifat mekanisnya yang baik serta biaya yang lebih murah jika dibandingkan dengan aluminium. Tantangan yang dihadapi pada proses pembuatan material TWDI saat ini yaitu kecenderungan terbentuknya lapisan kulit (skin effect) pada permukaan logam hasil pengecoran yang dapat menurunkan sifat mekanis.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan pengaruh penggunaan isolator berupa glasswool, kayu, dan rockwool dengan ketebalan 40 mm terhadap kecepatan pendinginan. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengujian komposisi kimia, pengamatan makro, pengamatan struktur mikro, dan pengujian tarik. Pengamatan struktur mikro dilakukan secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif, dengan bantuan program image analysis. Sedangkan analisis kecepatan pendinginan didapatkan secara kualitatif.Hasil dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa kecepatan pendinginan merupakan fungsi dari jumlah nodul, karbida, nodularitas, dan diameter rata-rata nodul. Kecepatan pendinginan tercepat hingga terlambat yaitu pada penggunaan isolator rockwool (P9M1), kayu (P8M1), dan glasswool (P6M1). Untuk ketebalan lapisan kulit rata-rata terbesar hingga terkecil yaitu P8M1 32,58 μm, P9M1 25,59 μm, dan P6M1 25,45 μm. Dari karakteristik nodul, P8M1 memiliki nodularitas tertinggi sebesar 81% lalu diikuti P6M1 sebesar 79% dan P9M1 sebesar 76%. P6M1 memiliki 1605 nodul/mm2, P9M1 1274 nodul/mm2 dan P8M1 1141 nodul/mm2. Sedangkan, diameter nodul P6M1 10,20 μm, P8M1 9,71 μm, dan P9M1 9,09 μm. Matriks yang didapatkan adalah ferit dan karbida dengan tingkat keparahan karbida tertinggi hingga terendah yaitu P9M1, P8M1, dan P6M1. Nilai kekuatan tarik P6M1 367 MPa, P9M1 329 MPa, dan P8M1 146 MPa. Sedangkan elongasi P6M1 2%, P9M1 1,1%, dan P8M1 1%. Sifat mekanis yang didapatkan masih berada di bawah nilai standar.

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Nowadays, the use of unsustainable energy such as petroleum and coal subsequently has brought us to the energy crisis. So that the effort of saving energy is crucial. World issues regarding energy savings is very closely related to the automotive industry. The automotive industry is required to produce products with lower emissions and fuel-efficient vehicles. TWDI (thin wall ductile iron) which can be processed to TWADI (thin wall austemperd ductile iron) became the best candidate due to good mechanical properties and lower cost comparing to aluminum. The challenge confronted in the process of TWDI making is the tendency of skin formation on the surface of the metal casting reduced its mechanical properties.

This research is conducted to obtain the effect of insulators utilization such as glasswool, wood, and rockwool with the thickness of 40 mm towards the cooling rate. Methods performed are chemical composition, visual observation, microstructure observation, and tensile testing. While, microstructure observation is conducted qualitatively and quantitatively using image analysis program, the analysis of the cooling rate is obtained qualitatively.

The cooling rate, from the fastest to the slowest, is rockwool (P9M1), wood (P8M1), and glasswool (P6M1). Where as, for the average skin thickness, from the biggest to the smallest, is P8M1 32.58 μm, P9M1 25.59 μm, and P6M1 25.45 μm. For nodule characteristics, P8M1 has the 81% nodularity and then followed by P6M1 with 79% and P9M1 with 76%. While, P6M1 has 1605 nodule/mm2, P9M1 and P8M1 has 1274 and 1141 nodul/mm2, respectively. While, the biggest nodule diameter is P6M1 with 10.20 μm, the next is P8M1 with 9.71 μm and then P9M1 with 9.09 μm. Ferrite and carbide is found in the matrix. The severity level of carbide, from the highest to the lowest, is P9M1, P8M1 and P6M1. From mechanical aspects, the highest ultimate tensile strength is obtained by P6M1 with 367 MPa, then followed by P9M1 with 329 MPa and P8M1 with 146 MPa. Where as, for the elongation, P6M1 is 2%, P9M1 is 1.1% and P8M1 is 1%. The mechanical properties obtained don't fulfill the standardfollowed by P6M1 with 79 and P9M1 with 76 While P6M1 has 1605 nodule mm2 P9M1 and P8M1 has 1274 and 1141 nodul mm2 respectively While the biggest nodule diameter is P6M1 with 10 20 m the next is P8M1 with 9 71 m and then P9M1 with 9 09 m Ferrite and carbide is found in the matrix The severity level of carbide from the highest to the lowest is P9M1 P8M1 and P6M1 From mechanical aspects the highest ultimate tensile strength is obtained by P6M1 with 367 MPa then followed by P9M1 with 329 MPa and P8M1 with 146 MPa Where as for the elongation P6M1 is 2 P9M1 is 1 1 and P8M1 is 1 The mechanical properties obtained don rsquo t fulfill the standard."

"[Kulit kering merupakan penyebab tersering keluhan gatal pada pasien HIV. Terapi antiretroviral pun dikaitkan dengan kulit kering, namun pemberiannya diperlukan oleh pasien HIV dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara lama terapi antiretroviral dengan derajat kekeringan kulit pada pasien HIV. Studi potong lintang dan kasus kontrol ini dilaksanakan pada Juni 2015 di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Didapatkan 97 subjek. Lama terapi antiretroviral lini dua berkorelasi positif terhadap nilai transepidermal water loss dan lama terapi antiretroviral berkorelasi negatif terhadap nilai skin capacitance. Lama terapi antiretroviral merupakan faktor risiko terhadap penurunan nilai skin capacitance.;Xerosis is the most common etiology for itch in HIV patients. Antiretroviral therapy is also associated with xerosis, but this drug is needed to be given in a long course. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to determine the association between duration of antiretroviral therapy and degree of xerosis in HIV patients. This cross sectional and case control study was done in June 2015 in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. There were 97 subjects. Duration of second line antiretroviral therapy is positively correlated to transepidermal water loss value and duration of antiretroviral therapy is negatively correlated with skin capacitance value. The duration of antiretroviral therapy is a risk factor for the decrease of skin capacitance value. , Xerosis is the most common etiology for itch in HIV patients. Antiretroviral therapy is also associated with xerosis, but this drug is needed to be given in a long course. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to determine the association between duration of antiretroviral therapy and degree of xerosis in HIV patients. This cross sectional and case control study was done in June 2015 in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. There were 97 subjects. Duration of second line antiretroviral therapy is positively correlated to transepidermal water loss value and duration of antiretroviral therapy is negatively correlated with skin capacitance value. The duration of antiretroviral therapy is a risk factor for the decrease of skin capacitance value. ]"

"This handbook provides, in a single volume, comprehensive coverage of the relation between skin and diet and nutrition in its broadest sense. The Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin consists of sections on general aspects of skin, nutrition and diet, micronutrients, nutraceuticals, cancer and specific skin conditions. "

"This book review fulfills a real need for a single study guide for the dermatology board exam. the text focuses on presenting comprehensive information in an easy-to-understand, easy-to-remember format. Tips, tricks, short lists, and tables fill every inch of this book, a must-have for any dermatology resident. Features, acts as a concise go-to review book for the dermatology board exam hundreds of author notes pinpointing important information presented in an easy-to-read format scores of mnemonics and memory tricks to mentally organize information over 500 high-quality images placed parallel to the represented skin disorder Life after boards, essential tips on coding and documemtation."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang dan tujuan: Xerosis atau kulit kering merupakan masalahkesehatan yang sering dijumpai pada usia lanjut. Prevalensi xerosis pada usialanjut berkisar antar 30 ? 58%. Salah satu faktor yang dijumpai pada kulit keringadalah penurunan ekspresi aquaporin-3 (AQP3). Bahan herbal pegagan atauCentella asiatica ekstrak etanol dalam nanopartikel kitosan (CAEENPK) secara invitro diketahui dapat meningkatkan ekspresi AQP3 pada keratinosit yang berperandalam hidrasi kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektivitas dankeamanan krim pelembap yang mengandung Centella asiatica ekstrak etanoldalam nanopartikel kitosan 1%, Centella asiatica ekstrak etanol (CAEE) 1%, dankrim pelembap dasar pada populasi geriatri dengan kulit kering.Metode: Penelitian uji klinis acak tersamar buta ganda dilakukan pada 43 orangpenghuni panti werdha di Jakarta. Evaluasi skin capacitance (SCap), specifiedsymptom sum score (SRRC), derajat gatal, dan efek samping dilakukan pada awalterapi, minggu kedua, dan keempat. Setelah prakondisi selama satu minggu, setiapsubjek penelitian mendapatkan tiga pelembap yang berbeda secara acak pada tigalokasi di tungkai bawah.Hasil: Tidak didapatkan peningkatan nilai SCap yang berbeda bermakna antaraketiga kelompok pengobatan. Penurunan nilai SRRC setelah empat minggu tidakberbeda bermakna antara ketiga kelompok perlakuan. Derajat gatal pada minggukedua menurun pada ketiga kelompok, hingga menjadi tidak gatal pada seluruhSP (100%) setelah minggu keempat. Tidak ditemukan efek samping subjektif danobjektif pada ketiga kelompok perlakuan.Kesimpulan: Efektivitas krim pelembap yang mengandung CAEENPK 1% tidaklebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan krim pelembap yang mengandung CAEE 1%atau krim pelembap dasar, serta memiliki keamanan yang sama dalam mengatasikekeringan kulit pada populasi geriatri.Kata kunci: Centella asiatica, nanopartikel, aquaporin-3, hidrasi kulit, geriatri

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ABSTRACTBackground and objectives: Xerosis or dry skin is a common health issue foundin the elderly. The prevalence rate of xerosis in the elderly ranges between 30 -58%. One of the factors found on dry skin is decreased expression of aquaporin-3(AQP3). The herbal plant Centella asiatica ethanol extract in chitosannanoparticle (CAEENPK) has been found to increase the expression of AQP3 onkeratinocytes in vitro which plays a role in skin hydration. This study aims tocompare the effectiveness and safety of moisturizing cream containing 1%Centella asiatica ehanol extract in chitosan nanoparticle, 1% Centella asiaticaethanol extract (CAEE), and moisturizing cream base in geriatric population withdry skin.Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 43residents of a nursing home in Jakarta. The evaluation of skin capacitance (SCap),specified symptom sum score (SRRC), pruritic degree, and side effects weremeasured at baseline, week-2, and week-4 after therapy. After a week ofpreconditioning, each test subject received three different randomizedmoisturizing creams to be applied on three separate locations on the lower limbs.Results: There was no significant increase in SCap value among the threetreatment groups. The decrease in SRRC value after four weeks did not differamong the three treatment groups. The pruritic degree decreased at the secondweek of treatment in all three groups and completely diminished after the fourthweek among all the test subjects (100%). No objective and subjective side effectswere found among the three treatment groups.Conclusion: The efectiveness of moisturizing cream containing 1% CAEENPK isnot higher when compared to moisturizing cream containing 1% CAEE ormoisturizing cream base. It is also as safe in treating dry skin of geriatricpopulation;;ABSTRAKLatar belakang dan tujuan: Xerosis atau kulit kering merupakan masalahkesehatan yang sering dijumpai pada usia lanjut. Prevalensi xerosis pada usialanjut berkisar antar 30 ? 58%. Salah satu faktor yang dijumpai pada kulit keringadalah penurunan ekspresi aquaporin-3 (AQP3). Bahan herbal pegagan atauCentella asiatica ekstrak etanol dalam nanopartikel kitosan (CAEENPK) secara invitro diketahui dapat meningkatkan ekspresi AQP3 pada keratinosit yang berperandalam hidrasi kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektivitas dankeamanan krim pelembap yang mengandung Centella asiatica ekstrak etanoldalam nanopartikel kitosan 1%, Centella asiatica ekstrak etanol (CAEE) 1%, dankrim pelembap dasar pada populasi geriatri dengan kulit kering.Metode: Penelitian uji klinis acak tersamar buta ganda dilakukan pada 43 orangpenghuni panti werdha di Jakarta. Evaluasi skin capacitance (SCap), specifiedsymptom sum score (SRRC), derajat gatal, dan efek samping dilakukan pada awalterapi, minggu kedua, dan keempat. Setelah prakondisi selama satu minggu, setiapsubjek penelitian mendapatkan tiga pelembap yang berbeda secara acak pada tigalokasi di tungkai bawah.Hasil: Tidak didapatkan peningkatan nilai SCap yang berbeda bermakna antaraketiga kelompok pengobatan. Penurunan nilai SRRC setelah empat minggu tidakberbeda bermakna antara ketiga kelompok perlakuan. Derajat gatal pada minggukedua menurun pada ketiga kelompok, hingga menjadi tidak gatal pada seluruhSP (100%) setelah minggu keempat. Tidak ditemukan efek samping subjektif danobjektif pada ketiga kelompok perlakuan.Kesimpulan: Efektivitas krim pelembap yang mengandung CAEENPK 1% tidaklebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan krim pelembap yang mengandung CAEE 1%atau krim pelembap dasar, serta memiliki keamanan yang sama dalam mengatasikekeringan kulit pada populasi geriatri.Kata kunci: Centella asiatica, nanopartikel, aquaporin-3, hidrasi kulit, geriatri

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ABSTRACTBackground and objectives: Xerosis or dry skin is a common health issue foundin the elderly. The prevalence rate of xerosis in the elderly ranges between 30 -58%. One of the factors found on dry skin is decreased expression of aquaporin-3(AQP3). The herbal plant Centella asiatica ethanol extract in chitosannanoparticle (CAEENPK) has been found to increase the expression of AQP3 onkeratinocytes in vitro which plays a role in skin hydration. This study aims tocompare the effectiveness and safety of moisturizing cream containing 1%Centella asiatica ehanol extract in chitosan nanoparticle, 1% Centella asiaticaethanol extract (CAEE), and moisturizing cream base in geriatric population withdry skin.Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 43residents of a nursing home in Jakarta. The evaluation of skin capacitance (SCap),specified symptom sum score (SRRC), pruritic degree, and side effects weremeasured at baseline, week-2, and week-4 after therapy. After a week ofpreconditioning, each test subject received three different randomizedmoisturizing creams to be applied on three separate locations on the lower limbs.Results: There was no significant increase in SCap value among the threetreatment groups. The decrease in SRRC value after four weeks did not differamong the three treatment groups. The pruritic degree decreased at the secondweek of treatment in all three groups and completely diminished after the fourthweek among all the test subjects (100%). No objective and subjective side effectswere found among the three treatment groups.Conclusion: The efectiveness of moisturizing cream containing 1% CAEENPK isnot higher when compared to moisturizing cream containing 1% CAEE ormoisturizing cream base. It is also as safe in treating dry skin of geriatricpopulation.Keywords: Centella asiatica, nanoparticle, aquaporin-3, skin hydration,geriatrics"

"In this essay we present three case studies of Peru, Jamaica and Indonesia to illustrate the use of the concept of race in daily life in relation to labour, popular culture and beauty respectively. These cases demonstrate how the use of the concept of race changes in the transition from a colonial into a postcolonial setting, depending on the role of the state and nation building. In Peru, we see a clear continuation of racialized thinking; thinking and speaking in terms of ?race? is still the norm. In Jamaica we find a process of inversion: the concept of race is maintained as a frame of societal analysis, but blackness is revalidated and has become a prerequisite for national and cultural belonging. In Indonesia racialized categorizations have disappeared almost completely as "race" has become subjected to the development rhetoric, which just allows limited space for ethnic manifestations. However, discrimination on other rhetorical basis, such as non-citizenship, remains."

"Masyarakat perkotaan terutama wanita pekerja yang sedang hamil rentan terhadap paparan bahan kimia dan polusi yang dapat menyebabkan kelainan bawaan pada janinnya, salah satunya adalah penyakit Hirschsprung yang ditandai dengan feses yang menyemprot, berbau busuk, frekuensi Buang Air Besar BAB yang sering dan cair. Frekuensi BAB sering dan cair dapat menyebabkan kerusakan integritas kulit sekitar perianal. Keterlibatan perawat sangat diperlukan dalam melindungi daerah perianal dengan menggunakan barrier atau pelembab yaitu Virgin Coconut Oil atau VCO. Penggunaan VCO ini dilakukan pada anak M selama 5 hari. Terdapat hasil yang signifikan dengan menggunakan DDSIS dari skor 4 menjadi 0 terhadap berkurangnya derajat kerusakan integritas kulit setelah dilakukan pemberian VCO. Hasil penerapan penggunaan VCO ini dapat digunakan sebagai masukan bagi institusi kesehatan.

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Urban communities especially pregnant working women are vulnerable to the chemicals and pollutants exposures that can cause congenital abnormalities, one of them is Hirschsprung 39 s disease which are characterized by liquid stool, stool hose and foul odors. The high intensity of liquid stool can damage the perianal skin integrity.

The involvement of nurses is indispensable to protecting the perianal area by using VCO oil. This is performed in M children treated in 5 days. There is a significant result by using DDSIS in score 4 to 0 in reducing the damage skin integrity after VCO ussage. The result of VCO application can be used as an input for the healthcare institutions."