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"Kebakaran merupakan bencana yang sangat merugikan dan menelan banyak korban jiwa. Salah satu alasan utama banyaknya korban jiwa pada peristiwa kebakaran adalah karena kandungan CO pada asap kebakaran dan kepekatan pada asap yang menyebabkan evakuasi sulit untuk dilakukan. Karbon aktif sebagai adsorben memiliki luas permukaan yang besar untuk menyerap gas. Proses aktivasi dilakukan dengan KOH untuk meningkatkan kemampuan adsorpsinya. Penelitian dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh massa dan ukuran karbon aktif teraktivasi KOH dalam mengadsorpsi CO dan penjernihan asap. Variasi massa dan ukuran diberikan kepada karbon aktif yang diujikan untuk mendapatkan massa dan ukuran optimum dalam mengadsorpsi CO dan penjernihan asap kebakaran.

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Fire is a disaster that may harm so many people. One of the main reason of fatalities in fire is because the high concentration of CO and optical density of the smoke that which can make the evacuation is hard to do. Activated carbon as an adsorbent has a large internal surface area to adsorb the gas. The activation process is done with KOH to increase the adsorption ability. The study was conducted to see the effect of the mass and size particle of KOH activated carbon in the adsorption of CO and smoke purification. Variations in mass and size is given to KOH activated carbon to find the optimum mass and size particle of activated carbon in the process."

"The main focus of this article was to investigate the potential of natural zeolite adsorbent for the removal of CO2 and H2S in biogas produced from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in fixed-bed column adsorption. The effects of the flowrates and dosage of the adsorbent on the CO2 adsorption were also studied. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model, while the pore size distribution was calculated according to the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) model. The morphology of the adsorbent was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX) analysis. Before and after purification, the biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector and polydimethylsiloxane as a column. Biogas from the POME, via the anaerobic digestion process, produced 89% CH4 and 11% CO2. The surface and structure of the clinoptilolite zeolites was modified by a strong acid (1M HCl), strong base (1M NaOH), and calcination at 450°C, and the surface area of the natural zeolites was reduced up to 16%. The working capability of CO2 adsorption by the modified zeolites decreased with increasing flow rates (100, 200, and 300 mL/min) of the biogas, with levels of CO2 at 106,906, 112,237, and 115,256 mg/L. The removal of the CO2 in the biogas by using adsorbent dosages of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g was 97,878, 97,404 and 93,855 mg/L, respectively. The optimum purification of the biogas occurred under the flow rate of 100 mL/min and adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g. The high working capability of the modified zeolites for the removal of CO2 in the biogas was a key factor, and the most important characteristic for the adsorbent. The results indicate that clinoptilolite zeolites are promising adsorbent materials for both the purification and upgrading of biogas."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan memurnikan enzim bromelain dari bonggol nanas Ananas comosus L. Merr. disertai pengujian kestabilannya dalam cairan lambung artifisial. Tahap pemurnian dimulai dari isolasi, fraksionasi menggunakan garam ammonium sulfat dilanjutkan dengan proses dialisis. Tiap tahap pemurnian menghasilkan peningkatan aktivitas spesifik pada fraksi enzim, mulai dari ekstrak kasar berturut-turut sebesar 0,276 U/mg; 14,591 U/mg; dan 16,05 U/mg. Tingkat kemurnian yang paling tinggi diperoleh pada hasil dialisis fraksi 3 50-80 sebesar 58,15 kali ekstrak kasarnya. Hasil uji kestabilan bromelain dalam cairan lambung artifisial melalui metode milk clotting units fraksi bromelain memiliki aktivitas proteolitik dalam menggumpalkan substrat susu. Pemaparan fraksi bromelain pada cairan lambung artifisial yang memberikan aktivitas proteolitik bromelain bonggol paling tinggi diperoleh pada volume sekitar 0,4-0,5 mL. Pemaparan berdasarkan waktu reaksi dengan cairan lambung artifisial yang mengandung pepsin menunjukkan aktivitas proteolitik yang relatif stabil pada 4 jam pertama.

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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to isolate and purify the bromelain enzyme from pineapple stem Ananas comosus L. Merr followed with test of its stability in artificial stomach juice. Purification steps start with isolation, fractionation with ammonium sulfate salt and dialysis process. Each step of purification produced an increasing specific activity in enzyme fraction, starting with crude extract, respectively 0.276 U mg 14.591 U mg and 16.05 U mg. The highest level of purity was achieved from dialyzed 3rd fraction 50 80 in the amount of 58.15 fold in comparison with crude extract. The result of bromelain stability test in artificial stomach juice by milk clotting units assay bromelain fraction have proteolytic activity in clotting milk substrate. Exposing bromelain fraction in artificial stomach juice which gave the highest stem bromelain proteolytic activity was achieved at estimated volume of 0.4 0.5 mL. Exposure in a period of reaction time to artificial stomach juice that contained pepsin showed relatively stable proteolytic activity in the first 4 hours."

"ABSTRAKSalah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh pengobatan regeneratif menggunakan sel punca adalah metode verifikasi sifat pluripotensi terhadap sel punca yang telah diperoleh. Verifikasi sifat pluripotensi dilakukan dengan menggunakan antibodi untuk mengenali protein marka sel punca yang dihasilkan oleh sel tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekspresikan dan mempurifikasi salah satu protein marka sel punca, yaitu SOX2 sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memproduksi antibodi yang dapat digunakan untuk proses verifikasi tersebut. Ekspresi protein SOX2 dilakukan pada sistem ekspresi Escherichia coli BL21 codon plus dengan menggunakan plasmid rekombinan pQE-80L Sox2, kemudian protein SOX2 diverifikasi secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan SDS-PAGE dan Western blot. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa SOX2 telah berhasil diekspresikan pada sistem ekspresi yang digunakan, namun kodon gen sintetik Sox2 yang belum teroptimasi untuk beradaptasi pada sistem ekspresi menyebabkan jumlah protein yang dihasilkan sedikit. Purifikasi SOX2 juga telah berhasil dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem purifikasi Ni-NTA dalam keadaan terdenaturasi.

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ABSTRACTOne of the problems faced by the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine is to find a proper method for verifying the pluripotency of a stem cell obtained. Verification of the cell pluripotency can be accomplished by using an antibody to identify the stem cell protein marker produced by the cell. The purpose of this research is to express and purify one of the stem cell marker protein, SOX2, in order to produce the antibody that can be used in the verification process. SOX2 protein expression was acomplished by using Escherichia coli BL21 codon plus expression system as host with pQE 80L Sox2 recombinant plasmid. The protein SOX2 obtained then was qualitatively verified by using SDS PAGE and Western blotting. Result showed that SOX2 has been successfully expressed by the expression system used. However, the unoptimized codon of the synthetic Sox2 gene causing the codon unable to adapt properly to the expression system, therefore may affect the translation process and lower the protein yield. Purification of SOX2 protein was also has been successfully conducted by using Ni NTA purification system in denatured protein condition."

"Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menghasilkan selulosa mikrokristal melalui hidrolisis α- selulosa serbuk eceng gondok dan membandingkan karakteristiknya dengan pembanding (Avicel PH 101). α-selulosa eceng gondok disiapkan melalui biodelignifikasi menggunakan kapang pelapuk putih Trametes versicolor. Selulase dari rayap Macrotermes gilvus dimurnikan dengan fraksinasi ammonium sulfat, dialisis, dan kromatografi kolom.Hasil hidrolisis ditingkatkan dengan mengoptimalkan suhu, pH, dan waktu hidrolisis. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) dan Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), diikuti oleh karakterisasi selulosa mikrokristal menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) dan pola difraksi menggunakan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) dibandingkan dengan Avicel PH 101.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rendemen α-selulosa dari biodelignifikasi adalah 40% b/b terhadap serbuk eceng gondok. Selulase murni dari Macrotermes gilvus menunjukkan aktivitas tinggi 11,743 U/mL membentuk area zona bening 49 mm dengan indeks selulolitik 7,16. Hidrolisis optimum dengan selulase dicapai pada 50⁰C, pH 6,0, selama 2 jam, dengan yield 90,89% MCC.Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan karakteristik selulosa mikrokristal mirip dengan referensi. MCC dari eceng gondok telah menunjukkan karakteristik mirip dengan referensi dan mungkin berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut.

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The purpose of this research is to produce microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolysis of α-cellulose water hyacinth powder and compare its characteristics with a comparison (Avicel PH 101). α-cellulose water hyacinth is prepared through biodelignification using white rot mold Trametes versicolor. Cellulase from termite Macrotermes gilvus was purified by fractionation of ammonium sulfate, dialysis, and column chromatography.

The hydrolysis yield is improved by optimizing temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), followed by microcrystalline cellulose characterization using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and diffraction patterns using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) compared with Avicel PH 101.

The results showed the yield of α-cellulose from biodelignification was 40% w/w on water hyacinth powder. Pure cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus showed high activity of 11.743 U/mL forming a 49 mm clear zone area with a cellulolytic index of 7.16. Optimum hydrolysis with cellulase was achieved at 50⁰C, pH 6.0, for 2 hours, with a yield of 90.89% MCC.

The characterization results showed that microcrystalline cellulose characteristics were similar to references. MCC from water hyacinth has shown characteristics similar to references and may be potential for further development."

"The main focus of this article was to investigate the potential of natural zeolite adsorbent for the removal of CO2 and H2S in biogas produced from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in fixed-bed column adsorption. The effects of the flowrates and dosage of the adsorbent on the CO2 adsorption were also studied. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model, while the pore size distribution was calculated according to the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) model. The morphology of the adsorbent was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX) analysis. Before and after purification, the biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector and polydimethylsiloxane as a column. Biogas from the POME, via the anaerobic digestion process, produced 89% CH4 and 11% CO2. The surface and structure of the clinoptilolite zeolites was modified by a strong acid (1M HCl), strong base (1M NaOH), and calcination at 450°C, and the surface area of the natural zeolites was reduced up to 16%. The working capability of CO2 adsorption by the modified zeolites decreased with increasing flow rates (100, 200, and 300 mL/min) of the biogas, with levels of CO2 at 106,906, 112,237, and 115,256 mg/L. The removal of the CO2 in the biogas by using adsorbent dosages of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g was 97,878, 97,404 and 93,855 mg/L, respectively. The optimum purification of the biogas occurred under the flow rate of 100 mL/min and adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g. The high working capability of the modified zeolites for the removal of CO2 in the biogas was a key factor, and the most important characteristic for the adsorbent. The results indicate that clinoptilolite zeolites are promising adsorbent materials for both the purification and upgrading of biogas."

"Penerapan antibodi monoklonal (mAb) anti-spike untuk digunakan dalam diagnosis SARS-CoV-2 memerlukan suatu proses purifikasi untuk mendapatkan suatu antibodi yang murni dan homogen sehingga dapat mendeteksi suatu patogen spesifik secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memurnikan mAb terhadap protein spike SARS-CoV-2 dan membandingkan hasil purifikasi terbaik dari metode kromatografi afinitas dengan protein G dan kromatografi penukar ion sehingga diperoleh metode yang paling optimal dalam purifikasi mAb terhadap protein spike SARS-CoV-2. Purifikasi mAb anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi afinitas dengan protein G dan kromatografi penukar ion. Hasil purifikasi dari kedua metode kromatografi dikarakterisasi dan diuji fungsionalitasnya menggunakan SDS-PAGE, pengukuran konsentrasi protein, ELISA indirect, dan western blot (WB). Hasil profil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan mAb hasil purifikasi menggunakan protein G pada fraksi 19GD dan 20GD memiliki profil pita protein dengan dua pita, yaitu heavy chain ~50 kDa dan light chain ~25 kDa dengan tingkat kemurnian mencapai 96%. Uji fungsionalitas dengan ELISA indirect menunjukkan fraksi 19GD dan 20GD memiliki nilai absorbansi sebesar 1,015 dan 1,021. Uji fungsionalitas dengan WB menunjukkan adanya pengikatan mAb fraksi 19GD terhadap protein RBD pada ukuran ~38 kDa. Hasil karakterisasi dan uji fungsionalitas mAb fraksi hasil purifikasi dengan resin penukar ion menunjukkan profil pita protein kontaminan, nilai absorbansi dari 0,49—0,82 , dan tidak terbentuk pita protein pada uji WB. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, mAb anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 berhasil dimurnikan menggunakan kromatografi afinitas dengan protein G secara optimal.

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The application of anti-spike monoclonal antibody (mAb) for use in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 requires a purification process to obtain a pure and homogeneous antibody so that it can detect a specific pathogen optimally. This research aims to purify anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 mAb and compare the best purification results from affinity chromatography with protein G and ion-exchange chromatography methods in order to obtain the most optimal method of purification of anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 mAb. Purification of anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 mAb was carried out using affinity chromatography with protein G and ion exchange chromatography. The purification results from both chromatographic methods were characterized and tested for functionality using SDS-PAGE, measurement of protein concentration, indirect ELISA, and western blot (WB). The results of SDS-PAGE profile showed that mAb purified using protein G in the 19GD and 20GD fractions had a protein band profile with two bands, namely heavy chain ~50 kDa and light chain ~25 kDa with a purity level of 96%. The functionality test with indirect ELISA showed that 19GD and 20GD fractions had OD values ​​of 1.015 and 1.021. Functionality test with WB showed the binding of mAb fraction 19GD to RBD protein at ~38 kDa. The results of characterization and functionality test of purified mAb fraction with ion exchange resin showed a contaminant protein band profile, absorbance values ​​from 0.49—0.82, and no protein band was formed in the WB test. Based on these results, anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 mAb was successfully purified using affinity chromatography with protein G optimally."

"Indonesia tengah menghadapi tantangan terus-menerus dengan meningkatnya permintaan bahan bakar fosil dan masalah lingkungan yang menyertai seperti emisi rumah kaca, sehingga sumber energi alternatif yang berpotensi mengurangi kerugian ini harus dikembangkan. Salah satu kemungkinan untuk mengatasi kelemahan ini adalah melalui pemanfaatan Dimethyl Ether (DME). Salah satu bagian penting dalam proses produksi DME adalah proses purifikasi metanol melalui kolom distilasi, dimana perolehan kembali metanol yang tinggi menghasilkan produksi DME yang lebih tinggi. Karena kolom distilasi sifatnya kompleks dan nonlinier, pendekatan yang berbeda dari pemodelan parametrik konvensional dicoba untuk memberikan model proses yang lebih akurat. Pendekatan ini menggunakan pendekatan pemodelan statistik, dimana diimplementasikan model Auto-Regressive Exogenous (ARX). Model ARX dibandingkan dengan model FOPDT yang dikembangkan oleh Wahid dan Brillianto (2020) dengan nilai root mean square error (RMSE) antara data model simulasi dan data proses aktual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model ARX mampu memberikan representasi yang lebih baik dari proses aktual dengan peningkatan akurasi dalam hal nilai RMSE mulai dari 22,22% hingga 99,28% untuk 14 dari 16 pasangan model proses (4 ✕ 4). Tiga set model (FOPDT, ARX, dan Mixed yang berisi model ARX dan FOPDT terbaik berdasarkan nilai RMSE-nya) diimplementasikan dalam MMPC 4 ✕ 4 dengan 2 variabel disturbance yang terukur. Hasil akhir menunjukkan bahwa kontroler set model Mixed memberikan hasil kontrol terbaik untuk pengujian set-point dan disturbance rejection, dengan peningkatan dalam hal nilai IAE mulai dari 14,3% hingga 95,81% dan dalam hal nilai ISE mulai dari 37,39% hingga 99,95%.

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As Indonesia faces the constant challenge of rising fossil fuel demands and environmental issues attached such as greenhouse emissions, an alternative energy source that could potentially mitigate these disadvantages should be developed. One possibility to counteract these disadvantages is through the utilization of Dimethyl Ether (DME). One important section in the DME production process is the recovery of methanol through a distillation column, where high recovery of methanol yields higher DME production. As the distillation column is highly complex and nonlinear, a different approach to conventional parametric modelling is attempted to provide a more accurate process model. This approach uses a statistical modelling approach, in which the Auto-Regressive Exogenous (ARX) model is implemented. The ARX model is compared to that of the FOPDT models developed by Wahid and Brillianto (2020) with the root mean square error (RMSE) value between the simulated model data and actual process data. The results show that the ARX model is able to provide better representation of the actual process with fitness improvements in term of RMSE value ranging from 22.22% to 99.28% for 14 of the 16 process model pairs (4 ✕ 4). Three model sets (FOPDT, ARX, and Mixed which contains the best ARX and FOPDT model based on their RMSE value) are implemented in a 4 ✕ 4 MMPC with 2 measured disturbance variables. The final result shows that the Mixed model set controller provides the best control result for both set-point and disturbance rejection testing, with improvements in term of IAE value ranging from 14.3% to 95.81% and in term of ISE value ranging from 37.39% to 99.95%."

"Penelitian ini mendalami pemikiran Zakiah Daradjat tentang Psikoterapi Islami dan relevansinya dengan studi Tasawuf Perkotaan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui persinggungan, relevansi dan kontribusi pemikiran Zakiah Daradjat terhadap pengembangan jiwa Islam. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi pemikiran dengan metode menggali karya-karya tulis Zakiah Daradjat dan karya-karya sarjana yang lain mengenai pemikiran-pemikirannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat persinggungan akademik antara Psikoterapi Islam dengan studi Tasawuf Perkotaan. Persinggungan itu terletak pada fokus bersama dalam upaya mencapai kesejahteraan spiritual. Upaya ini dibangun di dalam kerangka Islam yang telah disesuaikan dengan lingkungan masyarakat perkotaan. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa relevansi pemikiran Zakiah Daradjat tentang Psikoterapi Islami dengan studi Tasawuf Perkotaan ditunjukkan melalui pendekatan ilmiah yang terstruktur dan sistematis yang ditujukan untuk mengatasi berbagai masalah penyakit hati yang dihadapi oleh masyarakat perkotaan dalam kerangka spiritualitas Islam. Analisis selanjutnya menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi Zakiah Daradjat terletak pada pengintegrasian dasar-dasar Islam sebagaimana Al Quran dan Al Hadis di dalam pengembangan Psikoterapi Islami. Kontribusinya secara akademik diantara para ahli Psikologi Islam kontemporer terletak pada pengembangan perspektif tentang etika dan konseling. Pengembangan perspektif itu juga berkontribusi dalam kesejahteraan jiwa terutama dalam memperkuat struktur jiwa Islam sebagaimana yang digambarkan di dalam tradisi Tasawuf akhlaqi yang merujuk pada Al Ghazali. Kunci kesejahteraan jiwa itu terletak dalam perjuangan untuk mencapai penyucian jiwa (tazkiyatan nafs). Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa pemikiran Zakiah Daradjat tentang Psikoterapi Islami telah memperkuat perjuangan jiwa Islam dalam upaya mencapai penyucian jiwa. Dalam upaya untuk mencapai penyucian jiwa itu, Zakiah Daradjat telah memberikan pendekatan terstruktur dan sistematis yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat perkotaan kontemporer.

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This research explores Zakiah Daradjat's thoughts on Islamic Psychotherapy and its relevance to the study of Urban Sufism. The aim of the research is to determine the intersection, relevance and contribution of Zakiah Daradjat's thoughts to the development of the Islamic soul. The research uses a phenomenology of thought approach with the method of exploring the written works of Zakiah Daradjat and the works of other scholars regarding her thoughts. The research results show that there is an academic intersection between Islamic Psychotherapy and Urban Sufism studies. This intersection lies in a shared focus in efforts to achieve spiritual well-being. This effort is built within an Islamic framework that has been adapted to the environment of urban society. The analysis shows that the relevance of Zakiah Daradjat's thoughts on Islamic Psychotherapy to the study of Urban Sufism is demonstrated through a structured and systematic scientific approach aimed at overcoming various mental problems faced by urban communities within the framework of Islamic spirituality. Further analysis shows that Zakiah Daradjat's contribution lies in integrating the basics of Islam such as the Al Quran and Al Hadith in the development of Islamic Psychotherapy. His academic contribution among contemporary Islamic psychology experts lies in developing perspectives on ethics and counseling. Developing this perspective also contributes to mental well-being, especially in strengthening the structure of the Islamic soul as described in the Akhlaqi (morals) Sufism tradition which refers to Al Ghazali. The key to the well-being of the soul lies in the struggle to achieve purification of the soul (tazkiyatan nafs). The research concluded that Zakiah Daradjat's thoughts on Islamic Psychotherapy have strengthened the struggle of the Islamic soul in an effort to achieve soul purification. In an effort to achieve this purification of the soul, Zakiah Daradjat has provided a structured and systematic approach that is adapted to the needs of contemporary urban society."

"Proses Oksidasi Lanjut (Advanced Oxidation Processes/AOPs) yang berbasis ozon merupakan proses yang sudah banyak digunakan dalam pengolahan air. Proses ini memanfaatkan sifat ozon sebagai oksidator kuat. Ozon mudah terdekomposisi dalam air menjadi radikal OH yang merupakan oksidator sangat kuat dalam air.Senyawa fenolik merupakan salah satu kontaminan utama dan berbahaya dalam limbah cair karena sifatnya yang beracun bahkan pada konsentrasi yang rendah. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini beberapa proses yang dapat mengurangi kandungan fenol telah dilakukan. Salah satunya adalah proses ozonasi dan kavitasi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penyelidikan mengenai signifikansi peran radikal hidroksil pada penyisihan fenol dengan proses oksidasi lanjut ozonasi dan kavitasi. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan ditemukan bahwa proses dengan ozon menghasilkan persentase penyisihan fenol yang paling besar.

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Ozone based Advanced Oxidation Processes has widely used in water treatment process. This process uses ozone characteristic as a strong oxidator. Ozone is easily decomposed into hydroxyl radical, which is a very strong oxidator.Phenolic compound is one of the main and dangerous contaminants in waste water because of its hazardous properties even at low concentration. To solve this problem some processes that could reduce phenol concentration had been done. One of these processes is ozonation and cavitation.

This research studied the significance role of hydroxyl radical in degradation of phenol with advanced process ozonation and cavitation.The result from this research showed that the processes with ozon gave the biggest phenol degradation percentage. "