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"Proses lumpur aktif dalam suatu Instalasi Pengolahan Air limbah (IPAL) dapat menghasilkan lumpur biologis (WAS) dengan kadar air berkisar 90-99%. Pengolahan lumpur hingga pembuangannya dapat menghabiskan 60% dari total biaya operasional IPAL tersebut. Oleh karena itu, studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses chemical conditioning yang optimal untuk mengurangi kandungan kadar air lumpur, dengan membandingkan variasi dosis tawas, FeCl3, kapur, dan polielektrolit kation. Variabel optimasi termasuk kadar air, pH, volatile solid (VS), dan total solid (TS), akan digunakan sebagai analisis dalam mendapatkan hasil chemical conditioning yang optimal. Tawas dengan dosis 18 gr/L dapat menurunkan kadar air WAS dari 97,33% menjadi 77,79%. FeCl3 dengan dosis 12 gr/L dapat menurunkan kadar air WAS dari 97,33% menjadi 69,60%. Kapur dengan dosis 6,5 gr/L dapat menurunkan kadar air WAS dari 97,33% menjadi 73,23%. Polielektrolit kation dengan dosis 9 gr/L dapat menurunkan kadar air WAS dari 97,33% menjadi 57,30%. Conditioner yang paling optimal pada WAS PT. Rohm and Haas Indonesia (RHI) adalah tawas; dengan dosis optimum sebesar 10 gr/L. Peningkatan efisiensi dewatering lumpur melalui chemical conditioning yang dioptimalkan adalah sebesar 11,74%. Selanjutnya, dilakukan perhitungan biaya meliputi aspek bahan kimia, penyesuaian pH, dan timbulan lumpur. Biaya tahunan pada dosis tawas optimal adalah Rp7.434.136,-, dibandingkan biaya tahunan sebelum adanya chemical conditioning lumpur yang berkisar Rp 32.640.000,-. Penelitian chemical conditioning lebih lanjut disarankan untuk menambah parameter capillary suction time (CST) dan sppecific resistance of filtration (SRF) lumpur agar dapat mengestimasi dewaterability lumpur dengan lebih baik.

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Activated sludge process in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) can produce biological sludge (WAS) with a water content ranging from 90-99%. Sludge treatment consist of up to 60% of the total operational cost of the WWTP. It is necessary to use dewatering process to reduce the water content of sludge. The method used in this study are chemical conditioning using a range of dosage of alum, FeCl3, lime, and cationic polyelectrolyte. Optimizing parameters consist of water content, pH, temperature, volatile solids (VS), and total solids (TS). Alum dose of 18 g/L reduced WAS water content from 97.33% to 77.79%. FeCl3 dose of 12 g/L reduced WAS water content from 97.33% to 69.60%. Lime dose of 6.5 g/L reduced WAS water content from 97.33% to 73.23%. Cationic polyelectrolyte dose of 9 g/L reduced WAS water content from 97.33% to 57.30%. Alum was found to be the most conditioner for PT. Rohm and Haas Indonesia WAS with an optimum dose of 10 g/L. The efficiency increase of the optimized sludge dewatering process through chemical conditioning is 11.74%. Total cost including chemical conditioner, pH adjustment, and sludge generation. Total annual expenses is Rp7,434,136,- using sludge conditioner, compared to an annual total expenses before chemical conditioning of Rp32,640,000,-. Further research is recommended to add capillary suction time (CST) parameter as well as the specific resistance of filtration (SRF) in order to improve WAS dewaterability estimation."

"Abstract:"Emphasizing new technologies that produce clean water and energy from the wastewater treatment process, this book presents recent advancements in wastewater treatment by various technologies such as chemical methods, biochemical methods, membrane separation techniques, and nanotechnology. It addresses sustainable water reclamation, biomembrane treatment processes, advanced oxidation processes, and applications of nanotechnology for wastewater treatment. It also includes integrated cost-based design methodologies. Equations, figures, photographs and tables are included within the chapters to aid reader comprehension. Case studies and examples are included as well"-"

""The signature undertaking of the Twenty-Second Edition was clarifying the QC practices necessary to perform the methods in this manual. Section in Part 1000 were rewritten, and detailed QC sections were added in Parts 2000 through 7000. These changes are a direct and necessary result of the mandate to stay abreast of regulatory requirements and a policy intended to clarify the QC steps considered to be an integral part of each test method. Additional QC steps were added to almost half of the sections."--pref. p. iv."