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"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan analisis dermatoglifi ujung jari tangan penderita epilepsi grand mal primer dan orang normal dengan metode tinta seperti yang dilakukan oleh Cummins & Midlo (1961). Hasil analisis tersebut menunjukkan pada ujung jari tangan penderita epilepsi grand mal primer, tipe pola whorl (30,33%), loop ulna (64,33%), loop radial (1,67%), dan arch (3,67%); dengan indeks Dankmeijer 12,10 dan indeks Furuhata 45,27. Pada orang normal frekuensi tipe pola whorl (40,00%), loop ulna (53,33%), loop radial (3,00%), dan arch (4,00%); dengan indeks Dankmeijer 10,00 dan indeks Furuhata 80,00. Rata-rata jumlah semua triradius pada ujung jari tangan penderita epilepsi grand mal primer 12,67; sedangkan pada orang normal 13,60. Rata-rata jumlah semua sulur pada ujung jari tangan penderita epilepsi grand mal primer 124,00; sedangkan pada orang normal 140,90. Hasil uji Chi-kuadrat terhadap frekuensi tipe pola pada ujung jari kedua tangan penderita epilepsi grand mal primer dengan orang normal menunjukkan ada perbedaan bermakna, hasil uji Mann-Whitney terhadap jumlah total triradius dan jumlah total sulur pada ujung jari tangan penderita epilepsi grand mal primer dan orang normal menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan."

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Kelainan kulit kering banyak ditemukan pada penyandang DMT2. Patogenesis kulit kering pada DMT2 dipicu oleh kondisi hiperglikemia kronik yang meningkatkan Advanced glycation end products (AGE) N(6)-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), sitokin proinflamasi dan stres oksidatif.  Kombinasi Centella asiatica  oral  (CAo) dan topikal (CAt) diduga dapat meningkatkan efektivitas tatalaksana kulit kering DMT2. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas dan keamanan kombinasi CAo + CAt dalam memperbaiki kulit kering DMT2.

 

Penelitian merupakan uji klinis acak tersamar ganda di Poliklinik Metabolik Endokrin Departemen Penyakit Dalam RSCM dan 5 puskesmas di Jakarta pada bulan Juli 2018–Maret 2019. Subjek dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu kelompok CAo + CAt, plasebo oral (Plo) + CAt, dan Plo + Plasebo topikal (Plt) masing-masing berjumlah 53 orang. Perbaikan kulit kering secara klinis diukur dengan Specified Symptom Sum Score (SRRC) dan Skin Capacitance (SCap). Perbaikan secara molekular diukur  CML, IL-1a, dan aktivitas superoksida dismutase (SOD). Keamanan kombinasi CAo + CAt dilakukan melalui penilaian efek simpang oral dan topikal.

 

Pada ketiga kelompok, median HbA1c > 7%. Glukosa darah sewaktu (GDS) kelompok CAo + CAt hari ke-15 dan 29 semakin menurun. Efektivitas kombinasi CAo + CAt dinilai melalui analisis subgrup berdasarkan nilai HbA1c dan GDS. Pada glukosa darah terkontrol baik, persentase penurunan SRRC lebih besar pada kelompok CAo + CAt vs Plo + Plt (p = 0,04). Peningkatan SCap kelompok CAo + CAt lebih besar dibandingkan Plo + Plt (p = 0,01). Pada glukosa darah terkontrol kurang baik peningkatan SOD kelompok CAo + CAt lebih besar dibandingkan Plo + Plt  (p = 0,01). Tidak terdapat korelasi antara CML, IL-1α dan SOD dengan SRRC atau SCap. Terdapat korelasi sedang sampai kuat dan arah korelasi sesuai antara CML dengan SOD (r = 0,58, p < 0,05)  dan  IL-1α dengan SOD (r = 0,70, p < 0,05) pada glukosa darah terkontrol baik. Tidak terdapat efek simpang oral dan topikal yang bermakna pada penggunaan CAo + CAt dibandingkan 2 kelompok.

 

Simpulan: Pada glukosa darah terkontrol baik, perbaikan SRRC dan SCap  kelompok CAo + CAt lebih besar dibandingkan Plo + Plt.  Pada glukosa darah terkontrol kurang baik peningkatan SOD kelompok CAo + CAt lebih besar daripada Plo + Plt. Terdapat korelasi sedang sampai kuat antara CML atau IL-1α dengan SOD pada glukosa darah terkontrol baik. Tidak terdapat efek simpang oral dan topikal yang bermakna pada kelompok CAo + CAt dibandingkan 2 kelompok.

 

Kata kunci: CML, DMT2, IL-1a, kulit kering, SCap, SOD, SRRC

 

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Dry skin is a common findings in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The pathogenesis of dry skin in T2DM rises from chronic hyperglycemic condition which causes an increase in levels of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs)  N(6)-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), pro-inflammation cytokines and oxidative stress. Combination of oral and topical Centella asiatica (CA) is expected to ameliorate dry skin in T2DM patients more effectively.

 

This study was a double blinded randomized clinical trial in T2DM patients with dry skin in outpatients clinic of Metabolic Endocrine, Internal Medicine Department, dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, and 5 primary health cares in Jakarta from July 2018 to March 2019. The subjects were divided into three groups, CA oral (CAo) + CA topical (CAt) group, oral placebo (Plo) + CAt group, and Plo + topical placebo (Plt) which included 53 subjects respectively. Dry skin improvement was evaluated clinically using Specified Symptom Sum Score (SRRC) and Skin Capacitance (SCap). The molecular improvement was evaluated using levels of CML, inflammation interleukin 1-α (IL-1α) concentration, and oxidative stress superoxide dismutase (SOD).

 

In the three groups, median of HbA1c > 7%. Random blood glucose (RBG) in CAo + CAt group in day-15 and 29 were further decreased. Effectivity of CAo + CAt combination were assessed via subgroup analysis based on HbA1c and RBG. In well controlled blood glucose, on day-29, percentage of SRRC decrement was greater in  CAo + CAt compared to control group without CA (p = 0,04). SCap value in CAo + CAt group was greater than control group (p = 0,01). In the partially controlled blood glucose, increment of SOD activity of CAo + CAt group was greater than control group (p = 0,01). There was no correlation found between CML, IL-1α and SOD with SRRC nor SCap. There were medium to strong correlation between CML with SOD (r = 0,58, p < 0,05)  and IL-1α with SOD (r = 0,70, p < 0,05)  in well controlled blood glucose. Systemic and topical adverse events were not found significantly in CAo or CAt usage compared to the other two groups.

 

Conclusion: In well controlled blood glucose, improvement of SSRC and SCap in CAo + CAt were greater than Plo + Plt.  In partially controlled blood glucose,  increment of SOD in CAo + CAt was greater than Plo + Plt.  There was moderate to strong correlation between CML or IL-1 and SOD in well controlled blood glucose. There were no significant adverse events found due to CAo + CAt compared to the other 2 group in the study.

 

Keywords: CML, diabetes mellitus, dry skin, IL-1a, SCap, SOD, SRRC

 

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"ABSTRAK

Konsumsi energi menjadi perbincangan penting pada dekade terakhir. Salah satu bentuk konsumsi energi adalah transportasi fluida dimana mempertimbangkan aspek pressure drop. Banyak peneliti berusaha untuk mengurangi pressure droo. Salah satu metodenya adalah penambahan polimer pada aliran. Biopolimer kulit tomat terduri dari wax dan cutin yang dapat digunakan sebagai edible coating. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menyelidiki pengurangan pressure drop dengan penambahan biopolimer (ekstraksi kulit tomat). Pipa bulat dengan diameter 3mm digunakan pada penelitian ini dengan variasi konsentrasi: 200, 300 dan 500 ppm. Karakteristik aliran dianalisa berdasarkan Power Law dimana karakteristik larutan non Newtonian. Hasil yang didapatkan hubungan antara nilai Reynolds dan koefisien friksi. Penurunan hambatan (Drag Reduction) yang menggunakan konsentrasi 500 ppm didapatkan sekitar 35% pada nilai Reynolds 2x104.

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ABSTRACT

Energy consumption is become the important issues on the last decade. The one of energy consumption is fluids transport which is considerate a pressure drop’s aspect. Many researchers attempt to reduce the pressure drop. One of methods is addition polymer in flowing. Tomato’s biopolymer skin contains wax and cutin which use as edible coating. The purpose of this research is investigating the reduce pressure drop with addition biopolymer (tomato’s skin extraction). Circular pipe with diameter, d = 3mm is used in this study which used various weight concentrations: 200, 300 and 500 ppm. Flow characteristic was analyzed based on power law model which is characteristic of non-Newtonian fluid. The results are shown the relationship between Reynolds number and friction coefficient. The drag reduction which used a weight concentration about 500 ppm was achieved about 30% at Reynolds number 2x104.

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"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Prediksi kedalaman rongga epidural pada pediatrik untukmenghindari komplikasi tertusuknya dura. Rumus Bosenberg 1 mm/kgbbmerupakan rumus yang sering digunakan untuk menentukan jarak kulit ke ronggaepidural (loss of resistance) pada pasien pediatrik pada ras Kaukasia. Terdapatperbedaan anatomi antara ras Asia dan Kaukasia, sehingga menimbulkanpertanyaan apakah rumus Bosenberg 1 mm/kgbb tepat digunakan untukmenentukan jarak kulit ke rongga epidural pada pasien pediatrik ras Melayu danfaktor apa saja yang berhubungan untuk menentukan kedalaman rongga epidural.Metode : Penelitian ini adalah uji Bland Altman dan analisis regresi denganpengambilan data dari rekam medis pasien pediatrik ras Melayu yang menjalanitindakan anestesia epidural pada bulan Januari 2011-Juli 2015 di RSUPN CiptoMangunkusumo. Sebanyak 67 subjek yang menjalani tindakan anestesia epidural.Data yang diolah berupa usia, berat badan, tinggi badan dan loss of resistance(LOR). Dengan menggunakan SPSS 22, dilakukan uji Bland Altman terhadapLOR aktual dan LOR yang didapat berdasarkan rumus Bosenberg. Analisisregresi linear digunakan pada variabel usia, berat badan dan tinggi badan untukmenentukan hubungan antara ketiga variabel ini terhadap LOR. Hasil : Empat belas subjek dikeluarkan dalam penelitian karena data tidaklengkap dan terdapat kriteria ekslusi pada subjek. Tersisa 53 subjek yang masukdalam penelitian ini. Uji Bland Altman menghasilkan rentang nilai limit ofagreement -4,41 sampai 3,15. Nilai ini mempunyai rentang yang cukup lebar darinilai limit of agreement yang diharapkan (-1,25 dan 1,25). Pada analisis bivariatdiperoleh korelasi sangat kuat terhadap usia (r= 0,809), berat badan (r=0,966), dantinggi badan (r=0,906). Analisis regresi linear menghasilkan tiga persamaan daritiap-tiap variabel dengan nilai R2 tertinggi adalah berat badan (92,7%) diikutitinggi badan (75,9%) dan usia (57%).Simpulan: Rumus 1 mm/kgbb tidak tepat digunakan untuk menentukan jarakkulit ke rongga epidural pada pasien pediatrik ras Melayu di RSUPN CiptoMangunkusumo. Terdapat hubungan antara usia, berat badan, dan tinggi badan terhadap jarak kulit ke rongga epidural.

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ABSTRACTBackground : Skin-epidural distance prediction on pediatric patient undergoing procedure is necessary to prevent complication. Bosenberg prediction formula of1 mm/kg of body weight is widely used in Caucasian pediatric patient. However,there is anatomical variation between Caucasian and Asian which created questionon the accuracy of Bosenberg prediction formula if used on Malayan pediatricpopulation and factors related to skin-epidural distance in these population. Methods : This study use cross-sectional design in which the data from medicalrecord was used to collect information about age, weight, height and skin-epiduraldistance from pediatric (loss of resistance) patient undergoing epidural procedure.SPSS 22 was used to perform statistical calculation on this set of data. Accuracyof Bosenberg formula was analysed using Bland-Altman test in which the skinepiduraldistance measured using loss of resistance (LOR) compared withprediction from Bosenberg formula. Linear regression analysis was used toidentify predictor variable for skin-epidural distance. Result : 67 subject was recruited for the study in which 14 was not included inanalysis because the exclusion criteria. Bland-altman test reveal limit ofagreement between -4,41 and 3.15 which is significantly larger than the expectedlimit of agreement (-1,25 to 1.25). There is strong corelation between age, weightand height to skin-epidural distance. The regression model derived from weightvariable have the strongest power to predict skin-epidural distance (Rvalue forweight, height and age based model is 92.7%, 75.9% and 57% respectively. Conclusion : The Bosenberg prediction formula of 1 mm/kg of body weight is notaccurate to predict skin-epidural distance in Malayan pediatric population. Thereis relationship between age, height, and weight to skin-epidural distance in Malayan pediatric patient. "

"The skin, the body’s largest organ, is strategically located at the interface with the external environment where it detects, integrates and responds to a diverse range of stressors, including solar radiation. It has already been established that the skin is an important peripheral neuroendocrine-immune organ that is closely networked with central regulatory systems. These capabilities contribute to the maintenance of peripheral homeostasis. Specifically, epidermal and dermal cells produce and respond to classical stress neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and hormones, production which is stimulated by ultraviolet radiation (UVR), biological factors (infectious and non-infectious) and other physical and chemical agents. Examples of local biologically active products are cytokines, biogenic amines (catecholamines, histamine, serotonin and N-acetyl-serotonin), melatonin, acetylocholine, neuropeptides including pituitary (proopiomelanocortin-derived ACTH, b-endorphin or MSH peptides, thyroid stimulating hormone) and hypothalamic (corticotropin-releasing factor and related urocortins, thyroid-releasing hormone) hormones, as well as enkephalins and dynorphins, thyroid hormones, steroids (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones, 7-δ steroids), secosteroids, opioids and endocannabinoids. The production of these molecules is hierarchical, organized along the algorithms of classical neuroendocrine axes such as the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA), hypothalamic-thyroid axis (HPT), serotoninergic, melatoninergic, catecholaminergic, cholinergic, steroid/secosteroidogenic, opioid and endocannabinoid systems. Disruptions of these axes or of communication between them may lead to skin and/or systemic diseases. These local neuroendocrine networks also serve to limit the effect of noxious environmental agents to preserve local and consequently global homeostasis. Moreover, the skin-derived factors/systems can also activate cutaneous nerve endings to alert the brain to changes in the epidermal or dermal environments, or alternatively to activate other coordinating centers by direct (spinal cord) neurotransmission without brain involvement. Furthermore, rapid and reciprocal communications between epidermal and dermal and adnexal compartments are also mediated by neurotransmission including antidromic modes of conduction. Lastly, skin cells and the skin as an organ coordinate and/or regulate not only peripheral but also global homeostasis."

"Lansia mengalami perubahan fisiologis pada sistem integumen diperparah dengan keadaan daerah perkotaan yang khas akan polusi, intensitas cahaya matahari yang tinggi dan rendahnya tingkat kelembaban. Kerusakan integritas kulit mempengaruhi kualitas hidup lansia dan dialami oleh Nenek N. Intervensi yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah kerusakan integritas kulit adalah memandikan dengan sabun pH sesuai kulit, cairan Chloroxylenol dan minyak kelapa. Hasil intervensi yang dilakukan selama 6 minggu, integritas kulit membaik dan keluhan gatal berkurang. Intervensi ini dapat dilakukan sekali sehari oleh perawat dalam mengatasi kerusakan integritas kulit pada lansia di panti.

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Elderly have physiological changes in the integument system. Urban condition such as pollution, sunlight intensity and low levels of humidity make severe. Impaired skin integrity affects the quality of elderly life experienced and also Nenek N. Interventions for impaired skin integrity are bathing with soap suitable skin pH, Chloroxylenol and coconut oil. The results of interventions conducted over 6 weeks, improves skin integrity and decreased itching complaints. Bathing once a day is nursing intervention for impaired skin integrity elderly in nursing home."