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"Contents : The Nature of procedure and policy considerations -- Powers, rights and duties of arbitrators -- The Procedural framework for international arbitration -- Written notices, submissions and the articulation of claims and defences -- Selection, challenge and change of arbitrators -- Establishing the procedural framework -- Complex arbitration -- Preliminary, interim and dispositive determinations -- Hearings -- Approaches to evidence and fact finding -- Documentary evidence -- General witness and expert evidence -- Procedure and evidence in choice of law and interpretation -- Remedies and interest -- Costs in arbitration -- The Award."

"This book charts the historical and current interaction between lawyers and mediation in both the common law and civil law world and analyses a number of issues relevant to lawyers? part in the process. By reviewing existing empirical evidence on lawyers? interactions with mediation and by examining historical and current trends in lawyers? dalliance with mediation.this book seeks to shed new light on a number of related issues, including, lawyers? resistance to mediation; lawyers? motives for involvement with mediation, the appropriateness of lawyers acting as mediators and party representatives, and the impact that both lawyers and the increasing institutionalisation of mediation have had on the normative form of the process, as well as the impact that mediation experience heralds for lawyers and legal systems in general."

"Latar Belakang: Sedasi yang efektif adalah terjaganya kedalaman sedasi dan analgesia serta mengendalikan pergerakan pasien selama prosedur ERCP berlangsung. Propofol merupakan obat anestetik sedasi yang tidak memiliki efek analgesia dan memiliki efek depresi kardiovaskular dan respirasi yang tergantung dosis. Penambahan ketamin dosis kecil diharapkan dapat menurunkan kebutuhan dosis propofol dalam mempertahankan kedalaman sedasi dan analgesia serta kestabilan hemodinamik dan respirasi. Penelitian ini akan membandingkan keefektifan sedasi antara campuran ketamin dan propofol (ketofol) konsentrasi 1:4, dan propofol - fentanil pada prosedur ERCP. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian uji klinis acak tersamar ganda pada 36 pasien yang menjalani prosedur ERCP, dengan usia 18-60 tahun, ASA I-III, BMI 18-30 kg/m 2, yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok KF (n=18) dan kelompok PF (n=18). Kedua kelompok obat menggunakan metode infus kontinyu dengan syringe pump. Kedalaman sedasi diukur dengan menggunakan Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS). Hasil: Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan rerata konsumsi propofol permenit kelompok campuran ketamin propofol (ketofol) ( 93,71±11,82) lebih rendah bermakna secara statistik dibandingkan kelompok propofol fentanil (141,18±19,23) (p<0.05). Jumlah median kebutuhan fentanil pada kelompok ketofol ( 0,00(0-25)) lebih rendah bermakna dibandingkan kelompok propofol fentanil (25,00 (25-50)) (p<0.05). Mula kerja dan waktu pulih pada kelompok propofol fentanil (3,00(2-4)) dan (5,00(2-15)) lebih cepat dibandingkan kelompok ketofol (4,50(2-5)) dan (15,00 (5-20)) (p<0.05). Kejadian hipotensi pada kelompok ketofol 1,00 (5,56%) tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik dengan kelompok propofol fentanil 3 (16,67%) (p=0,603). Tidak didapatkan kejadian desaturasi dan mual/muntah pada kedua kelompok. Kesimpulan: Campuran ketamin propofol (ketofol) efektif dalam menjaga kedalaman sedasi dan analgesia serta memiliki efek samping yang minimal.

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Background: The effectiveness of sedation is the ability of the drugs to maintain the depth of sedation and analgesia as well as to control the patient movement during the ERCP procedure. Propofol is a sedation agent that has no analgesia effect and has cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effect which is dose dependent. The addition of small dose of ketamin is expected to reduce the dose required to maintain hemodinamic and respiratory stability. This study will compare the effectiveness of sedation between the used of 1:4 of ketamin propofol mixtures (ketofol) and propofol fentanyl in ERCP procedure.

Methods: This study is a double blind randomised clinical trial in 36 patients who underwent ERCP procedure, aged 18-60 y.o, ASA I-III, BMI 18-30 kg / m2, which is divided into two groups: KF (n = 18) and the PF group (n = 18). Both group is using continuous syringe pump infusion. The depth of sedation was measured by using Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS).

Results: From the results, the average consumption of propofol per minute of group propofol ketamine mixtures (ketofol) (93.71 ± 11.82) was significantly lower than fentanyl propofol group (141.18 ± 19.23) (p <0.05). The median fentanyl consumption of ketofol group (0.00 (0- 25)) was significantly lower than fentanyl propofol group (25.00 (25-50)) (p <0.05). The onset and the time to recover in fentanyl propofol group (3.00 (2-4)) and (5.00 (2-15)) were faster than ketofol group (4.50 (2-5)) and (15.00 (5-20)) (p <0.05). The incidence of hypotension in group ketofol 1.00 (5.56%) was not significantly different from fentanyl propofol group 3 (16.67%) (p = 0.603). There were no desaturation events or nausea/vomiting in both groups.

Conclusion: The mixture of ketamine propofol (ketofol) is effective in maintaining the depth of sedation and analgesia and has minimal side effects."